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Phylogenetic tree of specimens of Uncinaria spp. obtained from the hosts Arctocephalus australis (A. aus) and Otaria flavescens (O. fla) from Guafo Island-Chile (Ch-IG), Antofagasta-Chile (Ch-An), Iquique-Chile (Ch) and Peru (P), based on maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of the (a) ITS and (b) LSU genes. Numbers along branches indicate the percentages of support values resulting from the different analyses in the order ML/IB/MP for ITS gene and LSU gene. Values lower than 50% are indicated by dashes or are not indicated. The abbreviations for localities are Maldonado-Uruguay (U-Mal), Rocha-Uruguay (U-Roc), Punta Leon-Argentina (A-PLe), Victoria-Australia (Au-Vi), Australia (Au), New Zealand (NZ), Russia (R), Alaska-United States of America (USA-AK), and United States of America (USA). Hosts: Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (A.pd), Neophoca cinerea (N. cin), Eumetopias jubatus (E. jub), Mirounga leonina (M. leo), Monachus monachus (M.mon), Zalophus californianus (Z. cal), Phocarctos hookeri (P. hoo), and Callorhinus ursinus (C. urs).
Source publication
Hookworms of the genus Uncinaria parasitize pinniped pups in various locations worldwide. Four species have been described, two of which parasitize pinniped pups in the southern hemisphere: Uncinaria hamiltoni parasitizes Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus australis from the South American coast, and Uncinaria sanguinis parasitizes Neophoca cinere...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in the middle and terminal branches. For both genes, the terminal branches did not exhibit good resolution due to polytomies. The phylogenetic relationships, based on different analyses (BI, ML and MP), showed low congruence, but the bootstrap values for IB, ML and MP were high. Four clades of Uncinaria were observed based on the ITS gene ( fig. 3a). The first ancestral clade was composed of U. stenocephala, U. rauschi and U. yukonensis. The second clade was composed Table 2. GenBank accession numbers for sequences of ITS, LSU and COI genes, respectively, corresponding to parasite individuals collected for this study. Individuals 1-11: Uncinaria specimens from A. australis from ...
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One of the most common ectoparasites on domestic carnivores are fleas from the genus Ctenocephalides. This group of blood sucking insects are one of the most important in medical and veterinary terms, as they can serve as carriers of dangerous infectious and may cause other invasive diseases. Research studies have established a variety of fleas and...
Citations
... Most of the previous studies on the endogenous parasite fauna of free-living O. flavescens focused on helminths and were mainly based on single species reports of nematodes (Baylis, 1933;Carrara, 1952;López-Fernández, 1967;Botto and Mañé-Garzón, 1975;Cattan et al., 1976;Cattan and Carvajal, 1980;George-Nascimento and Llanos, 1995;George-Nascimento and Urrutia, 2000;Berón-Vera et al., 2004;Nadler et al., 2013;Timi et al., 2014;Jacobus et al., 2016;Machado-Pereira et al., 2017;González et al., 2018;Pasqualetti et al., 2018), cestodes (Markowski, 1952;Miranda et al., 1968;Cattan et al., 1977;Mondragón-Martínez, 2017), trematodes (Petrov and Chertkova, 1963;Carvajal et al., 1983;Hernández-Orts et al., 2012), and acanthocephalans (Morini and Boero, 1960;Zdzitowiecki, 1986;George-Nascimento and Marin, 1992;Aznar et al., 2006Aznar et al., , 2012Hernández-Orts et al., 2017. Moreover, several large-scale examinations were also published (Baylis, 1934;Holcman-Spector et al., 1977;Carvajal, 1980, 1981;Fernández, 1987;Cabrera et al., 1994;Andrade et al., 1998;Morgades et al., 2006;Pereira, 2012;Hernández-Orts et al., 2013b;Pereira et al., 2013;Calderón-Mayo, 2015;Sepúlveda et al., 2015;Seguel et al., 2018;Naupay et al., 2019) (Table 1). ...
Since late 1970s, the southern Chilean city Valdivia constitutes home for a unique bachelor group of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens), initially descendant from colonies at the Pacific coast, but now directly living in a freshwater habitat in close proximity to human population and a vast amount of wild and domestic animal species. In the framework of a parasitological monitoring program, 115 individual fecal samples were collected from synanthropic South American sea lions between March and May 2018. For comparative reasons, 79 individual fecal samples from two free-living O. flavescens colonies at the Pacific coast were also sampled. Coproscopical analyses revealed the presence of nine different parasite taxa in individual fecal samples, including two protozoan (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) and seven metazoan parasites (Anisakidae gen. spp., Diphyllobothriidae gen. spp., Ogmogaster heptalineatus, Trematoda indet. type 1, Trematoda indet. type 2, Otostrongylus circumlitus, and Parafilaroides spp.), and morphological and molecular characterizations of adult helminths confirmed identification of following species: Anisakis simplex/A. pegreffi, Pseudoterranova cattani, Contracaecum ogmorhini, and Adenocephalus pacificus. For the first time, the results of the current study show the presence of zoonotic relevant Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-infections in two free-ranging colonies of South American sea lions apart from human settlement. Furthermore, a detailed literature search of previous publications on the endoparasite fauna of South American sea lions was conducted, revealing reports of at least 50 protozoan and metazoan parasite taxa including findings of the current study. Thereby, at least 25 of reported taxa (50%) have been recorded to bear zoonotic potential. The present study illustrates a successful application of non-invasive screening methods and their applicability in the field of marine mammal parasitology, bringing new insights into the endogenous parasite fauna of South American sea lions in Southern Chile, including anthropozoonotic protozoan and metazoan taxa.
