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Phylogram derived from Bayesian analysis, based on the chloroplast trnK-matK-psbA region, including coded length mutations. Posterior probabilities (PP) are given above and bootstrap values (BS) obtained from Maximum Parsimony analysis are shown below the branches. Probability values less than 0.5 and 50 for Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony, respectively, are not assigned. Branches interrupted by '//' represent only 50 percent of the actual substitution rate observed. The subgeneric classification within Thottea s.l. (Hou 1981) represents the generic concepts of Duchartre (1864) and Huber (1985). The recently described species from India were assigned to these three groups based on their morphology.
Source publication
The genus Thottea comprises about 35 species distributed from India throughout Southeast Asia. However, most of the species have a narrow distribution. A first molecular phylogeny based on the chloroplast trnK intron, matK gene and trnK-psbA spacer is presented and confirms the monophyly of the genus according to Hou in 1981. Earlier subdivisions i...
Similar publications
A new species of Thottea Rottb. (Aristolochiaceae) from Ernakulam District, Kerala, India, Thottea adichilthottiana Sunil and Naveen Kumar, is described and illustrated. The species is most similar to Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou, but differs from it in having a smaller habit with obovate or broadly elliptic–oblong leaves, depressed globose fl...
Cytotaxonomic investigations were carried out on eight species of the medicinally important genus Thottea from the Western Ghats, India. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time in seven endemic Thottea spp. The meiotic and mitotic chromosome numbers are discussed in taxonomic and phylogenetic contexts. Uniformity in chromosome numbers in...
Nine new species of the genus Thottea, namely T. anthonysamyi, T. kamarudiniana, T. longipedunculata, T. papilionis, T. piscodora, T. reflexa, T. ruthiae and T. terengganuensis from Peninsular Malaysia (eight species) and T. praetermissa from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (one species) are described and illustrated. Distribution maps are provid...
Citations
... Piperales represent the largest angiosperm order outside the eudicots and monocots. This magnoliid clade includes 16 genera with approximately 4200 species that are distributed nearly worldwide (Meng et al., 2002;Quijano-Abril et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006;Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Wagner et al., 2012;Frenzke et al., 2015;Sinn et al., 2018;Funez et al., 2019;Hatt et al., 2022). Members are highly diverse in growth and life forms, including parasitism (Wanke et al., 2007;Isnard et al., 2012), making it the most morphologically diverse magnoliid lineage . ...
Premise
Many plastomes of autotrophic Piperales have been reported to date, describing a variety of differences. Most studies focused only on a few species or a single genus, and extensive, comparative analyses have not been done. Here, we reviewed publicly available plastome reconstructions for autotrophic Piperales, reanalyzed publicly available raw data, and provided new sequence data for all previously missing genera. Comparative plastome genomics of >100 autotrophic Piperales were performed.
Methods
We performed de novo assemblies to reconstruct the plastomes of newly generated sequence data. We used Sanger sequencing and read mapping to verify the assemblies and to bridge assembly gaps. Furthermore, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships as a foundation for comparative plastome genomics.
Results
We identified a plethora of assembly and annotation issues in published plastome data, which, if unattended, will lead to an artificial increase of diversity. We were able to detect patterns of missing and incorrect feature annotation and determined that the inverted repeat (IR) boundaries were the major source for erroneous assembly. Accounting for the aforementioned issues, we discovered relatively stable junctions of the IRs and the small single‐copy region (SSC), whereas the majority of plastome variations among Piperales stems from fluctuations of the boundaries of the IR and the large single‐copy (LSC) region.
Conclusions
This study of all available plastomes of autotrophic Piperales, expanded by new data for previously missing genera, highlights the IR‐LSC junctions as a potential marker for discrimination of various taxonomic levels. Our data indicates a pseudogene‐like status for cemA and ycf15 in various Piperales. Based on a review of published data, we conclude that incorrect IR‐SSC boundary identification is the major source for erroneous plastome assembly. We propose a gold standard for assembly and annotation of high‐quality plastomes based on de novo assembly methods and appropriate references for gene annotation.
