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Physical and mechanical properties of wood as influenced by species and position in the radial direction from pith to periphery for three multipurpose trees from Kerala.
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Wood properties of three locally important fast growing tree species (Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and Grevillea robusta) occurring as scattered and boundary planted trees on the agricultural lands of Kerala were evaluated. Species and sample positions exerted a profound influence on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Basic w...
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Context 1
... radial, tangential, and volumetric shrinkages (green to air-dry and green to oven-dry) for A. auriculiformis were significantly lower than that of A. mangium and G. robusta (Table 1). While shrinkage values were not substantially different among the radial positions in A. auriculiformis, G. robusta exhibited the highest radial and tangential shrinkage for the 'outer' position. ...
Context 2
... effect on compressive stress at limit of proportionality (CS at LP), compressive stress at maximum load (CS at ML), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in compression perpendicular to grain was remarkable (Table 1). CS at LP, CS at ML, and MOE increased from inner to outer positions in A. mangium. ...
Context 3
... the fact that age of the sampled trees (10 to 15 years) and site characteristics (all extracted from the agricultural lands of central Kerala) were mostly similar, it seems reasonable to assume that the high variability observed may be on account of intrinsic genetic factors. The relatively modest standard errors (Table 1) further exemplify the lack of profound within species variations even between apparently disparate sampling locations (e.g, Peerumedu and Perumbavoor for G. robusta). A comparison of the present data with that from other locations (published literature) also suggests that agroforestry situations per se do not exert any negative impact on wood properties. ...
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Citations
... Researches on wood quality of many wood species has come to similar conclusions, such as teak (Shukla and Viswanath 2014), Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Grevillea Robusta in India (Shanavas and Kumar 2006), Cedrela odorata in the Republic of Panama (Paul and Weber 2013), or Terminalia catappa in Vanuatu (Glencross et al. 2013). Unfortunately, our analysis of the literature did not find information, statistics or even an indication of what happens later to the high quality logs from agroforestry and sold to the veneer-or sawmill industry. ...
One of the goals of the European Union’s agroforestry plans is to alleviate the shortage of timber in Europe caused by the growing demand for hardwoods and the declining import of tropical timber. The study shows which tree species can be considered in agroforestry systems in Europe, and which of them can be used as raw material for the wood industry and what quality of wood can be produced in agroforestry systems. Since 2005, the European Union has been officially encouraging farmers to plant the crops in an agroforestry system and parallel try to produce trunks for high quality timber. By analysing the current economic developments of the European Union, especially Horizon 2020, our study provides an overview of what can be expected by the participants of the agroforestry sector and the related primary wood industry in the European Union now and in the future. In addition to the distribution analysis, indices describing projects have also been created. Rank correlation was used to examine the relationship between them. Possible decision mechanisms were also outlined using a custom-built expert software system.
... It was observed from the average value that tangential shrinkage slightly increased from the innerwood to the outerwood in the radial direction though not significantly different from one another. This is supported and in conformity with the result of Okon [36] for 25-year-old Gmelina arborea wood, Kumar [41] for Grevillea robusta, and Aguma and Ogunsanwo [39] for Khaya grandifoliola. ...
... Wood shrinkage occurs as the wood changes moisture content in response to daily as well as seasonal changes in accordance with the relative humidity of the atmosphere, i.e., when the air is dry, wood losses moisture and shrinks, and when the air is humid wood absorbs moisture [41]. The mean volumetric shrinkage of B. sapida was 15.24±0.25%. ...
Blighia sapida, a Lesser-Used Species is being processed into sawn timber to meet the demand for wood. The knowledge of its wood quality would enhance its effective utilization. However, there is little information known on the physical properties of this species that could enhance its acceptability and optimum utilization. This, therefore, necessitate the need to investigate the physical properties of this wood species. Three standing trees of B. sapida were purposively felled for this study. Billets of 500 mm were obtained from the wood disc at the base, middle, and top of the tree. Each wood disc was partitioned into three; innerwood, middlewood, and outerwood following specified international standards for the physical properties test (wood colour, proportion of sapwood and heartwood, bark thickness, density, moisture content, and volumetric shrinkage). B. sapida wood density with a mean value of 709.78±8.88 kg/m3, ranged from (571.59±13.45 to 854.81±7.08 kg/m3. Moisture content percentage of average value 70.62±1.23%, ranged from 53.84±1.40 to 89.00±2.75%. Volumetric shrinkage of average value 15.24±0.25%, range from 13.38±0.66 to 16.89±0.83%. The range of B. sapida wood density value of the study falls within the range that could be categorized as medium density wood of medium construction strength properties. The 1:1.5% tangential–radial shrinkage observed in this study was low, an indicator of a low risk of deformation while seasoning the wood, as the ratios of tangential-radial shrinkage that is high are those over 2.2%.
