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Bladed servers are increasingly being adopted in high-density enterprise datacenters by virtue of the improved benefits they
offer in form factor density, modularity, and more robust management for control and maintenance with respect to rack-optimized
servers. In the future, such servers are likely to form the key foundational blocks for a variety...
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Context 1
... are also three backplane Ethernet standards emerging under IEEE 802.3ap workgroup [7], which are 1000-Base-KX, 10G-Base-KX4 and 10G-Base-KR. Table 1 lists the number of wires or traces required for these fabrics, and their corresponding bandwidths. The "Aggregate BW" column shows the "la- beled bandwidth" for all the lanes for simplicity, rather than the actual aggregated bandwidth. ...
Context 2
... shown in Table 1, the IO or communication interconnect bandwidth are in the 10-40 Gbps, at the top end. In addition, depending on the usage these interconnects are used for the distances of a meter to hundreds of meters-about a meter for PCIe, less than a few meters for SAS, about 10-30 meters for IB, 10's to 100's meters for FC, and 100's of meters for Ethernet. ...
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Citations
... Blade systems address these inefficiencies by providing power, cooling, and integrated networking resources at the enclosure level. This resource sharing allows for cooling fans to be larger and more efficient and the power supplies to be run at more efficient operating ranges (i.e., high utilization) by taking advantage of the varying utilization profiles of the compute blades [58]. Additionally, the cost of the components is amortized across all of the compute blades that populate the enclosure. ...
Current trends in memory capacity and power of servers indicate the need for memory system redesign. Memory capacity is projected to grow at a smaller rate relative to the growth in compute capacity, leading to a potential memory capacity wall in future systems. Furthermore, per-server memory demands are increasing due to large-memory applications, virtual machine consolidation, and bigger operating system footprints. The large amount of memory required is leading to memory power being a substantial and growing portion of server power budgets. As these capacity and power trends continue, a new memory architecture is needed that provides increased capacity and maximizes resource efficiency.
This thesis presents the design of a disaggregated memory architecture for blade servers that provides expanded memory capacity and dynamic capacity sharing across multiple servers. Unlike traditional architectures that co-locate compute and memory resources, the proposed design disaggregates a portion of the servers??? memory, which is then assembled in separate memory blades optimized for both capacity and power usage. The servers access memory blades through a redesigned memory hierarchy that is extended to include a remote level that augments local memory. Through the shared interconnect of blade enclosures, multiple compute blades can connect to a single memory blade and dynamically share its capacity. This sharing increases resource efficiency by taking advantage of the differing memory utilization patterns of the compute blades.
This thesis evaluates two system architectures that provide operating system-transparent access to the memory blade; one uses virtualization and a commodity-based interconnect, and the other uses minor hardware additions and a high-speed interconnect. The ability to extend and share memory can achieve orders of magnitude performance improvements in cases where applications run out of memory capacity, and similar improvements in performance-per-dollar in cases where systems are overprovisioned for peak memory usage. To complement the evaluation, a hypervisor-based prototype of one system architecture is developed. Finally, by extending the principles of disaggregation to both compute and memory resources, new server architectures are proposed for large-scale data centers that can double performance-per-dollar when considering total cost of ownership compared to traditional servers.
... We then discuss the challenges in performing such an evaluation and our methodology, followed by the results and insights from the study. Details of our study are described in [14][15]. ...
Converged fabrics that support data, storage, and cluster networking in a unified fashion are desirable for their cost and manageability advantages. Recent trends towards higher-bandwidths in commodity networks, physical-layer similarities across different communication protocols, and the adoption of blade servers along with the corresponding availability of dasiabackplanespsila to implement new networking methods, motivate revisiting this idea. We discuss various aspects of fabric convergence, and present some evaluation results from our experiments in the context of a specific I/O consolidation case study. Based on the insights from these experiments, we discuss opportunities for future research - in new instrumentation and evaluation methods, new cross-layer and application-agnostic designs for fabric convergence solutions, and new system architectures that leverage ensemble-level resource sharing. Our goal, through the discussions in this position paper, is to initiate a more general examination of these issues in the broader academic community.
... The question is addressed very concretely in a 2007 paper by Greenberg et al. [8], and it has been used as a framework for finding the most important topics when writing this paper. However, [8] does not discuss anything very deeply and therefore I have analysed topics of cooling, power provisioning, blade servers and virtualisation in greater detail by examining [13], [7], [11] and [1]. A number of other articles have been referenced for additional insight and background information on the discussed topics. ...
... The interconnect module can be an Ethernet or InfiniBand switch and other modules connect to it via the signal midplane. [11] I did not find clear proof that blade systems themselves are more energy-efficient than other types of servers. However, there are some factors that make power savings in blade servers easier compared to traditional rack servers. ...
Data centers are facilities containing many server computers. Their financial and social importance is greater than ever due to growing amount of data and hosted applications used by millions of users. Consecutively, maintaining an infrastruc-ture with such massive computing resources is energy inten-sive. The total amount of energy used by servers around the world is greater than that of Finland. There is pressure to save energy in data centers because of the current needs to cut costs and reduce carbon emissions. In this paper, propsals for increased energy efficiency in computing facilities are made. The cooling system is analysed and concrete recommendations to save energy are presented. A typical power distribution scheme is explained and its effect to efficiency is studied. In addition, this paper shows that underutilisation causes serious losses and two approaches, namely virtualisation and power-aware request distribution, are introduced as solutions.
Many new data centres have been built in recent years in order to keep up with the rising demand for server capacity. These data centres require a lot of electrical energy and cooling. Big data and video streaming are two heavily used applications in data centres. This paper experimentally investigates the possibilities and benefits of using cheap, low power and widely supported hardware in the form of a micro data centre with big data and video streaming as its main application area. For this purpose, multiple Raspberry Pi 2 Model B (RPi2)’s have been used in order to build a fully functional distributed Hadoop and video streaming setup that has acceptable performance and extends to new research opportunities. We experimentally validated the new setup to fit in a data centre environment by analysis of its performance, scalability, energy consumption, temperature and manageability. This paper proposes a high concurrency and low power setup in a small 1U form factor with an estimated number of 72 RPi2’s as an interesting alternative to traditional rack servers.
Blade environment is a catalyst for innovations - Designed blade infrastructure to phase-in generations of useful innovations - Turned commodity systems and components into better solutions • Illustrated a series of system and chip innovations with 3 case studies - Virtual Connect ➔ Decouples server and network admin domains • Enable blade deployment with minimum disruption [5] - VC Flex-10 ➔ Efficient bandwidth partitioning • Lower CapEx: Reduce network HW ≤75% & HW costs ≤66%[8] • Lower OpEx: Reduce power usage & costs ≤56% [8] - VEPA ➔ Expose VM network traffic to edge network • Efficient traffic management and processing in edge network • Work in progress - VEPA proposal to IEEE [7] - Multichannel & Remote Services proposal to IEEE [12] - Published patches for Linux and Xen [13][14][15][16]
Energy effectiveness has become a competitive advantage for service providers managing large-scale centralized data centers. Technological solutions in this field have developed significantly in recent years, which exploitation should be supported by the organizational managament viewpoints. The goal of this study is to investigate how the companies develop their energy effectiveness and manage the functions connected with it. Based on multiple company case analysis we identified nine factors mostly influencing energy effectiveness. Derived from these findings we present finally a framework for environmental management, which can direct the organization to improve the energy effectiveness of its data center.
