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Otostegia fruticosa, a plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is endemic to Ethiopia. In Ethiopian traditional medicine, O. fruticosa has been used for the treatment of several respiratory-related disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate the bronchodilatory and antimicrobial activities of O. fruticosa leaves crude extract (Of.Cr). Ex...
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... The dried powder sample was mixed with 50 mL ethanol to obtain the ethanolic extracts. Furthermore, the sample was filtered using Whatman grade 1 filter paper and used as a final sample for the HPTLC analysis (Dawane and Pathak, 2020), while the remaining sample was used for the synthesis of IONPs (Ansari et al., 2020). ...
Phytonanofabrication is one of the most promising areas that has drawn the attention of scientists worldwide due to its eco-friendly nature and biocompatibility. In the current investigation, we reported the phyto-assisted formation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) from a rare species of Acacia (Acacia jacquemontii). First, ethanolic extracts of the stem powder were analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the identification of phytochemicals in the stem sections of Acacia. Furthermore, IONPs were synthesized by a chemical co-precipitation method by using the stem extract. The phytonanofabricated iron oxide particles were investigated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental analysis. HPTLC confirmed the presence of several phenols and terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of the stem. UV–Vis spectroscopy exhibited an absorbance peak at 380 nm, indicating the formation of IONPs, while FTIR spectroscopy showed the typical bands for Fe-O in the range of 599–1,000 cm⁻¹ in addition to several functional groups of organic molecules at 1,596 cm⁻¹, 2,313 cm⁻¹, and 3,573 cm⁻¹. XRD exhibits the amorphous nature of IONPs with peaks at 30.7, 35.5, and 62.7 nm. The IONPs were spherical-shaped, whose size varies from 10 to 70 nm, as confirmed by FESEM. EDS exhibited the presence of Fe, O, C, and NaCl. Finally, the phytonanofabricated iron oxide particles were utilized for the removal of brilliant green (BG) and Congo red (CR) dye from the aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of BG dye was up to 54.28%, while that of Congo red dye was up to 36.72% in 120 min and 60 min, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of pH and contact time was also assessed on both the dyes, where CR exhibited maximum removal at acidic pH, i.e., 47.5%, while BG showed maximum removal at pH 10, i.e., 76.59%.
... Likewise, papaverine, a dual inhibitor of Ca 2+ channels and PDE-enzyme [28], also inhibited CCh and high K + mediated spasms at comparable concentrations, whereas verapamil, a standard CCB [29,30], selectively showed increased potency against high K + compared to CCh, a typical characteristic of Ca 2+ channel blocker. Therefore, like papaverine, G. tenax exhibits dual inhibitory activity against PDE and Ca 2+ channels. ...
The study was performed to assess and rationalize the traditional utilization of the fruit part of Grewia tenax (G. tenax). The phytoconstituents present in the methanolic extract were analyzed using Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), while the anti-diarrheal activity was investigated in the Swiss albino mice against castor oil-provoked diarrhea in vivo. The antispasmodic effect and the possible pharmacodynamics of the observed antispasmodic effect were determined in an isolated rat ileum using the organ bath setup as an ex vivo model. GC-MS findings indicate that G. tenax is rich in alcohol (6,6-dideutero-nonen-1-ol-3) as the main constituent (20.98%), while 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (15.36%) was detected as the second major constituents whereas methyl furfural, pyranone, carboxylic acid, vitamin E, fatty acid ester, hydrocarbon, steroids, sesquiterpenes, phytosterols, and ketones were verified as added constituents in the methanolic extract. In mice, the orally administered G. tenax inhibited the diarrheal episodes significantly (p < 0.05) at 200 mg/kg (40% protection), and this protection was escalated to 80% with the next higher dose of 400 mg/kg. Loperamide (10 mg/kg), a positive control drug, imparted 100% protection, whereas no protection was shown by saline. In isolated rat ileum, G. tenax completely inhibited the carbamylcholine (CCh; 1 µM) and KCl (high K+; 80 mM)-evoked spasms in a concentrations-mediated manner (0.03 to 3 mg/mL) by expressing equal potencies (p > 0.05) against both types of evoked spasms, similar to papaverine, having dual inhibitory actions at phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and Ca2+ channels (CCB). Similar to papaverine, the inhibitory effect of G. tenax on PDE was further confirmed indirectly when G. tenax (0.1 and 0.3 mg/mL) preincubated ileal tissues shifted the isoprenaline-relaxation curve towards the left. Whereas, pre-incubating the tissue with 0.3 and 1 mg/mL of G. tenax established the CCB-like effect by non-specific inhibition of CaCl2–mediated concentration-response curves towards the right with suppression of the maximum peaks, similar to verapamil, a standard CCB. Thus, the present investigation revealed the phytochemical constituents and explored the detailed pharmacodynamic basis for the curative use of G. tenax in diarrhea and hyperactive gut motility disorders.