... There were statistically significant (P < 0.001) differences in SWV and wood properties observed in this study between the near pith and near bark positions for all provenances, except for MOR in provenance BV, HY, and LT (Tables 2 and 3). This result corresponds to findings in the literature for WD in A. mangium (Makino et al., 2012;Nugroho et al., 2012;Shanavas & Kumar, 2006). Moreover, Ngadianto et al. (2020) reported that WD, MOR, and MOE of 7-year-old A. mangium planted in Indonesia increased from pith to the bark. ...
There is a growing interest in improving wood properties through the appropriate selection of seed provenances within species. In this study, wood density and mechanical properties were investigated for Acacia mangium trees from six different provenances, planted in Quang Tri, Vietnam. Radial and among provenance variation in stress wave velocity (SWV), wood density (WD), dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were determined on a total of 480 small clear specimens (20 × 20 × 300 mm) cut from 30 trees (five per provenance). SWV and selected wood properties near the pith were significantly lower than those near the bark. Differences in all selected mechanical properties among provenances were significant. The highest static properties (MOR and MOE) were found for the Long Thanh provenance indicating its potential suitability for breeding programs in Vietnam focused on improving A. mangium wood quality. A high positive correlation coefficient was found between MOEd and MOE (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) and our results indicate that the stiffness of A. mangium can be predicted using stress wave method provided the density of measured element is known.
... In India, A. mangium is grown as both a plantation species as well as a component of agroforestry, especially in the southern and eastern regions of the country. Rapid growth rate, nitrogen fixation potential and short rotations (Awang and Taylor 1993) as well as acceptable wood properties (e.g., basic density, shrinkage and hardness; Shanavas and Kumar 2006) make this species ideally suited for afforestation and reforestation programmes, especially on degraded sites. ...
Fine roots play a major role in water and mineral uptake and nutrient cycling in woody perennial-based ecosystems. Just as other biomass components, stand density manipulation and tree pruning may influence fine root production (FRP) and its decomposition dynamics. However, quantitative information on FRP and its turnover under different density and pruning regimes are meagre for most tropical trees. A field study was conducted to characterize FRP and associated nutrient release under varying stand density and pruning regimes in a 12-year-old Acacia mangium stand in Kerala, India. Soil ingrowth core method was employed for quantifying FRP and sequential core method for estimating standing fine root biomass. Annual FRP estimates were 5.78, 5.39, 3.74, and 3.38 Mg ha–1 for the 5000, 2500, 1250 and 625 trees ha−1 treatments, respectively. Allometric models based on tree diameter and basal area gave a good fit for annual FRP. Fine root turnover rates ranged from 2.81 to 3.16 yr−1, which however, was not influenced by stand density. Carbon stocks ranged from 1.36 to 2.39 Mg ha−1 with highest FRP during rainy season and lowest during the dry period. The litterbag study using nylon mesh bags indicated that annual fine root mass loss ranged from 76.2 (5000 trees ha−1) to 96.8% (625 trees ha−1). Tree pruning had only modest effects on tree growth, FRP, and carbon and nutrient release patterns. The study highlights the importance of stand density manipulation in altering A. mangium FRP, soil carbon and mineral nutrient dynamics.
... The highest and lowest specific gravity of wood was recorded in Bumbloo-check (0.66) and UHF-4 HRY (0.54) respectively. Shanavas and Kumar (2006) observed the wood characteristics of three locally important fast-growing tree species occurring scattered and also as boundary planted trees on the agricultural lands of Kerala (Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and Grevillea robusta). Basic wood density of A. auriculiformis was greater than that of A. mangium and G. robusta, while moisture content followed a reverse sequence: G. ...
... The results determined has been classified as heavy, moderately strong, not tough and moderately hard after comparing with Tectona grandis (teak). Shanavas and Kumar (2006) observed the mechanical characteristics of three locally important fast-growing tree species (Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, ...
The present research entitled “Wood property variation in jack trees (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) grown in Thrissur district, Kerala" was carried out in the Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, during 2017-2020. The species belonging to the family Moraceae and popularly known as jackfruit tree, is one of the important timber species commonly found in the home gardens of Kerala. The objective of this study was to assess the variation in physical, chemical, anatomical and mechanical properties of Jack wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) between different altitudinal zones (Lowland, Midland and Highland) and girth classes within these altitudinal zones of Thrissur district, Kerala.
