Phylogenetic tree of extant and extinct penguins. The phylogeny (adapted from Gavryushkina et al. 2017) is based on the maximum sampled-ancestor clade credibility tree, which uses 202 morphological data characters across extant and fossil taxa, and five mitochondrial and nuclear markers (12S, 16S, COI, cytb and RAG1) for extant taxa. Extant taxa are coloured.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... group has a rich fossil record, extending back more than 60 million years, with more than 50 extinct penguins documented (Slack et al., 2006). Many fossil penguins were tall giants (Mayr et al., 2017;Richards, 2019), rivalling even the largest extant Aptenodytes forsteri (see Figure 6). While many penguin taxa are distributed widely across circumpolar sub-Antarctic and Antarctic coastlines, e.g. ...

Context 2

... most past phylogenetic approaches have relied primarily on morphology and/or short genetic sequences (e.g. Gavryushkina et al., 2017; Figure 6). We are now in the era of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and it is readily achievable to obtain whole mitochondrial genomes from extant and extinct taxa. ...

Context 3

... thesis provides the first temporal phylogenetic evidence suggesting that the emergence of young islands within the past five million years may have facilitated the evolution of several island-endemic penguin lineages. This thesis incorporated extensive new data (compared to previous phylogenetic studies of Baker et al., 2006;Ksepka et al., 2006;Subramanian et al., 2013;Frugone et al., 2018 andGavryushkina et al., 2017; see Figure 6), including mitogenomes for four additional penguin taxa, and new temporal calibration approaches derived from the fossil record. Divergence dates from this study imply that island emergence has been key to the evolution of Spheniscus mendiculus, Eudyptes warhami, E. moseleyi, E. chrysolophus schlegeli and possibly Eudyptes robustus and Megadyptes antipodes richdalei. ...

Context 4

... group has a rich fossil record, extending back more than 60 million years, with more than 50 extinct penguins documented (Slack et al., 2006). Many fossil penguins were tall giants (Mayr et al., 2017;Richards, 2019), rivalling even the largest extant Aptenodytes forsteri (see Figure 6). While many penguin taxa are distributed widely across circumpolar sub-Antarctic and Antarctic coastlines, e.g. ...

Context 5

... most past phylogenetic approaches have relied primarily on morphology and/or short genetic sequences (e.g. Gavryushkina et al., 2017; Figure 6). We are now in the era of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and it is readily achievable to obtain whole mitochondrial genomes from extant and extinct taxa. ...

Context 6

... thesis provides the first temporal phylogenetic evidence suggesting that the emergence of young islands within the past five million years may have facilitated the evolution of several island-endemic penguin lineages. This thesis incorporated extensive new data (compared to previous phylogenetic studies of Baker et al., 2006;Ksepka et al., 2006;Subramanian et al., 2013;Frugone et al., 2018 andGavryushkina et al., 2017; see Figure 6), including mitogenomes for four additional penguin taxa, and new temporal calibration approaches derived from the fossil record. Divergence dates from this study imply that island emergence has been key to the evolution of Spheniscus mendiculus, Eudyptes warhami, E. moseleyi, E. chrysolophus schlegeli and possibly Eudyptes robustus and Megadyptes antipodes richdalei. ...