... Through our extensive fieldwork in Zamboanga Peninsula, on the island of Mindanao, the species has recently been rediscovered after a lapse of 93 years. According to Oelschlägel et al. (2011), Thottea demonstrates a high degree of endemism, with the exception of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and the Kra Isthmus, which shares four species. The presence of T. philippinensis in Sarawak warrants further investigation as it might potentially represent a distinct species (possibly new). ...
Collecting expeditions carried out in the Zamboanga Peninsula of western Mindanao (Philippines) led to the rediscovery of Thottea philippinensis, previously known only by a single collection made 93 years ago. Here we provide an extended description, comments on the affinities among closely related species, an updated geographical distribution , habitat information, conservation assessment, and the first-ever published photos of living T. philippinensis in the wild. Additionally, the occurrence of T. tomentosa in the Philippine archipelago is confirmed.
... Despite the cosmopolitan distribution of the genus T. tomentosa is one of the smallest and most distributed species among the members 5 in India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Myanmar, Peninsular, Thailand and South Vietnam 6 . ...
Plants of the genus Thottea have been established as wild ethno-medicinal plants. The plant, Thottea tomentosa also has the illness recuperative property. However, there are no such reports so far on the solvent polarity based performances of the plant. Hence, the current work deals with the assessment of bioavailabilities like qualitative phyto-chemical screening, total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents, antioxidant efficiency, and antimicrobial efficiency using three solvents of diverse polarities like hexane, chloroform, and methanol. The phenolic compositions of methanol extract of stem and leaf; 374.99±3.84 and 260.55±4.00 mg GAE per gram of dry weight of extract respectively and correlate by linking antioxidant activities of methanol extract of the stem and leaf (DPPH; IC 50 202.39±0.92 and 254.37±1.47 µg/mL respectively). Thus, probable antimicrobial activities of methanol extract of stem and leaf were also study, than that of other extracts. Methanol stem extract against the microbes; Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 1427), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1195), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Staphylococcus aureus susp. aureus (MTCC 1430), Streptococcus pneumonie (MTCC 2672), Aspergillus niger (Lab isolates) and Candida albicans (MTCC 4748) exhibited highest zone of inhabitation (ZOI). Therefore, these results indicate that T. tomentosa can be satisfying the dietetic demand for the food and drug production.
... However, such functions of staminodes were not determined in the present study. Thottea has another evolutionary significance with regard to the evolution of growth form and woodiness character in Piperales, since it forms a connecting link between the herbaceous and woody forms of Asaroideae and Aristolochioideae (43). ...
Gynostemium is a putative floral structure formed by the fusion of the male and female reproductive parts (stamens and carpels) through a process during its development called synorganization. Most of the Indian species of Thottea Rottb. have a prominent gynostemium in their floral architecture, with varying degrees of adnation and complexity. Even though the gynostemium is a significant taxonomic marker for the inter-specific systematics in Thottea, the scepticism and arguments on deciphering its morphology and functional parameters, including the existence of staminodes, makes it imperative to be examined in detail. The present study is the first attempt in this line which aims to explore the morphological characters of gynostemium and reproductive biology of Thottea duchartrei Sivar., A.Babu and Balach., an endemic species in the Western Ghats. Stereo zoom microscopy, SEM and reproductive biological studies were conducted providing special emphasis to the gynostemium. Detailed analysis revealed the structural and functional diversity of gynostemium with regard to its components. The study also helped to recognize the columnar outgrowths on the gynostemium as staminodes. In total, the present study helps to solve the confusions regarding the functional identity of the gynostemium T. duchartrei with regard to its morphology.
... The magnoliid clade Piperales represents the largest angiosperm order outside the eudicots and monocots, as it includes some 4,200 species in 16 genera (Meng et al., 2002;Quijano-Abril et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006;Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Wagner et al., 2012;Frenzke et al., 2015;Sinn et al., 2015;Bolin et al., 2018;Funez et al., 2019). Members of this major angiosperm lineage, with an estimated crown diversification of (174-)148(-124) Myr (Salomo et al., 2017) have a nearly worldwide distribution and are present in most terrestrial biomes, occurring from sea level to high mountain areas above the tree line. ...
