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This research aims to control Seedling damping off disease in plants by using antagonistic actinomycetes against the causative fungi. Phytophthora infestans was isolated from the infected tomato plant seedling obtained from an economic plant nursery in Amphoe Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The chitinolytic Streptomyces rubrolavend...
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The experiment was performed in Parczew (middle-eastern part of Poland) in 1998-2000 by means of randomized blocks in three replications. Factors of the first order were potato cultivation technologies: a) using protection, b) without protection. Factors of the second order were potato varieties characterizing with different resistance towards the...
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... These microbes may produce enzymes that stimulate root and shoot growth or break down seed dormancy. As a result, seedlings emerge more quickly and uniformly, enhancing the crop establishment [81,89,90,92]. ...
Biological seed coating (BSC) is the fastest-growing segment under the seed treatment approaches in the global seed market. It refers to the application of certain beneficial microbes to the seed prior to sowing in order to suppress, control, or repel pathogens, insects, and other pests that attack seeds, seedlings, or plants. Beneficial bioagents along with the compatible adjuvants can safely be delivered through coatings onto the seed surface. The polymer acts as a protective cover for bioagents and helps in improving the shelf life and dust-free seed. It is an efficient mechanism for placement of microbial inoculum into soil where they colonize the seedling roots and protect against soil-borne pathogens. It is also used to increase the speed and uniformity of germination, along with protection against soil-borne pathogens in nursery and improves final stand. Some induces systemic resistance in plants against biotic agents. It is a low-cost, alternative viable technology to chemical-based plant protection and nutrition. Thus, the demand for biological seed treatment solutions is increasing in view of consumer acceptance for chemical-free food. They give protection to seedlings in the nursery against damping-off fungi like Fusarium spp. or Rhizoctonia spp. and improve crop growth and yield in the main field.
... In this sense, biocontrol strategies are very useful alternatives for controlling diseases without having the ecological negative impacts that are caused by chemical products. Historically, microorganisms have been demonstrated to be effective as biocontrol agents against several species of Phytophthora (Loliam et al. 2012;Berger et al. 2015). One of the difficulties in the development of biocontrol strategies is the lack of information about rhizospheric microbiota and funga, and about their possible role in controlling ARD. ...
The aims of this study were to prospect Penicillium and Talaromyces species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis in sites with and without Austrocedrus Root Disease (ARD), which is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri; and to find Penicillium sp. strains with biocontrol activity against this disease. Isolations from sites with and without the prevalence of ARD were made, and the obtained isolates were phenotypically and molecularly identified to species level. Several Penicillium species were isolated from all sites; five of them were exclusively isolated from sites with ARD. Penicillium communities were compared through multivariate analyses; communities were more complex in sites with ARD. Biocontrol activity of Penicillium and Talaromyces isolates was evaluated using co-cultures with Ph. austrocedri. Penicillium glabrum, T. amestolkiae, P. palitans, and P. crustosum showed the highest biocontrol effect. Our results highlight that Penicillium species have high biocontrol activity, which also reinforces the hypothesis that some Penicillium species could be used in formulating a control strategy.
... Many studies revealed the efficacy of biological control against tomato pre-emergence damping off disease. When tomato and chilli seedlings that colonized with antagonistic Streptomyces rubrolavendulae S4 were grown in P. infestans artificially inoculated peat moss, the percentage of survival of tomato and chilli seedlings significantly increased from 51.42% to 88.57% and from 34.10% to 76.71% respectively (Loliam et al., 2012). Other studies showed that T. harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyces species were reported as commercial biocontrol agents for controlling Phytophthora species (Xiao et al., 2002;Lozoya-Saldana et al., 2006;Fialho de Oliveira et al., 2010). ...
During the present study, the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai against Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and Rhizoctonia solani Ktihn. was evaluated by dual culture technique. Its efficacy to inhibit pathogenic effects caused by these two pathogens was also evaluated on tomato and potato, under artificial inoculation conditions. On PDA medium, T. harzianum showed high level of antagonistic activity against all tested isolates of two pathogens. Appressorium-like structures were observed on R. solani hyphae. Treatment of tomato seeds with spore suspension of T. harzianum showed considerable decrease in pre-emergence damping-off disease incidence caused by P. infestans and R. solani, with biological control efficacy of 49.3% and 64.33% respectively. Seed treatment with T. harzianum also showed biological control efficacy of 66.03% for stem canker disease of tomato seedlings caused by R. solani. Trichoderma treatment significantly (≤ 0.05) reduced black scurf disease incidence caused by R. solani on potato during pot test experiments by 77.95% over untreated control. Although 0.2% carbendazim treatment highly protected tomato and potato plants, but it had a phytotoxic effect, however Trichoderma treatments had a positive effect on growth parameters studied as compared to the untreated control.
