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Phylogeny of Laboulbeniomycetes isolates reconstructed from a combined SSU-LSU dataset. The topology is the result of ML inference performed with IQ-TREE. For each node, MLBS (if >70) is presented above/below the branch leading to that node. The colored clades are representative of Stigmatomyces sensu lato, including four genus-level lineages, labeled clade I (=Fanniomyces), clade II (=Appendiculina), clade III (=Gloeandromyces), and clade IV (=Stigmatomyces sensu stricto).
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Fungal Systematics and Evolution (FUSE) is one of the journal series to address the “fusion” between morphological data and molecular phylogenetic data and to describe new fungal taxa and interesting observations. This paper is the 6th contribution in the FUSE series—presenting one new genus, twelve new species, twelve new country records, and thre...
Citations
... (1871: 23) have been reported globally (Reschke et al. 2022). From Pakistan, only 13 species have been described previously (Ahmad 1962;Ahmad et al. 1997;Sultana et al. 2011;Haelewaters et al. 2020;Aman et al. 2022;Izhar et al. 2022;Khalid 2022;Fatima et al. 2023;Izhar et al. 2023). ...
A new species, Entoloma khushabense, is described and illustrated here based on morphological and molecular evidence from Pakistan. The key features of the new species that make it distinct from closely related taxa include the presence of conspicuous cheilocystidia and caulocystidia, and hyphae having constrictions in the walls. Morphological data and phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) regions of nuclear rDNA support that the present species differs from previously known members of Entoloma.
... Noordel. (Haelewaters et al. 2020), Nolanea (Fr.) Noordel. Section Editor: Zhu-Liang Yang (Reschke et al. 2022a), and Cyanula (Romagn.) ...
Entoloma is one of the largest genera of Agaricales in terms of species diversity and is widespread throughout the world. In the present study, four new species, namely Entoloma brunneofibrillosum, E. humidiphilum, E. ochraceodiscum, and E. colchicum, are introduced as new to science. These species are described based on specimens collected in Cyprus, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, and Türkiye, including morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Entoloma brunneofibrillosum is recognized by its brown to dark brown pileus with conspicuous dark, radial fibrils, a pale brown stipe with glistening fibrils, and usually fusiform to broadly clavate cheilocystidia. It belongs to the /Undulatosporum clade. Entoloma humidiphilum (subg. Alboleptonia) is close to E. niveum from New Zealand but differs by a completely pruinose or minutely squamulose pileus surface, narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical pileipellis elements with a deep median constriction, and by occurring in riparian habitats. Entoloma ochraceodiscum is characterized by funnel-shaped basidiomata with a deeply depressed yellowish-brown pileus and belongs to the section Griseorubida. Entoloma colchicum (subg. Nolanea) is similar to E. ortonii but differs by its distinctive radially fibrillose or velutinous pileus and the absence of odour. The new species are presented with photographs, line drawings, and comparisons with similar taxa.
... Nevertheless, the proposition that secretions from numerous exocrine glands might provide needed resources in ants may help provide nutrition to these fungi (Billen, 2009). As per reports, approximately 2325 species of 145 genera have been reported (Haelewaters, 2020b), although this number is underrated as an estimated number of 40,000 members of this order is present (Weir and Hammond, 1997). ...
The Laboulbeniales are a group of lesser-known fungi. They occur as ectoparasites on the exoskeleton of various arthropod species, mainly beetles, cockroaches, ants, dipterans and a few millipede genera appearing as hairs/bristles coming out of their cuticle. They are small, non-mycelial fungi forming compact multicellular thalli, starting from a two-celled sheathed ascospore which continues to envelop the mature thallus. The fungi, being obligate, spend their entire life cycle on their insect hosts. The present study attempted to locate the Laboulbeniales fungi in the common insects of India, isolate them and identify them based on morphology. Different species of insects; Carabid beetles - Stenolophus sp., Bembidion sp., Black ants - Camponotus sp., and Earwigs - Labidura riparia; were collected from different habitats of damp garden soil, river banks, light sources and entomological collection museum situated as different sites New Delhi. The insects were scrutinized for the presence of fungi through light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphological features of each fungus were recorded, and the species were characterized. The studies showed the presence of Laboulbenia anaplogenii and L. stenolophi on the legs of Stenolophus sp.; L. egens on Bembidion sp. legs; L. camponoti on the wings of black ants and Dimeromyces anisolabis on the legs of earwigs. The identification was made primarily based on the size, shape and structure of basal foot, receptacles, antheridia and foot of the thallus or it’s remnant scar found on the insect cuticle. This is the first Indian report of conducting scanning imaging of the Laboulbeniales fungi.