Phylogenetic relationships within the magnoliid order Piperales have been studied extensively, yet the relationships of the monotypic family Lactoridaceae and the holoparasitic Hydnoraceae to the remainder of the order remain a matter of debate. Since the first confident molecular phylogenetic placement of Hydnoraceae among Piperales, different studies have recovered various contradictory topologies. Most phylogenetic hypotheses were inferred using only a few loci and have had incomplete taxon sampling at the genus level. Based on these results and an online survey of taxonomic opinion, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group lumped both Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae in Aristolochiaceae; however, the latter family continues to have unclear relationships to the aforementioned taxa. Here we present extensive phylogenomic tree reconstructions based on up to 137 loci from all three subcellular genomes for all genera of Piperales. We infer relationships based on a variety of phylogenetic methods, explore instances of phylogenomic discordance between the subcellular genomes, and test alternative topologies. Consistent with these phylogenomic results and a consideration of the principles of phylogenetic classification, we propose to exclude Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae from the broad circumscription of Aristolochiaceae, and instead favor recognition of four monophyletic and morphologically well circumscribed families in the perianth-bearing Piperales: Aristolochiaceae, Asaraceae, Hydnoraceae, and Lactoridaceae, with a total of six families in the order.
... In Malesia, this genus is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java (western), Borneo, Philippines, and Sulawesi (Hou 1984;Yao 2013). The monophyly of Thottea has been confirmed by a molecular phylogenetic study using three chloroplast genes (trnK, matK, psbA) (Oelschlägel et al. 2011). In Malesia, the publication of the Thottea treatment in the Flora Malesiana (Hou 1984) was the first account published for the region and is still the most comprehensive. ...
Thottea tapanuliensis Mustaqim (Aristolochiaceae) is described here based on a plant collected from the west coast of northern Sumatra. This species is only known from the type collection and its threat ranking is assessed here as Critically Endangered. Morphological descriptions, photographs, a distribution map, and discussions are provided, as is a key to all Thottea species in Sumatra.
... The genus Thottea Rottb., has about 35 species, principally distributed across the Southeast Asian countries of the globe (Oelschlägl et al., 2011). In India, it is represented by 14 species which include 10 endemics confined to the Peninsular India. ...
... 85 species; Saruma, monotypic) or holoparasites (Prosopanche and Hydnora), the latter with a highly modified sub-terranean bauplan (e.g. González and Stevenson, 2000;Neinhuis et al., 2005;Ohi-Toma et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006Wanke et al., , 2007Tennakoon et al., 2007;Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Naumann et al., 2013;Yao, 2013). ...
... We scored discrete character states for the trait growth form (shrub, climber or herb) to each species, based on information from the literature (Kelly, 1998;Hsu, 2005;Wanke et al., 2006;Hallé et al., 2007;González et al., 2010González et al., , 2014Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Wagner et al., 2012) or on our own observations. The state 'shrub' is assigned to self-supporting, sometimes leaning, upright species, with above-ground stems showing conspicuous secondary growth. ...
Background and AimsThe order Piperales has the highest diversity of growth forms among the earliest angiosperm lineages, including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. However, within the perianth-bearing Piperales (Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Prosopanche, Thottea and Aristolochia), climbing species only occur in the most species-rich genus Aristolochia. This study traces anatomical and morphological traits among these lineages, to detect trends in growth form evolution and developmental processes.Methods
Transverse stem sections of different developmental stages of representatives of Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Thottea and Aristolochia were compared and anatomical traits were linked to growth form evolution. Biomechanical properties of representative climbers were determined in three-point bending tests and are discussed based on the anatomical observations. Growth form evolution of the perianth-bearing Piperales was reconstructed by ancestral character state reconstruction using Mesquite.Key ResultsWhile species of Asarum and Saruma are exclusively herbaceous, species of the remaining genera show a higher diversity of growth habit and anatomy. This growth form diversity is accompanied by a more complex stem anatomy and appropriate biomechanical properties. The ancestral growth form of the perianth-bearing Piperales is reconstructed with either a shrub-like or herbaceous character state, while the following three backbone nodes in the reconstruction show a shrub-like character state. Accordingly, the climbing habit most probably evolved in the ancestor of Aristolochia.Conclusions
Since the ancestor of the perianth-bearing Piperales has been reconstructed with a herb- or shrub-like habit, it is proposed that the climbing habit is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of Aristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification. Observed anatomical synapomorphies, such as the perivascular fibres in Lactoris, Thottea and Aristolochia, support the phylogenetic relationship of several lineages within the perianth-bearing Piperales. In addition, the hypothesis that the vegetative organs of the holoparasitic Hydnoraceae are most probably rhizomes is confirmed.
