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The thiophene extraction from model fuel by using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone [NMP], dimethylformamide [DMF] and ethylene glycol [EG] as solvents had been carried out at atmospheric pressure. It is found that NMP showed the best performance with 98% removal of thiophene for 1 h. A detail parametric study was performed to investigate the effect of differ...
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Context 1
... purchased from Merck, India. Table 1 shows the physical property of all chemicals that were used in extraction. ...
Context 2
... type Total sulfur in raw feed (wt%) Boiling range (°C) NMP DMF EG Sample-1 1.031 102-143 0.062 0.262 0.246 Sample 2 1.730 170-336 0.707 0.433 0.950 ...
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... it is concluded that the CCD model is not significant. The results of CCD (Table S1 to S4 and Fig. S1) have been included in supplementary document. Finally the BBD model in RSM could be successfully applied to determine the optimum value of the process parameters for maximum sulfur removal efficiency (%). ...
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Citations
... Tao et al. 16 measured the solubility of dibenzothiophene in nine different organic solvents within a temperature range of 9.6−68°C and found that DMF displayed significant solubility toward dibenzothiophene. Furthermore, Saha et al. 17 conducted an investigation on the extraction of thiophene from model fuel using various solvents, namely, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), DMF, and ethylene glycol (EG), under atmospheric pressure conditions. Their findings indicate that NMP exhibited the highest efficacy, achieving a remarkable 98% removal of thiophene within a 1 h timeframe. ...
Sulfur dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion have been known to cause detrimental health and environmental effects. The currently used hydrodesulfurization (HDS) method employed by refineries has several drawbacks, such as excessive hydrogen consumption, high energy demand, and inability to remove complex organosulfur compounds, which have limited its ability to produce ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) at reasonable operating and capital costs. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely studied for their potential to replace conventional HDS. However, while their success has been demonstrated at the laboratory level, studies on industrial-scale feasibility and their integration into process simulators such as Aspen Plus are limited. In this work, 26 commercially available ILs have been screened using COSMO-based models and Aspen Plus for the desulfurization of diesel fuel and several possible process configurations have been examined. In particular, the challenge of ionic liquid regeneration, which has largely been ignored in the literature, has also been addressed and several potential regeneration methods have been proposed including extractive regeneration (E-RE) and stripping regeneration using nitrogen and air as stripping media (S-RE). The results indicate that, among the 26 ILs studied, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate is the most promising as a solvent for extractive desulfurization (EDS), E-RE, and S-RE. E-RE was found to be more effective for the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT), while S-RE is more suited to the removal of thiophene and benzothiophene (BT). As a result, an optimized diesel desulfurization process using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate has been proposed that achieves ULSD with <10 ppm total sulfur in simulation studies, with complete recycling of the IL and minimal loss of the model diesel.
... Therefore, DMF is capable of donating a pair of electrons to the sulfur atom of sulfur containing compounds to form a covalent bond between sulfur of sulfur containing compound and NO group of DMF. Therefore, due to the formation of this covalent bond between solute (i.e., sulfur containing compounds) and solvent, the solute/solvent interaction is increased, which improve the affinity of the sulfur containing compounds of NGC towards solvent phase from oil phase [44]. ...
... However, the concentrations of toluene and limonene in mixture 2 were calculated to be 3940 ± 1.20 % ppm and 5860 ± 1.35 % ppm, respectively. The thiophene adsorption capacities of the different adsorbents were determined for an initially fixed concentration of 500 ± 0.5% ppm [19][20][21]. The bed height (h = 20 cm), the reactor temperature (T = 500 • C), and the duration of the experiment (60 min) are kept unchanged during the various tests. ...
It remains challenging to produce new and efficient adsorbents to remove sulfur compounds from waste tire pyrolysis oils. The present work investigated the ex-situ treatment by desulfurization and cracking of volatiles from the pyrolysis of waste tires using an innovative synthetic oil mixture. For this purpose, biochars from the pyrolysis of abundant biomasses (date seeds and spent coffee grounds) were used to improve the quality of these volatiles. Furthermore, the purification efficiency of these biochars was compared to that of commercial activated carbon. Thus, the influence of the operating conditions was studied. Finally, to provide an innovative insight into the desulfurization efficiency, the regeneration of the best performing desulfurization material was carried out. The results show promising desulfurization and cracking capacities of the spent coffee grounds biochar and excellent regeneration performance.