... 17b). To date, 18 species in four genera are known to parasitize bat flies (Haelewaters et al ., 2021a;Liu et al ., 2020;Van Caenegem et al ., 2023;W. Van Caenegem and D. Haelewaters, unpublished data): four species of Arthrorhynchus , two species of Dimeromyces, ten species of Gloeandromyces, and two species of Nycteromyces (Fig. 8). In addition, Haelewaters et al . (2020) revealed that Arthrorhynchus eucampsipodae is a complex of at least two species segregated by host genus. Given that A. eucampsipodae has been reported on flies in four genera (de Groot et al., 2020), it could very well be a complex of four species, possibly more. ...
Even parasites have parasites. By definition, a hyperparasite is an organism capable of parasitizing another parasite. Hyperparasitism caused by fungi is a common phenomenon in nature, but it has been poorly studied. This life history strategy evolved several times in the fungal tree of life, and is crucial in the maintenance of ecosystems as well as in the mediation of parasite–host interactions. Although the interest for hyperparasitic fungi is growing in the context of biological control, hyperparasitism is not ecologically and evolutionarily understood. This chapter summarizes the most relevant aspects of the terminology, diversity, and ecology of hyperparasitic fungi on both fungal and non-fungal hosts. We also discuss the problems related to molecular research on hyperparasitic fungi. As they represent a hidden source of diversity, it is necessary to increase sampling efforts and to undertake further morphological, molecular, and ecological studies to understand these fungi and their potential biotechnological and pharmaceutical uses.
... The genus Stigmatomyces s. str. (Laboulbeniales: Laboulbeniaceae) comprises 171 species, the majority of which are obligate ectobionts found on Dipteran cuticles (Benjamin 1973;Haelewaters et al. 2020aHaelewaters et al. , 2021Tavares 1985). Among them, ten are known to be associated with drosophilid flies (Index Fungorum 2022;Yamazaki et al. 2023). ...
Originally endemic to Asia, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is a serious agricultural pest that is spreading rapidly throughout the world. To suppress the growing D. suzukii populations, several pest management programs have been implemented. Researchers have searched for natural enemies, such as predators, parasites, parasitoids, and pathogens. We discovered an obligate ectobiont fungus, Stigmatomyces majewskii H. L. Dainat, Manier & Balazuc, 1974, which is associated with D. suzukii. Our laboratory experiments revealed that S. majewskii infection was successfully transmitted through self-grooming and sexual contact during the courtship behavior of D. suzukii, although non-sexual contact through other behaviors may also be involved. Infected flies lived long enough for S. majewskii to mature on the host. Other fitness traits, such as fecundity, are necessary to evaluate the effect of S. majewskii on D. suzukii.
... Nolanea and now considered to belong to subg. Trichopilus (Haelewaters et al. 2020). No sequences of authentic material are currently published of the other three species, however, preliminary data (Noordeloos et al., unpubl.) ...
Nolanea is a well-known and long-established subgenus of the genus Entoloma traditionally defined mainly by the mycenoid basidiocarps of the included species. Until now, revisions of this subgenus including molecular data exist only on a regional scale. In this study, the phylogeny of species of Nolanea is analysed based on multi-gene DNA sequences including data of specimens from all continents. New primers are designed for the mitochondrial small subunit and RPB2. The performance of the DNA loci in reconstructing the phylogeny in subg. Nolanea is evaluated. An ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer the character state evolution as well as the importance and reliability of morphological characters used to define subclades below subgeneric rank. Based on the results, seven sections are recognised in Nolanea: the sections Holoconiota, Infularia, Mammosa, Nolanea, Papillata, Staurospora, and the newly described sect. Elegantissima. A large phylogeny based on the fungal barcode rDNA ITS with numerous type sequences is used to evaluate current species concepts. Several names are revealed to be synonyms of older names. Four species new to science are described, namely E. altaicum, E. argillaceum, E. cornicolor, and E. incognitum. Lectotypes, epitypes or neotypes are designated for E. cetratum, E. clandestinum, E. conferendum, E. cuspidiferum, E. hebes, E. minutum, E. nitens, and E. rhodocylix. The re-evaluation of the limits of subg. Nolanea leads to an altered concept excluding species with distinct, lageniform cheilocystidia. The section Ameides is placed in subg. Leptonia. For several species formerly accommodated in Nolanea, but excluded now, viz., E. lepiotoides, E. rhombisporum, E. subelegans, and E. velenovskyi the taxonomic position remains unclear, because of the yet unresolved phylogeny of the whole genus Entoloma.
... (1-3), a thicker stipe (3-8 mm), smaller Q value (2.3), longer basidia (20-40 μm), and longer cheilocystidia (25-90 × 5-10 μm) (Noordeloos et al. 1999). Collybiopsis subnuda differs from Co. orientisubnuda with thinner stipe (~3 mm), larger basidiospores (8-11 × 3-4.5 μm) and the absence of pleurocystidia (Tekpınar and Acar 2020). ...
