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We are now at a threshold of a revolution in the ways in which materials and products are created. This has resulted from the convergence of the traditional fields of chemistry, physics and biology to form the new field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is concerned with the fabrication and use of devices so small that the convenient unit of measur...
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... and technologists are approaching the field of nanotechnology from three directions (see Figure 1, Bachmann 2002) • In physics, the field of microelectronics is moving towards smaller feature sizes and is already at submicron line widths. Processors in computing systems will need nanometer line widths in the future as miniaturisation ...
Citations
... Materials having fewer than seven oxygen atoms per formula unit are non-stoichiometric compounds, even though YBa2Cu3O7-x is a well-defined chemical compound with a particular structure and stoichiometry. The x in the chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7-x denotes the nonstoichiometry when x = 1, the Cu (1) layer's O (1) sites are empty and the tetragonal structure YBCO in its tetragonal form is non-superconducting and insulating. When the oxygen concentration is increased significantly, more O (1) [39]. ...
... The x in the chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7-x denotes the nonstoichiometry when x = 1, the Cu (1) layer's O (1) sites are empty and the tetragonal structure YBCO in its tetragonal form is non-superconducting and insulating. When the oxygen concentration is increased significantly, more O (1) [39]. This study will use Sol-gel and Citrate pyrolysis methods to produce a high-temperature YBCO compound. ...
... Different responses have been reported regarding the commercial and scientific applications of nanoparticles (Oberdorsteret al., 2005). The word nanooriginatesfromGreek, meaningvery small and indicates one billion of any physical size (Tegart, 2003). Silver is used in different stages of plant production due to the nanomaterial antibacterial characteristics (Kimetal., 2007). ...
The study was aimed to determine the gallic acid, rutin and quercetin contents and yield of Narli onion
genotype (Allium cepa L.,) exposed to four different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1
) of silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs)for30 days, after planting the onion bulbs, attwo-week intervals. Quercetin, rutinand gallic acid
contents in the leaves and bulbs of onion plants were determined.While the quercetin content was the highest
in 25 mg L-1ofAgNPs treatment (575.0 ± 10.39 µg g-1
)in the bulb parts, gallic acid content reachedtothe
highest rate in 50 mg L-1 of AgNPs(3605.8 ± 90.96µg g-1
), inthe onion bulb, compared to the control (2819.3
± 65.72µg g-1
).The content of rutinwere enhanced in 25 (19.72 ± 0.28µg g-1
), 50 (21.66 ± 0.57µg g-1
) and 75
mg L-1
(31.08 ± 0.53 µg g-1
) of AgNPs treatments, but it was significantly close to the control (7.15 ± 0.93µg
g
-1
), in100 mg L-1
(10.92 ± 0.38 µg g-1
), in bulb parts.Chlorophyll content showed reducesin all doses, except
for25 mg L-1 of AgNPs treatment. Total yield enhanced in treatments of AgNPs, but the highest increase was
obtained in treatment of 50 mg L-1 of AgNPs (97.49 ± 0.92 µg g-1
). The analysis of quercetin, rutin and gallic
acid contents were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Chlorophyll was
determined by SPAD.
... However, fungicides are and remain bedrock in all integrated crop management programs. Nanoparticles are a new approach in different agricultural fields (Tegart, 2003). It is well known that the two curative systemic fungicides azoxystrobin and diniconazole were the highest efficient compounds compared to the two sulfur compounds (sulfure and Snp) against cucumber powdery mildew disease. ...
... The new nanotechnology paradigm (NNP) opens up huge innovation potential given that matter possesses different properties at nano scale or size. Nanotechnology encompasses three main opportunity categories: biotechnology-inspired molecular engineering; electronic technology based on semiconductors (Enomoto 2019), and devices and processes based on new materials (Tegart 2003;European Comission 2011;Enomoto 2019). It is accepted that 'Nanotechnology is already evolving toward becoming a general-purpose technology by 2020, encompassing four generations of products with increasing structural and dynamic complexity: (1) passive nanostructures, (2) active nanostructures, (3) nanosystems, and (4) molecular nanosystems.' ...