... Otostegia fruticosa is widely distributed in Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia (Ansari et al., 2020). The genus Otostegia (Lamiaceae) includes 31 species, of which Otostegia fruticosa subsp. ...
... It is antispasmodic, antiulcer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antiparalytic, anti-inflammatory for eyes inflammation and sedative effects. Essential oil, diterpenoids and flavonoids of O. fruticosa showed antimicrobial characteristics against Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria and some species of fungal pathogens (Aboutabl et al., 1995;Khan & Syed, 2013;Ali et al., 2017;Rosselli et al., 2019;Ansari et al., 2020). ...
... Otostegia fruticosa is widely distributed in Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia (Ansari et al., 2020). The genus Otostegia (Lamiaceae) includes 31 species, of which Otostegia fruticosa subsp. ...
... It is antispasmodic, antiulcer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antiparalytic, anti-inflammatory for eyes inflammation and sedative effects. Essential oil, diterpenoids and flavonoids of O. fruticosa showed antimicrobial characteristics against Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria and some species of fungal pathogens (Aboutabl et al., 1995;Khan & Syed, 2013;Ali et al., 2017;Rosselli et al., 2019;Ansari et al., 2020). ...
Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penz. plant is native to eastern Africa and the Middle East. This study is the first work for barcoding of Otostegia fruticosa subsp. fruticosa in Saudi Arabia with six specific primers (ITS, ITS2, matK, rbcL, TrnH-trnH2 and TrnH-GUG) and evaluating which one of these primers is more efficient than the other to characterize this plant. The results reveled from GenBank showed that there are only two rbcL reference sequences, one ITS sequence and no reference data for ITS2, matK, TrnH-trnH2 and TrnH-GUG sequences are available for Otostegia fruticosa plant. The results of DNA barcoding showed that ITS and matK loci recorded higher values of sequence length and variable sites than those of ITS2 and rbcL. The phylogenetic trees of ITS, TrnH-trnH2 and TrnH-GUG segregated O. fruticosa in a separate clade demonstrating that these loci performed better than ITS2, matK and rbcL for determining the genetic identity of this plant. This study contribute to supply molecular data about O. fruticosa based on DNA barcoding in Gene Banks, can be used for taxonomical studies of O. fruticosa and detect its relationship with other Lamiaceae species and determine the position of the Otostegia fruticosa collected from Saudi Arabia in the new generic classification.
... Otostegia fruticosa is widely distributed in Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia (Ansari et al., 2020). The genus Otostegia (Lamiaceae) includes 31 species, of which Otostegia fruticosa subsp. ...
... It is antispasmodic, antiulcer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antiparalytic, anti-inflammatory for eyes inflammation and sedative effects. Essential oil, diterpenoids and flavonoids of O. fruticosa showed antimicrobial characteristics against Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria and some species of fungal pathogens (Aboutabl et al., 1995;Khan & Syed, 2013;Ali et al., 2017;Rosselli et al., 2019;Ansari et al., 2020). ...
Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penz. plant is native to eastern Africa and the Middle East. This study is the first work for barcoding of Otostegia fruticosa subsp. fruticosa in Saudi Arabia with six specific primers (ITS, ITS2, matK, rbcL, TrnH-trnH2 and TrnH-GUG) and evaluating which one of these primers is more efficient than the other to characterize this plant. The results reveled from GenBank showed that there are only two rbcL reference sequences, one ITS sequence and no reference data for ITS2, matK, TrnH-trnH2 and TrnH-GUG sequences are available for Otostegia fruticosa plant. The results of DNA barcoding showed that ITS and matK loci recorded higher values of sequence length and variable sites than those of ITS2 and rbcL. The phylogenetic trees of ITS, TrnH-trnH2 and TrnH-GUG segregated O. fruticosa in a separate clade demonstrating that these loci performed better than ITS2, matK and rbcL for determining the genetic identity of this plant. This study contribute to supply molecular data about O. fruticosa based on DNA barcoding in Gene Banks, can be used for taxonomical studies of O. fruticosa and detect its relationship with other Lamiaceae species and determine the position of the Otostegia fruticosa collected from Saudi Arabia in the new generic classification.
... In a previous study, the OF.Cr analyzed by GC-MS showed the presence of terpenes, terpene alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids, and sterols [26]. Santalene, Lavandulyl acetate, Solanesol, and Salvialene were found to be the major component of OF.Cr. ...
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes irritation, inflammation, and ulceration in the linings of the colon and rectum. Otostegia fruticosa is traditionally used to treat various disorders in different parts of the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa. In the present study, we evaluated the ameliorative effects of crude leaves extract of O. fruticosa (OF.Cr) on acetic acid (AA)-induced UC model in Wistar albino rats. Wistar rats were administered orally with either vehicle (10 mL/kg), OF.Cr (200 and 400 mg/kg), or prednisolone (2 mg/kg) once a day for 6 days. On day 6, UC was induced in rats by intrarectal administration of a single dose of 5% AA (1.0 mL). Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded after one day of colitis induction by assessing the symptoms of colitis and then the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and colon tissues were isolated for the histopathological examination and biochemical analysis of oxidative stress parameters and cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α). OF.Cr pretreatment exhibits significant prevention against UC, as confirmed by a significant decrease of DAI, colonic ulceration, and reduced inflammatory score as compared to the AA-induced colitis rats. Depletion of total glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activities in the colitis group was significantly restored in the OF.Cr treated groups, while increased lipid peroxidation in the colon tissues was significantly reduced. OF.Cr prevented the activation of the IL-6 and TNF-α pathways in the colonic tissues, which were clearly observed by the decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the OF.Cr treated animals. Hence, OF.Cr could be developed in the future for the treatment of UC.
The genus Thymus is traditionally used for the treatment of hyperactive airways complaints. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the potential tracheal relaxant effect and possible mechanism(s) of the essential oil of Thymus serrulatus (TS Oil) in isolated guinea pig tracheal tissues. The essential oil was obtained from the fresh erial parts of Thymus serrulatus, and its phyto-components were identified by GC-MS analysis. Guinea pig tracheal preparations were used for testing the tracheal relaxant effect of TS Oil with the determination of the mechanism(s) involved in this relaxation. GC-MS findings reveal that terpenes, fragrance constituents, saponins, and higher fatty acids are present in TS Oil. In isolated guinea pig trachea, TS Oil inhibited carbachol (CCh, 1 µM) and K⁺ (80 mM)-induced contractions in a pattern similar to that of dicyclomine. TS Oil, at 0.3 mg/ml, shifted parallel CCh-curves towards the right, followed by a non-parallel shift at higher concentration (1 mg/ml), thus suppressing maximum response in the same manner as produced by dicyclomine. Pretreatment of tissues with TS Oil (1 and 3 mg/ml) also produced a rightward shift of Ca⁺⁺ concentration-response curves (CRCs) in the same manner as caused by verapamil. Further, TS Oil at low concentrations (0.3 and 1 mg/ml) shifted isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs towards the left and increased cAMP levels in isolated tracheal homogenates similar to papaverine, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. In the antimicrobial assay performed by the agar well diffusion method, TS Oil was found most active against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus where the zone of inhibition measured was 28 mm. Additionally, there was little difference between standard strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. However, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) showed a small zone of inhibition as compared to standard strains (22 mm). From these results, it can be concluded that the essential oil of T. serrulatus has the potential to produce antimicrobial effects while causing tracheal relaxation mediated possibly by anticholinergic effects, Ca⁺⁺ channel blockade, and PDE inhibition whereas additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out.