Collybiopsis is a genus of the gymnopoid/marasmioid complex of the family Omphalotaceae. The classification system of Collybiopsis has recently undergone large changes through molecular approaches. The new classification system has not been applied for Collybiopsis in the Republic of Korea, and general research on this genus was also lacking. In this study, we analyzed the Collybiopsis species in the Republic of Korea by assessing all gymnopoid/marasmioid specimens collected nationwide for ten years by combining morphological approaches and multilocus (ITS + nrLSU) phylogenetic analysis. We thus confirmed that 16 species of Collybiopsis are present in the Republic of Korea, including two previously unreported species ( Co. nonnulla and Co. dichroa ) and seven new species ( Co. albicantipes sp. nov. , Co. clavicystidiata sp. nov. , Co. fulva sp. nov. , Co. orientisubnuda sp. nov. , Co. subumbilicata sp. nov. , Co. undulata sp. nov. , and Co. vellerea sp. nov. ). A thorough examination of the Collybiopsis suggested that it is difficult to distinguish or identify the species based on morphological characteristics only; a combined molecular approach is needed for accurate identification. The Collybiopsis database of the Republic of Korea is updated, and information on the new species is provided. Five new combinations from Marasmiellus to Collybiopsis are also proposed ( Co. istanbulensis comb. nov. , Co. koreana comb. nov. , Co. omphalodes comb. nov. , Co. pseudomphalodes comb. nov. , and Co. ramuliciola comb. nov. ).
... Sixty-three to 88 species are listed from Europe (Bon 1984(Bon , 1991Riva 1988Riva , 1998Riva , 2003Galli 2005;Kirby 2012;Christensen and Heilmann-Clausen 2013). Fifty-five species are reported from Turkey (Intini et al. 2003(Intini et al. , 2015Sesli and Denchev 2008;Doğan and Akata 2011;Vizzini et al. 2015;Şen et al. 2018;Şen and Alli 2019;Haelewaters et al. 2020). About 50 species have been reported from China (Deng et al. 2004;Deng and Yao 2005;Yu et al. 2006;Hosen et al. 2016;Yang et al. 2017;Reschke et al. 2018;Xu et al. 2020). ...
Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.
... The order Laboulbeniales with about 2325 described species in 145 genera (Kirk, 2019;Haelewaters et al., 2020a) forms the most diverse fungal lineage associated with Arthropoda, predominantly insects (subphylum Hexapoda). These fungi occur selectively on the following insects: ants (order Hymenoptera: family Formicidae), beetles (order Coleoptera), cockroaches and termites (order Blattodea), crickets and allies (order Orthoptera), earwigs (order Dermaptera), flies (order Diptera), lice (order Psocodea), thrips (order Thysanoptera), and true bugs (order Hemiptera). ...
... As integrative taxonomy practices become commonplace in species delimitation of many groups of fungi, Laboulbeniales researchers have struggled to keep pace. However, molecular phylogenetic data have successfully clarified relationships at lower taxonomic ranks (e.g., Weir and Hughes, 2002;Goldmann and Weir, 2012;Goldmann et al., 2013;Sundberg et al., 2018b;Haelewaters et al., 2019a;Liu et al., 2020) and revealed the existence of cryptic diversity in the Laboulbeniales, with Arthrorhynchus eucampsipodae, Hesperomyces virescens, and Laboulbenia flagellata having been recognized as species complexes (Haelewaters et al., , 2019b(Haelewaters et al., , 2020aDe Weggheleire, 2019). These findings make the 40,000-figure from Weir and Hammond (1997) a conservative estimate for species richness in the order. ...
Phylogenetic studies of Laboulbeniomycetes support recognition of three orders (Herpomycetales, Laboulbeniales, Pyxidiophorales) and two unnamed clades containing conidial, arthropod-associated fungi and a poorly known perithecial genus, Subbaromyces. Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales include obligate arthropod-associated biotrophs characterized by a parenchymatous thallus of several thousand cells. Pyxidiophorales are hyphal mycoparasites with an unusual three-morph life cycle. The two-celled ascospore with a distinctive apparatus for attachment to arthropods ties together all Laboulbeniomycetes. The complex morphologies and life histories of these fungi are described as a background for research directions that will rely heavily on molecular methods, including phylogenomics, with emphasis on host–parasite relations.
Four new wood-inhabiting fungi, Trechispora albofarinosa, T. bisterigmata, T. pileata and T. wenshanensisspp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Trechispora albofarinosa is characterized by the farinose basidiomata with flocculence hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and ellipsoid, warted basidiospores. Trechispora bisterigmata is characterized by the membranous basidiomata with odontioid hymenial surface, rhizomorphic sterile margin, barrelled basidia and subglobose to broad ellipsoid, smooth basidiospores. Trechispora pileata is characterized by the laterally contracted base, solitary or imbricate basidiomata, fan shaped pileus, radially striate-covered surface with appressed scales, odontioid hymenophore surface, and subglobose to broad ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores. Trechispora wenshanensis is characterized by a cottony basidiomata with a smooth hymenial surface, and ellipsoid, thin-walled, warted basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and LSU marker of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS+nLSU sequences highlighted that four new species were grouped into the genus Trechispora.