... However, in vitro inhibition activities on P. infestans are no warranty for the ability of the strains to restrict disease progress on plant material such as leaf discs or full plants, which in turn do not warrant efficacy in the field (Guyer et al., 2015;Hashemi et al., 2021). To the best of our knowledge, only two studies reported protective potential of Actinomycetes against P. infestans in full plant assays, the first on tomato and chili (Loliam et al., 2012), and the second on potato tubers (Feng et al., 2022). This latter study demonstrated substantial reduction of P. infestans growth in both in vitro and tuber inoculation assays and a small but significant tuber disease index reduction also under field conditions with one of the treatments consisting of a mixture of eight different strains. ...
Soil microorganisms play crucial roles in soil fertility, e.g., through decomposing organic matter, cycling nutrients or through beneficial interactions with plants. Actinomycetes are a major component of soil inhabitants; they are prolific producers of specialized metabolites, among which many antibiotics. Here we report the isolation and characterization of 175 Actinomycetes from rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected in 18 locations in Sudan. We evaluated the strains’ metabolic potential for plant protection by testing their ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, which is one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide. Most strains significantly reduced the oomycete’s growth in direct confrontational in vitro assays. A significant proportion of the tested strains (15%) were able to inhibit P. infestans to more than 80%, 23% to 50%–80%, while the remaining 62% had inhibition percentages lesser than 50%. Different morphologies of P. infestans mycelial growth and sporangia formation were observed upon co-inoculation with some of the Actinomycetes isolates, such as the production of fewer, thinner hyphae without sporangia leading to a faint growth morphology, or on the contrary, of clusters of thick-walled hyphae leading to a bushy, or “frozen” morphology. These morphologies were caused by strains differing in activity levels but phylogenetically closely related with each other. To evaluate whether the isolated Actinomycetes could also inhibit the pathogen’s growth in planta, the most active strains were tested for their ability to restrict disease progress in leaf disc and full plant assays. Five of the active strains showed highly significant protection of potato leaves against the pathogen in leaf disc assays, as well as substantial reduction of disease progress in full plants assays. Using cell-free filtrates instead of the bacterial spores also led to full protection against disease on leaf discs, which highlights the strong crop protective potential of the secreted metabolites that could be applied as leaf spray. This study demonstrates the strong anti-oomycete activity of soil- and rhizosphere-borne Actinomycetes and highlights their significant potential for the development of sustainable solutions based on either cell suspensions or cell-free filtrates to safeguard potatoes from their most damaging pathogen.
... On the contrary, biological control, which uses microorganisms or their cellular extracts for pathogen suppression, offers an attractive ecofriendly alternative to chemical control strategies of plant disease management (Wang et al., 1999). Many fungal species have already been reported as effective bio control agents against dampingoff disease (Jayaraj et al., 2006;Kamala and Indira, 2011;Loliam et al., 2012;Boat et al., 2019;Soheiliara et al., 2020). These studies have reported the potential use of different individual fungal isolates in controlling damping-off disease. ...
Damping-off disease is caused by Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Fusarium sp., and affects seedlings at the nursery stage. Phytophthora and Pythium cell walls contain cellulose. The current study aimed to determine potential use of cellulase extracts of selected fungal species i.e. Talaromyces sp., Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., A. niger, and Penicillium oxallicum to suppress these pathogens and to investigate the potential use of fungal co-culture extracts with the highest cellulase activity for seed treatment to control damping-off. The impact of cellulase extracts on pathogen growth was determined by agar well diffusion method. For seed treatment, tomato seeds were soaked in cellulase extracts from the selected co-culture for 24 h and were sown in pathogens inoculated soil samples. Cellulase extracts of Trichoderma and Aspergillus suppressed Phytophthora growth with 63% and 57% of inhibition percentages respectively. When seeds were treated with Talaromyces sp.+Aspergillus sp.+P. oxallicum co-culture extracts, the highest seedling emergence percentage was observed in Phytophthora sp. Fusarium sp., and four-pathogen mixture-inoculated soils respectively. Lowest disease incidence was observed in Phytophthora sp. inoculated soil. Results show the potential of cellulolytic fungal species; Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., and co-culture of Talaromyces sp.+Aspergillus sp.+P. oxallicum in suppression of Phytophthora sp. a common causative agent of damping-off.