... 2,6 With the continuous exploration of researchers, some new non-hydrodesulfurization technologies have been developed, including adsorption desulfurization technology, 7 pervaporation desulfurization technology, 8 biological desulfurization technology, 9 oxidative desulfurization technology, 10 and extraction desulfurization technology. 11 Compared with other desulfurization methods, the extractive desulfurization method has various advantages, such as operating at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, low cost, no risk of olefin saturation, and decrease of gasoline octane rating. 12 ILs are known as green solvents due to their low volatility, high chemical stability, and adjustable viscosity. ...
Background
In the production of ultra‐low sulfur fuels, the use of extraction processes to remove sulfides from the fuel has various advantages. The selection of a suitable extractant is key to the extraction process. Ionic liquids (ILs) are known as green solvents and are designable, but there is a wide variety. In this study, an IL screening method was developed based on a conductor‐like screening model‐segment activity coefficient (COSMO‐SAC) model and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. In addition, the feasibility of the method was verified by fuel extraction desulfurization experiments. Finally, the separation mechanism was explored through intermolecular interactions.
Results
In this study, suitable extractants were screened from 2400 ILs with 24 anions and 100 cation combinations. Based on the results of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, five ILs were selected; 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIM][PF6]) was selected as the extractant and the single desulfurization rate could reach 72.74%. After four desulphurization experiments, the sulfur content in the model oil decreased from 1200 to 6.98 μg/g. The interaction energy difference between [HMIM][PF6] + BT and [HMIM][PF6] + OC (ΔE = ‐12.8662 kJ·mol⁻¹) is higher than those of the other four extractants.
Conclusion
The feasibility of the screened method was verified by the extraction desulfurization experiment. [HMIM][PF6] was selected as the most suitable extractant. Furthermore, by analyzing the weak interaction between ILs and benzothiophene (BT) and n‐octane (OC), it was found that weak hydrogen bonds (HBs) and π–π interactions between [HMIM][PF6] and BT play important roles in the extraction process. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
... These solvents exhibit low selectivity, high ability to dissolve aromatic sulfur compounds, and ability to form stable π-complexes with them [27]. The most widely used extractant is N-methylpyrrolidone, because it surpasses the majority of other solvents in capacity [28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, the yield of the raffi nate fraction in this case is relatively low. ...
Sulfur is present in crude oil and petroleum products in the form of various compounds: mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, thiophene derivatives, high-molecular-mass heterocyclic compounds, etc. The content of elemental sulfur in petroleum feedstock is low (up to 0.1%). Sulfur negatively affects the service and transportation properties of oil; therefore, the content of sulfur compounds in petroleum products and commercial oil is strictly limited. Numerous methods are used today for removing sulfur compounds from petroleum feedstock, such as hydrotreating, bio- and oxidative desulfurization, extraction, including supercritical fluid extraction, adsorption, alkylation, etc. This review deals with the use of extraction methods for treating petroleum feedstock to remove various sulfur-containing compounds. Particular attention is paid to papers dealing with the use of cheap and available polar organic solvents and inorganic chemicals for removing sulfur and its compounds both from model solutions and from crude oils and petroleum fractions. Also, search for new “green” solvents such as ionic liquids and eutectic mixtures, allowing removal of sulfur compounds from crude oil, shows promise. As a rule, complete removal of sulfur-containing compounds from oil samples by extraction requires a multistep extraction process.
... Indeed, RSM is related to the recognition process and fitting a response surface model from the experimental result, In contrast to RSM designs, Box-Behnken design (BBD) has more potential benefits since it requires less experimental points and enhances the efficiency. On the other hand, BBD is used to assign the optimum efficiency of desulfurization, and also to illustrate the relationships between desulfurization and parameters [52]. ...
Highly active ReS2 nanocatalysts were prepared by CVD method and characterized by XRD, BET -BJH, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, TPR, NH3-TPD, SEM, and HRTEM techniques. Catalytic activities were used in upgrading heavy crude oil using methane as hydrogen source. The results showed a significant increase in API and decrease in sulfur and nitrogen content of crude oil. RSM technique was used to investigate the interactive effects of temperature (200-400 °C), pressure (20–40 bar) and dosage of nanocatalyst (0.5–2 wt. %) on the performance of HDS reaction. The results represent that the maximum predicted HDS activity (74.375%) was estimated under the optimal conditions (400 °C, 20 bars, and 2wt. % of nanocatalyst). Also, the effect of reaction temperature, pressure and dosage of ReS2 nanorods catalyst on HDN of heavy crude oil was investigated and highest efficiency in the HDN process (93%) occurred at 400 °C and 40 bar using 2 wt. % ReS2.
