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Phylogenetic tree of GASA genes of Vitis vinifera, Malus domestica, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Blue-colored diamonds represent grapevine protein, green-colored squares represent apple proteins, and red-colored circles represent Arabidopsis proteins. Different colored oval shapes indicate different groups. Numbers near the tree branches indicate bootstrap values (BS) and BS values less than 50 are not shown.
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Members of the plant-specific GASA (gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis) gene family have multiple potential roles in plant growth and development, particularly in flower induction and seed development. However, limited information is available about the functions of these genes in fruit plants, particularly in grapes. We identified 14 GASA gen...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... analysis included 55 GASA genes comprising 14, 26, and 15 from grapes, apple, and Arabidopsis, respectively. As shown in Figure 2, the genes were divided into three groups named G1, G2, and G3. In the distribution of VvGASA genes into different groups, the previous trend was noted, i.e., G2 contained the least (three) VvGASA genes, while G3 contained the most (six) genes. ...
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Citations
... Snakin/GASA proteins contain 12 cysteines in highly conserved positions of the amino acid sequences that are essential for their biochemical activity and are probably responsible for their protein structure [47]. This small peptide family is ubiquitous in plants, and the function of Snakin/GASA family members has been widely characterized in a range of plant species, including Arabidopsis [26,31,48], rice [49], maize [20], common wheat [23], potato (Solanum tuberosum) [19,32,50,51], soybean [22], tomato [52], strawberry [53], grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) [54], Petunia [55], and so on. However, none of the Snakin/GASA family genes from stylo have been functionally reported. ...
Stylo (Stylosanthes spp.) is an important pasture legume with strong aluminum (Al) resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its Al tolerance remain fragmentary. Due to the incomplete genome sequence information of stylo, we first conducted full-length transcriptome sequencing for stylo root tips treated with and without Al and identified three Snakin/GASA genes, namely, SgSnakin1, SgSnakin2, and SgSnakin3. Through quantitative RT-PCR, we found that only SgSnakin1 was significantly upregulated by Al treatments in stylo root tips. Histochemical localization assays further verified the Al-enhanced expression of SgSnakin1 in stylo root tips. Subcellular localization in both tobacco and onion epidermis cells showed that SgSnakin1 localized to the cell wall. Overexpression of SgSnakin1 conferred Al tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, as reflected by higher relative root growth and cell vitality, as well as lower Al concentration in the roots of transgenic plants. Additionally, overexpression of SgSnakin1 increased the activities of SOD and POD and decreased the levels of O2·− and H2O2 in transgenic Arabidopsis in response to Al stress. These findings indicate that SgSnakin1 may function in Al resistance by enhancing the scavenging of reactive oxygen species through the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities.
... In petunia (Petunia hybrida), a GAST1 homolog was named gibberellin-induced from the petunia (GIP) gene (Ben-Nissan et al. 2004), whereas the homolog in rice (Oryza sativa) was named GA-stimulated rice (OsGASR) (Furukawa et al. 2006). More recently, various GASA genes have been isolated and identified in diverse plant species: 15 AtGASA members in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) , 35 TaGASAs in wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Lü et al. 2018a, b), 9 OsGASAs in rice (Muhammad et al. 2019), 14 VvGASAs in grape (Vitis vinifera) (Ahmad et al. 2020), 38 GmGASAs in soybean (Glycine max) (Ahmad et al. 2019), and 17 SlGASAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (Su et al. 2023). These studies focused primarily on the identification of members of the GASA family, gene structure analysis, phylogenetic evolution investigation, and expression analysis. ...
... GASA genes encode GASA proteins that play diverse physiological roles within plant cells and are crucial for regulating plant growth and development. They are involved in cell elongation, cell division, as well as root and seed development (Ahmad et al. 2020;Herzog et al. 1995). GASA genes are key regulators that modulate plant hormone signaling pathways (Zhang et al. 2022;Gray 2004). ...
Key message
The silencing ofGhGASA14and the identification of superior allelic variation in its coding region indicate thatGhGASA14may positively regulate flowering and the response to GA3.