Samples of Jack wood were collected from the three altitudinal zones (Lowland, Midland and Highland) of Thrissur district belonging to three girth classes viz., 30 cm - 60 cm, 60 cm - 90 cm. and 90 cm -120 cm, following stratified random sampling techniques. In the case of physical properties such as color, moisture content, green specific gravity, oven dry specific gravity, volumetric shrinkage, tangential shrinkage and radial shrinkage, analysis showed variation between the zones for the all the three types of shrinkages. Chemical analysis of the wood for water soluble and chemically soluble extractives showed significant variation in the case of alcohol benzene soluble extractives and for NaOH soluble extractives. Rest of the parameters such as cold-water soluble extractives, hot water-soluble extractives, holocellulose content, klason lignin content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content and ash content showed no significant variation. Jack wood is diffuse porous with aliform parenchyma surrounding solitary vessels, sometimes forming bands and broad to finely arranged rays. The anatomical parameters when analyzed, showed significant variation for ray morphological characteristics whereas vessel morphology, fibre morphology and ecoanatomical properties showed no significant variation. The mechanical parameters studied which includes static bending, tension, compression and its sub parameters showed no significant variation except for Modulus of elasticity compression perpendicular to grain.
Simple correlation coefficients obtained between physical and chemical parameters, four were found to be positive and significant at 1% level of significance, two were found to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance whereas, one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 1% and one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 5% level of significance. The simple correlation coefficients obtained between physical and anatomical parameters, three were found to be positive and significant at 1% level of significance, two were found to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance whereas, one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 1% and one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 5% level of significance. Simple correlation coefficients obtained between physical and mechanical parameters, twenty were found to be positive and significant at 1% level of significance, ten were found to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance whereas, one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 1%. The simple correlation coefficients obtained between chemical and anatomical parameters, one was found to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance, one was found to be negative and significant at 5% level of significance whereas, one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 1%. Simple correlation coefficients obtained between chemical and mechanical parameters, eleven were found to be positive and significant at 1% level of significance, nine were found to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance whereas, one was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 5%. The simple correlation coefficients obtained between anatomical and mechanical parameters, eight were found to be positive and significant at 1% level of significance, three were found to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance whereas, three was reported as negatively correlated and significant at 5%. Coefficient of determination (R2) was observed to be more than 0.70 for oven dry specific gravity, tangential shrinkage and radial shrinkage when regressed with physical and chemical parameters. When regressed between physical and anatomical parameters R2 was observed to be more than 0.70 for green specific gravity, tangential shrinkage, radial shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage. Coefficient of determination (R2) was observed to be more than 0.70 for green specific gravity, tangential shrinkage, radial shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage when regressed with physical and mechanical parameters.
... Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., commonly known as earleaf acacia, is a fast-growing multi-purpose tree commonly grown in agroforestry in India and southeast Asia (Shanavas & Kumar, 2007). It is endemic to north Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia, and across the Torres Strait Islands to Papua New Guinea and south eastern Papua (previously Irian Jaya; GBIF. ...
Aim: Understanding the genetic structure of plants in their native range is crucial when reconstructing the invasion history of weeds. This information allows researchers to pinpoint the provenance of invasive plants and to test the importance of genetic admixture in facilitating invasion success. We assessed genetic structuring across the native range of A. auriculiformis, to determine whether genetic admixture contributes to the success of this weed in its introduced range, and test for rapid adaptation to environmental conditions in the invasive lineage. Location: Australia, Papua New Guinea, Florida.
Taxon: Earleaf acacia.
Methods: We sampled A. auriculiformis from across its entire native distribution (northern Australia, Papua New Guinea) and its invasive range in Florida, and used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to assess population structuring.
Results: Principal component analysis, based on 9591 single-nucleotide polymor-phisms, indicated significant differentiation among samples from Papua New Guinea, the Northern Territory (Australia) and north Queensland (Australia). Florida samples also formed a distinct cluster, with these samples most closely related to samples from the Northern Territory. These results indicate that the Florida A. auriculiformis lineage most likely originates from the Northern Territory, with no evidence that plants were introduced from different parts of the native range. We found evidence of allelic shifts in the Florida population, suggesting rapid adaptation to environmental conditions may contribute the success of the invasive lineage.
Main conclusions: Two well-known biogeographic barriers-the Carpentaria Gap and Torres Strait-have caused genome-wide divergence among A. auriculiformis plants from north Queensland, Northern Territory and Papua New Guinea. The taxonomic status of these allopatric populations should be further assessed. As the Florida line-age originated in the Northern Territory, the search for potential biological control agents should be focused in this region. Our results also demonstrate how artificial selection and strong genetic drift may cause introduced plants to have a unique genetic make-up not found in the native range.
... Bangalore following the standard procedures mentioned in the IS 1708 (1986). Results of the strength properties were compared with the properties of teak as reported by Shekhar and Rawat (1966) and Shanavas and Kumar (2006) as standard. ...