... A suitable solvent for extractive desulfurization should have a high partition coefficient for aromatic sulfur compounds, negligible solubility in fuels, high thermal and chemical stabilities, nontoxicity, and low cost. Traditional organic solvents such as acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, ethylene glycol, furfural, and polyethylene glycol were studied to remove sulfur compounds from petroleum fractions [21][22][23][24]. The experimental findings showed very low efficiencies of sulfur removal with these organic solvents [21][22][23], besides, this method causes a major loss in the volume of fuel due to the co-extraction of a significant portion of aromatic hydrocarbons with organosulfur compounds owing to similar polarities [21]. ...
The challenges of hydrodesulfurization for desulfurizing the refractory sulfur compounds of petroleum fuels are prompting researchers to investigate the different non-conventional desulfurization techniques. Adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) is emerging as a low-cost alternative to ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization. In ADS, sulfur compounds are removed via physicochemical adsorption using a selective adsorbent. This review focuses on the latest development in ADS. Zeolite, metal oxide, metal-organic framework, mesoporous material, and carbon are assessed for desulfurization of the model and real feedstocks. The ADS performance of these materials can be improved by incorporating metals. Recent progress on improving the selectivity, stability, reusability is discussed. Depending on adsorbent surface chemical composition, sulfur molecules are removed through π complexation, acid-base, metal‑sulfur, and Van der Waals forces. The effects of process parameters, thermodynamics, and kinetics of ADS are also discussed. Selectivity is found to be a key challenge in ADS of real feedstocks due to competitive adsorption. The testing of adsorbents with real fuels is crucial for the commercialization of ADS. Developments of robust adsorbent with less expensive metals and ideal regeneration methods are needed to demonstrate the capabilities of ADS commercially. The search for a low-cost, and efficient ADS adsorbent is ongoing, and currently, its industrial adaptation is extremely limited.
... In recent years, the combination of mineral processing and hydrometallurgical separation technology has been widely used in the field of comprehensive recovery and extraction of scandium, which greatly improves the concentration ratio and recovery rate of scandium. In future research and production, the recovery metal and Al-Sc alloy [19][20][21][22]. To date, the key point of preparing ScCl 3 is how to reduce the hydrolysis rate of scandium chloride in ScCl 3 . ...
In this study, a one-step rapid heating novel process was used to prepare high-purity anhydrous scandium chloride molten salt with low-purity scandium oxide. High-purity anhydrous ScCl3 molten salt was used as the Sc-bearing raw material for preparing the Sc-bearing master alloy. Inert gas was used to enhance the purity of anhydrous scandium chloride and reduce the hydrolysis rate of scandium. The results show that high-purity scandium chloride (purity, 99.69%) with the scandium content of 29.61%, was obtained, and the hydrolysis rate of scandium was 1.19% under the conditions used: removing ammonium chloride; residual crystal water temperature of 400 °C; m(Sc2O3):m(NH4Cl) = 1:2.5; holding-time of 90 min; heating-rate of 12 °C/min; and argon flow of 7.5 L/min. XRD, SEM, and EPMA analyses further verified that anhydrous scandium chloride crystallization condition was relatively good and the purity of high-purity anhydrous scandium chloride approached the theory purity of anhydrous scandium chloride.
The N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl –N1,N3-diphenylpropane-1,3-diaminium dichloride ionic liquid (ILc) is an environmentally friendly catalyst for oxidative–extractive desulfurization of gas oil (sulfur content = 2400 ppm) in the presence of H2O2 as an oxidizing agent. The precise structure of the prepared IL was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy, and¹H-NMR. The reaction temperature, IL ratios, H2O2 dosage, and reaction time were studied to assess their effects on the desulfurization efficiency. The thermodynamic parameters of the oxidation reaction were determined. A desulfurization efficiency of 84.7% was obtained after the extractive desulfurization process using acetonitrile as an organic solvent at a solvent to feed ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Furthermore, the prepared IL may be reused for at least six cycles without any significant change in its desulfurization performance or chemical structure, which confirms its high reusability.