... Due to their interdisciplinary nature, nanotechnologies open broad opportunities in research and development, and potential paradigms in nano materials, mass application nano manufacturing of products, molecular medicine and health, environmental processes, ecosystem and energy innovation, biotechnology and agriculture, electronics, information and communication technologies (ICT), and national security (Tegart 2003;OECD 2013;Scrinis and Lyons 2017;Alvarez et al. 2018;Marchiol 2018;Enrich 2019). ...
The aim of this article is to test national and sectorial technological and innovation capability factors, as well as social capability indicators, which could explain a possible conditional convergence across countries in nanotechnology within the context of a model of innovative technological knowledge β convergence. Based on growth convergence models, our proposal also takes into account the Schumpeterian theory, the National System Innovation –NSI– approach, and particularly the sectorial system of innovation and the technological catch-up hypothesis, as well as theoretical and empirical literature on conditional convergence. The findings allow us to confirm that new nanotechnology knowledge convergence is conditioned by a higher growth rate of technological capabilities in nanotechnology: growth from the initial level of patents granted, cumulative knowledge, and links to technological and scientific activities. Finally, as regards social capabilities, only the institutional weakness variable (corruption index) associates negatively with β convergence. As an emergent paradigm, we realize that convergence and catch-up are starting processes, which could allow less technologically developed countries to benefit from higher growth of some of the factors identified.
... Nano kelimesi Yunanca kökenli olup ''cüce'' anlamı taşımaktadır. Bilimsel anlamda kullanıldığında ise herhangi bir fiziksel büyüklüğün bir milyarda biri anlamına gelmektedir (Tegart, 2003). Nanometre ise bir metrenin milyarda birine eşit bir uzunluk birimidir. ...
Son yıllarda farklı alanlarda kullanılan nanoteknoloji, fitopatolojik açıdan da yeni yaklaşımlar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bitki hastalıklarıyla mücadelede kullanılan nanoteknolojik partiküller, ultra küçük boyutları ve farklı etki mekanizmalarına sahip olmalarıyla etkin bir kontrol sağlamaktadırlar. Bu amaçla altın, gümüş, çinko ve bakır vb. nanopartiküller yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca; nanofilm ve nanokaplama uygulamaları, akıllı salım sistemlerinde uygulanabilirliği, nanopartiküllerin patojenlerin saptanmasında biyomarkör olarak kullanımı ve pestisit kalıntı analizlerinde nanosensör olarak kullanılabilirliği nanoteknoloji uygulamalarının diğer kullanım alanlarını oluşturmaktadır. Bitki hastalıklarıyla mücadele başarıyla kullanılabilen nanopestisitlerin üstün taşınma özelliği ve uzun süreli etkinliği toprak, su ve sıcak kanlılar üzerinde olumsuz etkilere yol açabileceği için kullanım öncesinde olumsuz yönleri de geniş çaplı araştırılmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Nanoteknoloji, fitopatoloji, nanopestisit, hastalık kontrolü
... Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary science that incorporates physics, chemistry, biology, etc. involves creation and utilization of materials, devices or systems on the nanometer scale and is currently undergoing unexpected development on many fronts. It finds numerous applications in material strengthening and fabrication, healthcare, agriculture, processing and storage of foods, robotics for human welfare, energy conservation and utilization, transport, manufacturing of safe and quality products and security at global level [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Besides, these unparalleled applications it has incredible potential for revolutionizing all fields of technology and is expected to create innovations and play a vital role in various biomedical applications like, drug delivery systems, molecular imaging, biomarkers, therapeutics, diagnostics, cancer therapy, biosensors, etc. Synthesis via benign route and building of orderly drug delivery systems are very important for medical and health-care. ...