Mizoram is a North East India hilly state with rich forest cover. due to poor stocking and difficult terrain limiting lateral growth, quality timbers for structural and commercial use are very limited. The present study is an attempt to find suitable replacements for mainstream timbers by studying the wood properties vis a vis utility. About 5 commonly available tree species selected were Schima walli-chii, Anogeissus accuminata, Callicarpa arborea, Castanopsis tribuloides and Duabanga grandiflora. Some important properties are discussed in this paper namely density, static bending strength, compressive strength and hardness. Results shown few of the selected species have comparable strength to that of teak. S. wallichii, A. accuminata and C. tribuloides showed good bending strength and hardness; C. arborea and D. grandiflora showed comparatively lower strength owing to their lower densities. Further, all the strength properties were positively correlated with their respective densities.
... Several studies show different behaviours depending of the species in response to the specific conditions agroforestry (Kouakou et al. 2016). Results about wood quality in agroforestry are very scarce and provide by a quite small number of studies and wood species (Glencross et al. 2013;Reza-Taghiyari and Efhami-Sisi 2012;Shanavas and Kumar 2006;Shukla and Viswanath 2014). However, the quality of the wood from trees growing in agroforestry systems is scarcely known in tropical areas. ...
The present work studies the morphological, physical, mechanical and chemical properties, decay resistance, preservation and workability of Cedrela odorata wood from trees growing in agroforestry systems with Theobroma cacao at four ages (4-, 5-, 6- and 7-years-old) in Costa Rica. It was found that the morphological properties (heartwood, pith and bark), together with the physical properties (specific gravity, green density, shrinkage and green moisture content) presented few differences at the four ages. The wood from 4-years-old trees was the only exception, showing less resistance in compression, flexion and lateral hardness. The content of lignin, carbon, and extractives in hot water were not affected among the different ages, contrary to the rest of chemical properties. In relation to decay resistance in accelerated tests with the fungus Trametes versicolor, the wood is classified as highly resistant, while with the fungus Lencites acuta it is classified as moderately resistant. As concerns properties related to industrialization, it was found that the wood can be preserved through vacuum-pressure methods obtaining similar results as those from other plantation timbers. As for workability tests, the wood from the 4-years-old trees show acceptable to very poor performance, differing from trees from the other ages.
... Shanavas et al. [5] studied wood properties of three fast flourishing tree species "Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and Grevillea robusta" appearing as distributed and barrier sown trees in the agricultural fields of Kerala. Specimens and sample locations exerted a profound domination on the wood mechanical properties. ...
In India, Agriculture developed in the inaccessible areas and got a rank among the ranking table of some developed countries of the world after the 18th century. At that time basic and well-designed suited needs of the farmers were homegrown tools. Normally, Farmers were using many types of tools for their everyday life, even for household purposes as well as for agriculture operations. Appliances used for Agricultural in 18th and 19th centuries were mostly hand operated and animal drawn. Around the time of independence (1947), new designs and developments in the appliances came into the notice. Local woods were used in most of the wooden tools – different types of woods needed for particular tools and strings (used for various works) came from different plants. The mechanical as well as measurable characteristics of wood or timber are important aspects used for the determination of suitability and utilization of wood material.
... These acacia hybrids originated from A. mangium as mother tree were designated as 'mangi-auriculis' (Amanulla et al., 2004). Various wood quality parameters of plantation grown A. mangium and A. auriculiformis have been studied and reported by many researchers Midon et al., 2002;Rao & Sujatha, 2004;Rao et al., 2007;Shanavas & Kumar, 2006;Sharma et al., 2011;Shukla et al., 2007aShukla et al., , 2007b. However, not much information is available on various wood properties and utilization potentials of clonal material for different end uses. ...
Currently, clonal of forest tree is gaining importance due to the yield improvement and low variability in different wood characteristics. Hybrid trees from clonal forest are importantly characterized in term of wood quality for finding suitable uses. Accordingly, three clones (HD3, K47, H4) of 8-year-old Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis) were evaluated for inter-clonal comparison of its wood quality by evaluating their physical and mechanical properties as per Indian Standards. All tree clones were studied at breast high including diameter, heartwood content, and physical and mechanic properties. The Dbh of all three clones was around 30–35% and 60–70% greater than pure forms of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium of the same age, respectively. The volumetric shrinkage of all three clones was found to vary from 7.8 to 8.6%. The low shrinkage values may be attributed to higher dimensional stability of the wood of these clones. The data obtained in green and air-dry conditions were used to calculate ‘suitability indices’ with respect to teak (Tectona grandis) which was taken as a reference wood for comparison in India. All the suitability indices that these clones were either comparable or slightly lower than those of pure forms of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium. Less inter-clonal variation was observed in most of the suitability indices. Though, all the three clones were exclusively grown for their use in pulp and paper industry, but the comparative suitability figures for different end uses indicate that these clones could also be used for certain non-structural applications such as tool handles, light packing cases, pallets and light furniture.