Abstract
Gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA), a member of the gibberellin-regulated short amino acid family, has been extensively investigated in several plant species and found to be critical for plant growth and development. However, research on this topic in cotton has been limited. In this study, we identified 38 GhGASAs that were dispersed across 18 chromosomes in upland cotton, and all of these genes had a GASA core domain. Transcriptome expression patterns and qRT-PCR results revealed that GhGASA9 and GhGASA14 exhibited upregulated expression not only in the floral organs but also in the leaves of early-maturing cultivars. The two genes were functionally characterized by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and the budding and flowering times after silencing the target genes were later than those of the control (TRV:00). Compared with that in the water-treated group (MOCK), the flowering period of the different fruiting branches in the GA3-treated group was more concentrated. Interestingly, allelic variation was detected in the coding sequence of GhGASA14 between early-maturing and late‐maturing accessions, and the frequency of this favorable allele was greater in high-latitude cotton cultivars than in low-latitude ones. Additionally, a significant linear relationship was observed between the expression level of GhGASA14 and flowering time among the 12 upland cotton accessions. Taken together, these results indicated that GhGASA14 may positively regulate flowering time and respond to GA3. These findings could lead to the use of valuable genetic resources for breeding early-maturing cotton cultivars in the future.
... GASAs contribute to the regulation of growth, the response to environmental challenges, and the in uence of owering time. Previous studies revealed the involvement of these genes in cell elongation and division and root and seed development (Ahmad, et al. 2020;Herzog, et al. 1995). Furthermore, GASAs are key genes involved in regulating plant hormone signaling pathways (Zhang, et al. 2022;Gray 2004). ...
The gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA), a gibberellin-regulated short amino acid family, has been extensively investigated in several plant species and found to be critical for plant growth and development. However, limited research has been reported in cotton. In this study, we identified 38 GhGASAs that were dispersed across 18 chromosomes in upland cotton, and all of these genes had a GASA core domain. Transcriptome expression patterns and qRT‒PCR results revealed that GhGASA9 and GhGASA14 exhibited upregulated expression not only in the floral organs but also in the leaves of early-maturity cultivars. The two genes were further functionally characterized by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and the budding and flowering times after silencing the target genes were later than those of the control (TRV:00). Exogenous application of GA 3 made the flowering period of the different fruiting branches more concentrated compared with that of the water-treated group (MOCK). Interestingly, allelic variation was detected in the coding sequence of GhGASA14 between early‐maturing and late‐maturing accessions, and the frequency of this favorable allele was greater in high-latitude cotton varieties than in low-latitude ones. Additionally, a significant linear relationship was observed between the expression level of GhGASA14 and flowering time among the 12 upland cotton accessions. Taken together, these results indicated that GhGASA14 may positively regulate flowering time and respond to GA 3 . These findings could lead to the use of valuable genetic resources for breeding early‐maturing cotton varieties in the future.
... These genes, belonging to the GASA family, are characterized by their cysteine-rich peptides and possess a conserved structural domain primarily comprising 12 cysteines at the C-terminus [2,3]. Over the past few decades, GASA family genes have been identified in numerous plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana [3], tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) [4], rice (Oryza sativa) [5], Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) [6], potato (Solanum tuberosum) [7], and poplar (Populus trichocarpa) [8]. However, it has yet to be detected in charophytes or bryophytes [9,10]. ...
... Our analysis revealed that Subfamily 1 contained 33 genes, Subfamily 2 had 32 genes, and Subfamily 3 encompassed 25 genes (Figure 3). Within the pineapple species, we identified seven GASA genes (AcGASA2, AcGASA3, AcGASA6, AcGASA7, AcGASA12, AcGASA14, and AcGASA15) in Subfamily 1, four genes (AcGASA4, AcGASA5, AcGASA8, and AcGASA13) in Subfamily 2, and four genes (AcGASA1, AcGASA9, AcGASA10, and AcGASA11) in Subfamily 3. The distribution of pineapple GASA genes was predominant in Subfamily 1, which is like the distribution patterns observed in tobacco and grape GASA genes [4,6]. We observed that AcGASA10 in pineapple clustered on the same small branch as AcGASA9, suggesting a closer evolutionary relationship between these two genes and their potentially shared functional roles. ...