... Nanotechnology entails the synthesis and manipulation of materials or systems where at least one dimension is in the nanometer range i.e., in the order of billionths (10 −9 ) of a meter [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Particles in this size range have unique physicochemical properties, which are distinct from those of bulk materials (the macroscopic or microscopic scale) or single atoms or molecules (the atomic scale) [2,4,5,7,8]. ...
Suboptimal adherence, toxicity, drug resistance and viral reservoirs make the lifelong treatment of HIV infection challenging. The emerging field of nanotechnology may play an important role in addressing these challenges by creating drugs that possess pharmacological advantages arising out of unique phenomena that occur at the "nano" scale. At these dimensions, particles have physicochemical properties that are distinct from those of bulk materials or single molecules or atoms. In this review, basic concepts and terms in nanotechnology are defined, and examples are provided of how nanopharmaceuticals such as nanocrystals, nanocapsules, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocarriers, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers have been investigated as potential anti-HIV therapies. Such drugs may, for example, be used to optimize the pharmacological characteristics of known antiretrovirals, deliver anti-HIV nucleic acids into infected cells or achieve targeted delivery of antivirals to the immune system, brain or latent reservoirs. Also, nanopharmaceuticals themselves may possess anti-HIV activity. However several hurdles remain, including toxicity, unwanted biological interactions and the difficulty and cost of large-scale synthesis of nanopharmaceuticals.
... The field is highly interdisciplinary that exploits the peculiar properties of matter at nano-scale inherent in biology, physics, chemistry and even mathematics [1]. The field has the capability to transform how human live and work by introducing various devices and applications which will be faster, cheaper, stronger, primarily in medicine, electronics, computing and energy production thereby contributing significantly to the economy of a developing country [2][3][4]. ...
... catalysis, colloid chemistry, separation and non metallic elements and materials, analyzing materials by determining their chemical and physical properties and methods/filters implantable into blood vessels. 3 Y01N is a unique tagging system for emerging technologies patents used by EC. 4 By closed ecosystem, it is meant that there is no exchange of any monetary or technical help from nonpartner countries or institutions. ...
... Nanotechnology, being an interdisciplinary field, has three main extensively overlapping areas: Nanoelectronics, nanomaterials and nanobiotechnology which find applications in materials, electronics, environment, metrology, energy, security, robotics, healthcare, information technology, biomimetics, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, agriculture, construction, transport, and food processing and storage 1,2,4,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] . Table 1 indicates some examples of nanotechnological applications. ...
Nanotechnology in general and as it relates to drug delivery in humans has been reviewed in a two-part article, the first part of which is this paper. In this paper, nanotechnology in nature, history of nanotechnology and methods of synthesis are discussed, while also outlining its applications, benefits and risks. Nanotechnology is an industrial revolution, based on integration of disciplines that could change every facet of human life. Some examples of changes brought about by reduction in particle sizes to the physical, chemical and biological properties of substances, compounds and drug products have been cited. The benefits of nanotechnology are enormous and so these benefits should be maximized while efforts are made to reduce the risks.
... These leading countries in fields of traditional science will always be present in the revolution of emerging nanotechnology. High government funding plus welldeveloped science and industry infrastructure allow these countries to have significant nanotechnology patents (Huang et al. 2004;Scheu et al. 2006;Marinova and McAleer 2003) and publication outputs (Miranda Santo et al. 2006;Tegart 2002). ...
Nanotechnology is projected to be a very promising field, and the impact of nanotechnology on society is increasingly significant
as the research funding and manufactured goods increase exponentially. A clearer picture of Taiwan’s current and future nanotechnology
industry is an essential component for future planning. Therefore, this investigation studies the progress of industrializing
nanotechnology in Taiwan by surveying 150 companies. Along with understanding Taiwan’s current nanotechnology industrialization,
this paper also suggests ways to promote Taiwan’s nanotechnology. The survey results are summarized and serve as the basis
for planning a nanotechnology industrialization strategy.