... The aim of this research was to find out the effectiveness of W. ugandensis and synergetic effects in combination with T. asperellum in management of A. solani and P. infestans both in vitro and in vivo. Chemical fungicides which are currently used extensively in agriculture cause environmental pollution among other safety challenges [17] . The current research findings could be used to promote the use of organic chemicals in management of blight diseases and reduction of environmental pollution by inorganic chemicals which are used in control and management of these diseases. ...
... Apart from Warburgia, Other biocontrol agents have also been used to control phytopathogens. These include chitinolytic Streptomyces rubrolavendulae S4, which was isolated from termite mounds and was shown to have antagonistic effects on P. infestans which causes damping off disease in tomato seedlings [17] . ...
Early and late blights in tomatoes are among the most destructive diseases. The causative agents are Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans respectively. Warburgia ugandensis extracts have been demonstrated to have wide prophylactic and curative use as biocontrol agents against fungal and bacterial pathogens in animals but not in plants. Trichoderma species have been used as biocontrol agents for many phytopathogens. Warburgia ugandensis stem bark samples were air-dried ground, weighed then soaked in distilled water. The soaked material was then filtered and filtrate lyophilized to obtain crude extract which was screened against A. solani and P. infestans both in vitro and in vivo. All assays were performed in triplicate. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined. Data on the inhibition by the extract was analyzed using ANOVA and the differences between means separated by Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Warburgia ugandensis extract in diffusion wells showed significant inhibition (P= 0.001) of the pathogens with no recovery. The MIC for A. solani was 1.25 mg/ml while for P. infestans was 2.5 mg/ml. Treatment with combined Warburgia and Trichoderma showed the least disease severity at 27.81 % for P. infestans and A. solani. This was closely comparable with the commercial fungicide which had disease severity of 33.21 %. The current study suggests that Warburgia lyophilized crude extract and Trichoderma have potential use as antifungal prophylactic biocontrol against both Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani. Further research is needed to analyze the bioactive compounds responsible for Warburgia activity against these pathogens.
... Abbasi et al., (2020) demonstrated the antifungal activity of Streptomyces rochei and S. vinaceusdrappus against Phytophthora capsici causing pepper blight. Loliam, et al., 2012 reported Streptomyces rubrolavendulae to be most effective in inhibition mycelial growth of the Phytophthora infestans causing seedling damping off in tomato and chilli seedlings. Evaluation of different fungicides against P. nicotianae A total ten systemic fungicides with three different concentrations (@ 500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm) were evaluated in vitro by poisoned food technique ( Fig.2 and mancozeb 75 WP, azoxystrobin 23 SC and krilaxyl 35 WS were found to be the effective in completely inhibiting the radial growth of P.nicotianae followed by chlorothalonil 75 WP (74.39%), ...
Phytophthora nicotianae causing a polycyclic soil borne disease infects a wide range of host plants belonging to different families all over the world. The foot and root rot disease of crossandra is a major setback for its cultivation in the country, wherever the crop is grown, causes huge loss to flower industry. Due to soil borne nature of the disease, management is a challenging process. Therefore, the bio-efficacy of the fungicides and bio-agents against Phytophthora nicotianae causing the root rot disease of crossandra was studeed. Ten different novel fungicides and bio-agents were screened against root rot disease under in-vitro condition. Of these, most of the systemic fungicides were found to completely inhibit radial growth of the fungal mycelium, whereas in case of bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum (84.19%) and Streptomyces viridobrunneus (81.44) was found to be most effective in reducing the mycelial growth inhibition of Phytophthora nicotianae.