... GASA proteins play a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth and development. While GASA genes have been extensively studied in several plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana [3], rice [5], grape [6], tobacco [4], and citrus [10], their presence in pineapple has not been previously documented. In this study, in pineapple, the GASA genes were identified. ...
The gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family plays a crucial role in growth, development, and stress response, and it is specific to plants. This gene family has been extensively studied in various plant species, and its functional role in pineapple has yet to be characterized. In this study, 15 AcGASA genes were identified in pineapple through a genome-wide scan and categorized into three major branches based on a phylogenetic tree. All AcGASA proteins share a common structural domain with 12 cysteine residues, but they exhibit slight variations in their physicochemical properties and motif composition. Predictions regarding subcellular localization suggest that AcGASA proteins are present in the cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, and cell wall. An analysis of gene synteny indicated that both tandem and segmental repeats have a significant impact on the expansion of the AcGASA gene family. Our findings demonstrate the differing regulatory effects of these hormones (GA, NAA, IAA, MeJA, and ABA) on the AcGASA genes. We analyzed the expression profiles of GASA genes in different pineapple tissue parts, and the results indicated that AcGASA genes exhibit diverse expression patterns during the development of different plant tissues, particularly in the regulation of floral organ development. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of GASA family genes in pineapple. It serves as a valuable reference for future studies on the functional characterization of GASA genes in other perennial herbaceous plants.
... The C-terminal GASA domain is considered a key region for maintaining the spatial structures and functions of the GASA proteins [10,11]. The tomato gene, gibberellin-stimulated transcript 1 (GAST-1), is the first member of the GASA family to be identified [12], and many other genes have been identified in different species thus far [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. With the identification of members of the GASA gene family across different species, the functions of the gene family have also been comprehensively mapped. ...
... The GASA gene family in apples is involved in flower induction [23]. VvGASA7 positively regulates seed size and yield [27]. In strawberry, FaGAST1 and FaGAST2 synergistically regulate fruit cell development and affect fruit size [19]. ...
... Specifically, three BrGASA genes were found on chromosomes A01, A02, and A09; two on chromosomes A03 and A08; and only one BrGASA gene was found on chromosomes A06 and A10. In previous reports, the GASA genes were found to be randomly distributed in the chromosomes of species such as Arabidopsis [23], whereas they were found to be unevenly distributed in those of potato, apple, grapevine, Zea mays, Glycine max, Populus [20,23,[26][27][28]42]. Previous reports have shown that the Brassica ancestors experienced extensive gene loss after the Whole-Genome Triplication (WGT) event [51]. ...
Background
The Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family is widely involved in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress response. However, information on the GASA gene family has not been reported in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis).
Results
Here, we conducted genome-wide identification and analysis of the GASA genes in Chinese cabbage. In total, 15 GASA genes were identified in the Chinese cabbage genome, and the physicochemical property, subcellular location, and tertiary structure of the corresponding GASA proteins were elucidated. Phylogenetic analysis, conserved motif, and gene structure showed that the GASA proteins were divided into three well-conserved subfamilies. Synteny analysis proposed that the expansion of the GASA genes was influenced mainly by whole-genome duplication (WGD) and transposed duplication (TRD) and that duplication gene pairs were under negative selection. Cis-acting elements of the GASA promoters were involved in plant development, hormonal and stress responses. Expression profile analysis showed that the GASA genes were widely expressed in different tissues of Chinese cabbage, but their expression patterns appeared to diverse. The qRT-PCR analysis of nine GASA genes confirmed that they responded to salt stress, heat stress, and hormonal triggers.
Conclusions
Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the important role of the GASA gene family in the functional genome of Chinese cabbage.
... Canavalia rosea, a perennial climbing herb, has 23 putative CrGASA genes involved in numerous physiological and biological processes, displaying complex and diverse functions [16]. Finally, some of the 14 VvGASA genes identified in grapes (Vitis vinifera) may be involved during different phases of seed development in seedless grape cultivars, and in other tissues [34]. ...