... Th e genus Th ottea Rottb. belongs to the pipe vine family Aristolochiaceae and comprises about 35 species distributed from India throughout southeast Asia (Oelschl ä gel et al. 2011). From India, 11 species were reported: T. tomentosa (Bangladesh, India; i.e. ...
Thottea sasidharaniana (Aristolochiaceae), a new species from the southern part of the Western Ghats, India is described and illustrated. The new species is phenotypically close to the Indian species T. dinghoui. However, it differs from the latter in its ovate and glossy leaves, larger bracts, uniseriate stamens, 6 anthers, short and pubescent filaments and fewer seeds per fruits. It resembles T. tomentosa in having 6 distinct anthers, but the non-urceolate flowers and the inflorescence architecture distinguish T. sasidharaniana from T. tomentosa. The latter species is distributed from Bangladesh, India (i.e. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Manipur), Thailand, Malaysia, Java, Sumatra to the Philippines.
... 85 species; Saruma, monotypic) or holoparasites (Prosopanche and Hydnora), the latter with a highly modified sub-terranean bauplan (e.g. González and Stevenson, 2000;Neinhuis et al., 2005;Ohi-Toma et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006Wanke et al., , 2007Tennakoon et al., 2007;Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Naumann et al., 2013;Yao, 2013). ...
... We scored discrete character states for the trait growth form (shrub, climber or herb) to each species, based on information from the literature (Kelly, 1998;Hsu, 2005;Wanke et al., 2006;Hallé et al., 2007;González et al., 2010González et al., , 2014Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Wagner et al., 2012) or on our own observations. The state 'shrub' is assigned to self-supporting, sometimes leaning, upright species, with above-ground stems showing conspicuous secondary growth. ...
The predominantly tropical and subtropical genus Aristolochia is known for its large number of climbing species. In addition, comparatively few herbaceous and shrub-like species are known. While climbers and herbaceous species occur in all three clades (subgenera) named Aristolochia, Pararistolochia and Isotrema, shrub-like species have only been reported in Isotrema. Our molecular phylogenies based on chloroplast and nuclear markers indicate that these shrubs are restricted to the monophyletic Central American lineage of the subgenus Isotrema, while its Asian/North American lineage contains exclusively climbing species. Recent field work shows that the rare shrub-like species are neither strictly climbing nor fully self-supporting; they develop a more-or-less upright growth with their branches leaning on the surrounding vegetation. After comparing the anatomy and biomechanics of these species to related climbers within Isotrema, Aristolochia and Pararistolochia, we investigate whether clades that become specialized as climbers can diversify further into self-supporting growth forms. Biomechanical and anatomical investigations reveal some differences between climbing and shrub-like species, but both growth forms show several stem characters typically found in climbers. These include large cross-sectional areas of ray parenchyma and a thick periderm, which are known to promote flexibility. Our study suggests that evolution of growth forms within the genus Aristolochia might be constrained by organizations favoring the climbing habit where shrub-like species do not develop the height, size and stability generally typical of self-supporting shrubs and trees. The insights into growth form evolution within the genus Aristolochia and Isotrema in particular, have encouraged us to enlarge the study on closely related clades. These include Thottea, sister genus to Aristolochia, which contains exclusively shrub-like species, as well as the monotypic genus Lactoris including the small shrub Lactoris fernandeziana, and the holoparasitic genus Hydnora. The latter clades have both been recently placed in close relationship to the genera Aristolochia and Thottea. By studying the anatomy and biomechanics of these lineages in a comparative approach, we intend to enlarge the knowledge about growth form evolution in Piperales.