... Fungi in the genus Trichoderma and bacteria such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have shown in vitro potentiality to reduce the mycelial growth of Phytophthora cactorum, P. quercina, P. capsici, P. infestans and P. plurivora attacking Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Capsicum annuum (Berger et al. 2015;Ezziyyani et al. 2004). In addition, Streptomyces rubrolavendulae was evaluated as an antagonist to P. infestans, and showed a high in vitro inhibition of the pathogen growth and a reduction in the damping-off level when tested in vivo (Loliam et al. 2012). These studies suggest that a biocontrol strategy of P. austrocedri using microorganisms with fungistatic or fungicide activity is feasible. ...
Austrocedrus chilensis [D.Don] Pic. Serm. et Bizarri (Pinales: Cupressaceae) is a keystone tree species in South America. Mortality of A. chilensis has been reported over most of its distribution in Argentina, and Phytophthora austrocedri has been identified as the causal agent. The aim of this work was to evaluate rhizospheric microorganisms present in A. chilensis roots as biocontrol agents against P. austrocedri. Mycelial growth of P. austrocedri was inhibited by seven fungal and four bacterial isolates in vitro. Interaction among isolates and P. austrocedri was microscopically studied. Isolates with high in vitro fungistatic or fungicide performance were molecularly identified and inoculated in plants to evaluate their ability to reduce the effect of the pathogen. Two of the bacterial isolates were able to reduce the symptoms in A. chilensis seedlings inoculated with P. austrocedri. These findings are promising since they may contribute to the development of a biocontrol strategy for the disease.
... Fungi in the genus Trichoderma and bacteria such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have shown in vitro potentiality to reduce the mycelial growth of Phytophthora cactorum, P. quercina, P. capsici, P. infestans and P. plurivora attacking Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Capsicum annuum (Berger et al. 2015;Ezziyyani et al. 2004). In addition, Streptomyces rubrolavendulae was evaluated as an antagonist to P. infestans, and showed a high in vitro inhibition of the pathogen growth and a reduction in the damping-off level when tested in vivo (Loliam et al. 2012). These studies suggest that a biocontrol strategy of P. austrocedri using microorganisms with fungistatic or fungicide activity is feasible. ...
Austrocedrus chilensis [D.Don] Pic. Serm. et Bizarri (Pinales: Cupressaceae) is a keystone tree species in South America. Mortality of A. chilensis has been reported over most of its distribution in Argentina, and Phytophthora austrocedri has been identified as the causal agent. The aim of this work was to evaluate rhizospheric microorganisms present in A. chilensis roots as biocontrol agents against P. austrocedri. Mycelial growth of P. austrocedri was inhibited by seven fungal and four bacterial isolates in vitro. Interaction among isolates and P. austrocedri was microscopically studied. Isolates with high in vitro fungistatic or fungicide performance were molecularly identified and inoculated in plants to evaluate their ability to reduce the effect of the pathogen. Two of the bacterial isolates were able to reduce the symptoms in A. chilensis seedlings inoculated with P. austrocedri. These findings are promising since they may contribute to the development of a biocontrol strategy for the disease.
... lycopersici (Merrouche et al. 2017). Colonization of tomato and chili seedlings with Streptomyces rubrolavendulae S4 strain isolated from termite mounds considerably increased seedlings survival in Phytophthora infestans contaminated peat moss, comparable to fungicide metalaxyl, and as such has been recommended against damping off disease in tomato and chili nursery (Loliam et al. 2012). ...
Actinomycetes, a Gram positive bacteria, well reported as a source of antibiotics, also possess potential to control various plant pathogens, besides acting as plant growth promoting agent. Chemicals in different forms are extensively being used in vegetable farming, adversely affecting the environment and consumer health. Microbial agent like actinomycetes can substantially replace these harmful chemicals, and have now started finding a place as an important input in to farming practices. Only selected vegetable crops belonging to 11 different families have been explored with use of actinomycetes as biocontrol and plant growth promoting agent till now. It provides ample opportunities to vegetable researchers, to further explore with use of this very important group of microorganisms, in order to achieve even higher production level of safe vegetables. Mycostop and Actinovate are two actinomycetes based formulations globally available for use in vegetable farming as a substitute for chemical formulations. Present review article has summarized the literature available on use of actinomycetes in vegetable farming. Existing wide gap in knowledge, and potential thrust areas for future research have also been projected.