... Almost all GASA genes encode a low molecular weight protein comprising three domains: (1) An N-terminal 18-to-29 amino acid signal peptide; (2) A hydrophilic middle segment that differs greatly in length and amino acid composition within members of the same family and across species; and (3) A highly conserved C-terminal GASA domain made of around 60 amino acids with 12 Cys residues that contribute to the protein's stability [2,65]. The prediction of the three-dimensional structure shows a uniform flexible arrangement with mainly coils and α-helices, and little-to-no β-sheets [17,22,34,43]. This is supported by the X-ray results showing the helix-turn-helix motif stabilized by disulfide bonds [66]. ...
... In Peltophorum dubium's developing seedlings, PdSN1 transcript levels are 40 times higher than in adult leaves [72]. The transcript of VvGASA1 and VvGASA2 genes showed high levels in grapevine leaves, while VvGASA9 and VvGASA10 genes were high in fruits and seeds [34]. In Hevea brasiliensis tree, snakin-1 was accumulated in the early stages of leaf development [77]. ...
Gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family is a class of functional cysteine-
rich proteins characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal-conserved GASA
domain with 12 invariant cysteine (Cys) residues. GASA proteins are widely distributed among
plant species, and the majority of them are involved in the signal transmission of plant hormones,
the regulation of plant development and growth, and the responses to different environmental
constraints. To date, their action mechanisms are not completely elucidated. This review reports an
overview of the diversity, structure, and subcellular localization of GASA proteins, their involvement
in hormone crosstalk and redox regulation during development, and plant responses to abiotic and
biotic stresses. Knowledge of this complex regulation can be a contribution to promoting multiple
abiotic stress tolerance with potential agricultural applications through the engineering of genes
encoding GASA proteins and the production of transgenic plants.
... They are regulated by various hormones involved in plant development, stress response, and antibacterial activities [10,14]. The biological processes, physicochemical properties, and gene structures of Snakin/GASA family members in various plants (including G. max, V. vinifera, and Populus spp.) have been reported [18,19,21]. ...
... The adjacent Snakin/GASA family members in the evolutionary tree had similar sequences and thus may have similar functions. Although many plant Snakin/GASA family members have been identified, few have been functionally validated [16,19,44,46]. The tandem and segmental duplication of genes play important roles in functional regulation, domestication, evolution, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses [42,47,48]. ...
... KoGASA6 is adjacent to VvGASA7, which regulates seed development, and they are collinear genes (Figure 2 and Table 3). Therefore, KoGASA6 may regulate seed development [19]. VvGASA5 can regulate ovule abortion. ...
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are components of plant defensive barriers that resist microbial infection. Members of the Snakin/GASA protein family in plants have functions of regulating plant growth, defense, and bacteriostasis. Most mangrove plants grow in coastal zones. In order to survive in harsh environments, mangrove plants have evolved complex adaptations against microbes. In this study, Snakin/GASA family members were identified and analyzed in the genomes of three mangrove species. Twenty-seven, thirteen, and nine candidate Snakin/GASA family members were found in Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, and Aegiceras corniculatum, respectively. These Snakin/GASA family members were identified and categorized into three subfamilies via phylogenetic analysis. The genes coding for the Snakin/GASA family members were unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Collinearity and conservative motif analyses showed that the Snakin/GASA family members in K. obovata and A. corniculatum underwent multiple gene duplication events. Snakin/GASA family member expression in normal leaves and leaves infected with pathogenic microorganisms of the three mangrove species was verified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of KoGASA3 and 4, AcGASA5 and 10, and AmGASA1, 4, 5, 15, 18, and 23 increased after microbial infection. This study provides a research basis for the verification of HDPs from mangrove plants and suggests directions for the development and utilization of marine biological antimicrobial peptides.
... GASA proteins have three domains, an 18-29 amino acid N-terminal signal peptide, a hydrophilic and variable region of up to 31 amino acids in the middle, and a conserved domain of up to 60 amino acids at the C-terminal, which generally contains 12 cysteine residues (Rezaee et al. 2020;Silverstein et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2009). All biological activities of the GASA proteins are related to the carboxyl terminus (Ahmad et al. 2020;Fan et al. 2017). GASA genes may also have tissue-specific expression patterns, according to earlier research. ...
... Furthermore, GASA genes play a crucial role in GA production and signaling, and in various interactions between GASA genes and DELLAs Sun et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2009). So far, the expression pattern and evolutionary relations of GASA genes were investigated in common wheat (Cheng et al. 2019), apple (Fan et al. 2017), rice (Muhammad et al. 2019), Arabidopsis (Zhang and Wang 2008), grapevine (Ahmad et al. 2020), soybean (Ahmad et al. 2019), cotton (Qiao et al. 2021), maize (Zimmermann et al. 2009), cacao (Faraji et al. 2021), tobacco (Li et al. 2022), potato (Nahirñak et al. 2016) and populus (Han et al. 2021). According to the findings, the GASA gene family plays a crucial function in regulating cell signaling in response to environmental stress and is also linked to cell growth regulation. ...
... GASA proteins have a low molecular weight and cysteine domains that are conserved. GASA genes are found in lower numbers, have a low molecular weight, alkaline and are unequally distributed on chromosomes within genomes in rice (Muhammad et al. 2019), grapevine (Ahmad et al. 2020), Arabidopsis (Fan et al. 2017), and tomato (Rezaee et al. 2020), according to previous research. However, in other cases, such as in apple (Fan et al. 2017) and soybean (Ahmad et al. 2019), a relatively high number of GASA genes identified. ...
Unlabelled:
Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) proteins are present in various plants and have a role in plant growth, stress responses, and hormone crosstalk. GASA coding sequences in barley were discovered in this study. We then investigated gene and protein structure, physicochemical characteristics, evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships, promoter region, post-translational modification, and in silico gene expression. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to examine the expression of GASA genes in root and shoot tissues under drought stress. We found 11 GASA genes spread across six of seven chromosomes in the barley genome. A conserved GASA domain and 12-cysteine residues at the C-terminus were included in the proteins. All GASA genes contained secretory signal peptides. The GASA genes in Hordeum vulgare (HvGASA) have been classified into three subfamilies based on evolutionary analysis. According to synteny analyses, segmental duplications are significant in forming the GASA gene family. According to the cis-elements analyses, GASA genes may be induced by a variety of phytohormones and stresses. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that GASA genes had varied expression patterns in different tissues. Contrary to common perception, the expression study of GASA genes under biotic and abiotic stresses revealed that GASA genes are more induced by abiotic stresses than biotic stresses. The qPCR confirmed the response of GASA genes to abiotic stresses and showed different expression patterns of these genes under drought stress. Overall, these results can improve our knowledge about the function of GASA genes and provide data for future researches.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03545-8.
... GAST1 (GA-stimulated transcript 1) was first characterized in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) [2]. Other GASAs have been identified in several species, including 19 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) [3], 15 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) [1], 9 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) [4], 17 in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) [5], 37 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [6], 14 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) [7], and 18 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) [8]. ...
... GASA proteins are essential for many biological processes and play a key role in plant development, such as stem elongation [9], flowering [10], root development [11], fruit ripening [12], and seed development [7,13]. Several studies have reported that GASA is involved in phytohormone responses, including gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), auxins (IAA), brassinosteroids (BR), and salicylic acid (SA) [14,15]. ...
... Gene duplication analysis of the LsGASA family revealed three tandem duplications and five segmental duplication gene pairs (Additional file 3: Table S2). These findings are consistent with a previous report indicating that segmental duplications occur more frequently than tandem duplications [7]. Evolutionary events related to duplication can affect the structure of the genome. ...
Background
Lettuce is one of the most extensively farmed vegetables in the world, and it prefers cool growing conditions. High temperatures promote premature bolt formation, reducing quality and yield. The gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) family genes play critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the biological functions of GASA proteins in lettuce have yet to be thoroughly investigated.
Results
Using genome-wide analysis, 20 GASAs were identified in lettuce including, three groups of LsGASA proteins based on the phylogenetic analysis. Except for one, all GASA proteins included a conserved GASA domain with 12 cysteine residues. Cis-element analysis showed that LsGASAs were closely associated with light, phytohormones, and stress resistance. Five segmental and three tandem duplication events were observed in the LsGASA family based on duplication analysis. GASA synteny analysis among lettuce, Arabidopsis, tobacco, and rice revealed that LsGASA5 is highly collinear with all species. Six of the 20 LsGASA showed increased expression patterns at specific time points in the shoot apical meristem when subjected to heat stress. According to gene expression analysis, the majority of GASA were highly expressed in flowers compared to other organs, and six GASA exhibited highly increased expression levels in response to NaCl, abscisic acid, and gibberellin treatment. Furthermore, LsGASA proteins are predominantly found in the plasma membrane and/or the cytosol.
Conclusions
This study provides a comprehensive characterization of LsGASA genes for their diversity and biological functions. Moreover, our results will be useful for further studies on the function of lettuce GASA in abiotic stress- and heat-induced bolting signaling.
... First discovered in a tomato mutant in 1992 [4], GASA proteins have since been found in Arabidopsis thaliana [1,5], Moso Bamboo [6], apple [3], rice [7], wheat [8], Glycine max [9], Solanum tuberosum [10], grapevine [11], Sorghum bicolor [12], and cotton [13]. The majority of the tiny, cysteine-rich proteins that GASAs encode are found on the cell wall. ...
... Based on the BLASTP search method, we identified 40 GASA genes in cultivated peanut using the Arabidopsis GASA gene as a query; the number of AhGASA genes was higher than the wild species ancestral species AdGASA and AiGASA and higher than GmGASA, Os-GASA, VvGASA, PtGASA, GhGASA, MdGASA, and StGASA [7,[9][10][11]13,46]. A conservative sequence analysis confirmed that the identified AhGASA contained 12 cysteine residues at the C-terminus ( Figure 3) [5,16,47]. ...
... AhGASA6, AhGASA23, and AhGASA5 are genetically evolutionarily related, with expression rising and then falling during seed development and gradually rising during shell development, annotated to AtGASA1 and AtGASA11, respectively. It has been shown that GASA1 is responsible for seed size in the development of almond seeds [33], and GASA11 are highly expressed during all stages of seed development in seeded cultivars compared to seedless cultivars [11]. Interestingly, the expression of AhGASA1 and AhGASA18 in branch III was higher in the large-grain than in the small-grain peanut at all periods of pod development, presumably playing an important role in pod development. ...
The gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family is essential for plant growth and development, hormone level control, and phytohormone signal transmission. Different plants have been shown to contain numerous GASA homologs. However, there is no knowledge about these proteins in peanuts. In the current study, we performed a thorough bioinformatics and expression analysis and found 20, 22, and 40 GASA genes by genome-wide analyses of A. hypogaea L., A. duranensis, and A. ipaensis, respectively. We analyzed and predicted the physical properties of these genes. Based on the results of our phylogenetic analysis, the evolutionary tree constructed from the 40 AhGASA proteins was divided into seven categories, forming a total of 14 gene pairs. According to our observations, tandem duplication is a significant factor in the expansion of the GASA gene family. AhGASA was unevenly distributed on 20 chromosomes, and 17 tandem duplicated genes were identified. A co-lineage analysis with the A/B subgenome identified 69 linear/parallel homologous gene pairs. A cis-element analysis revealed that the AhGASA protein is crucial for hormone responsiveness. In materials with different size traits at various stages of peanut pod development, transcriptomics and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that AhGASA genes are expressed at various levels and are tissue-specific. This finding suggests that some AhGASA genes may be involved in controlling peanut pod size. This study suggests that GASA genes are crucial for controlling the development of peanut pods and provides the first systematic identification and analysis of GASA genes in peanut. These findings will help future research into the function of the GASA gene in the cultivated peanut.
