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Phylogenetic tree based on alignment of the SSU, LSU, 5.8S rDNA, TEF, CYTB, RPB1 and RPB2 estimated by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The tree includes representatives of Psychromyces glacialis gen. nov., sp. nov., Camptobasidium arcticum sp. nov., C. gelus and representative species of genera of Microbotryomycetes. In the maximum-likelihood estimation, the best model of nucleotide substitution was estimated with jModelTest, other parameters (alpha parameter of the gamma distribution of substitution rate categories, proportion of invariable sites) were estimated within PhyML. aLRT as Chi2-based support was used for calculation of branch supports. In estimation by MrBayes, a total 10 million generations were calculated and the first 25 % were discarded before the shown consensus tree was calculated from trees sampled every 100 generations. Posterior probabilities higher than 0.9 (in green) and maximum-likelihood bootstrap value from 1000 bootstrap replicates larger than 70 % (in blue) are shown near the nodes.
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Sampling campaigns in Greenland and Svalbard were executed to explore fungal diversity in cold habitats. Three very abundant groups of strains were discovered, consisting either of recently described or of yet-undescribed psychrophilic and oligotrophic yeasts and dimorphic fungi, accounting for around 50 % of the total cultivable diversity of basid...
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... were encountered in SSU sequences of C. arcticum. Camptobasidium gelus and C. arcticum had three introns in TEF sequences, while there were only two in Psychromyces glacialis. No introns were encountered in RPB2 and CYTB sequences. CYTB sequences could not be amplified for C. gelus, and RPB1 not for P. glacialis. The obtained phylogenetic tree ( Fig. 2) confirmed close relatedness of Camptobasidium and Psychromyces that clustered together with Glaciozyma (BS=99 %; BI-PP, 1.00). We therefore propose inclusion of Psychromyces into the Camptobasidiaceae. The analyses suggested that Kriegeriales sensu stricto, represented by Kriegeria eriophori, is relatively closely related to ...
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... inclusion of Psychromyces into the Camptobasidiaceae. The analyses suggested that Kriegeriales sensu stricto, represented by Kriegeria eriophori, is relatively closely related to Psychromyces, Camptobasidum, Glaciozyma and others, while taxa formerly included in the Kriegeriales, such as Phenoliferia and Yamadamyces, appeared distantly related ( Fig. ...
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... phylogenetic interference of orders, such as Heitmaniales, Leucosporidiales and Heterogastridiales. Accordingly, classification of Psychromyces, Camptobasidum, Glaciozyma in the Kriegeriales is not supported in the present study, which is why the Camptobasidiaceae is for the time being considered as an incertae sedis within the Mycobotryomycetes (Fig. 2). It is to be emphasized, however, that the downloaded amino acid sequences of K. eriophori (CBS 8387) were partly difficult to align with numerous other included taxa (RPB1, RPB2) and that several codons could not be translated into amino acids at all (CYTB). It is clear that these numerous apomorphies are responsible for the long ...
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... of K. eriophori (CBS 8387) were partly difficult to align with numerous other included taxa (RPB1, RPB2) and that several codons could not be translated into amino acids at all (CYTB). It is clear that these numerous apomorphies are responsible for the long terminal branch that K. eriophori obtained in analyses of the non-translated DNA sequences (Fig. ...
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... analyse the effect of protein-encoding gene sequences on the dataset analysed in Fig. 2 and to allow comparison with already published trees that are based only on nc rDNA data, protein-encoding genes were excluded from the dataset and the remaining alignment was analysed separately (Fig. S1). This analysis also addressed more Mycobotryomycetes as included in Fig. 1 and supported some of the conclusions made on the basis ...
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... already published trees that are based only on nc rDNA data, protein-encoding genes were excluded from the dataset and the remaining alignment was analysed separately (Fig. S1). This analysis also addressed more Mycobotryomycetes as included in Fig. 1 and supported some of the conclusions made on the basis of concatenated dataset presented in Fig. 2. Relatedness of Camptobasidium, Psychromyces and Glaciozyma is almost equally highly supported (BS=92 %), while the monophyly of the so defined Camptobasidiaceae with Kriegeria sensu stricto is not supported. Monophyly of Kriegeria eriophori with Phenoliferia and Yamadamyces ( Fig. S1, BS=89 %) is, however, not in congruence with ...
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... is almost equally highly supported (BS=92 %), while the monophyly of the so defined Camptobasidiaceae with Kriegeria sensu stricto is not supported. Monophyly of Kriegeria eriophori with Phenoliferia and Yamadamyces ( Fig. S1, BS=89 %) is, however, not in congruence with inferences made on the basis of the dataset including protein-encoding genes (Fig. 2). The inconsistent clustering of K. eriophori is most likely caused by numerous apomorphies that resulted in the above-discussed alignment problems and a long terminal branch for K. eriophori in Fig. 2. The best model of nucleotide substitution was estimated with jModelTest, other parameters (alpha parameter of the gamma distribution of ...
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... Yamadamyces ( Fig. S1, BS=89 %) is, however, not in congruence with inferences made on the basis of the dataset including protein-encoding genes (Fig. 2). The inconsistent clustering of K. eriophori is most likely caused by numerous apomorphies that resulted in the above-discussed alignment problems and a long terminal branch for K. eriophori in Fig. 2. The best model of nucleotide substitution was estimated with jModelTest, other parameters (alpha parameter of the gamma distribution of substitution rate categories, proportion of invariable sites) were estimated within PhyML. aLRT as Chi2 based support was used for calculation of branch ...
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... The representatives of other closely related species listed in Table 2 had lower similarities and the number of differing nucleotides in ITS was for all drastically larger as in LSU, as already described in other studies [27]. When comparing ITS sequences almost no variability was noted in C. gelus, while some were noted within C. arcticum (Fig. S2). The type strain of C. gelus, CBS 8941 (AY040665) from Antarctica, strain BL58-2 (AB474396) isolated from Russian glacier ice core in Siberia [55] and EXF-12745 from cryoconite in Greenland, had identical ITS sequences. The Antarctic yeast strain CBS 8941, now recognized as C. gelus, was noticed as a potentially new phylogenetic ...
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... gelus by de Garcia et al. [11], who described this species based on two additional strains from Greenland. The same authors [23] addressed the separate position of CRUB 1733 (GenBank FJ841888), which was recently described as the new species Cryolevonia giraudoae by de Garcia et al. [11]. The genus Cryolevonia, closely related to Camptobasidium (Fig. 2), was described and typified with Cr. schafbergensis by Pontes et al. [17]. Classification of these psychrophilic yeast species was based only on ITS /LSU data [11,17]. The type species of the genus Camptobasidium, C. hydrophilum, is strictly filamentous and forms peculiar anamorphic Ingoldian spores [56], and no yeast phase, which is ...
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... supported sister group relationship of this group 3 to Oberwinklerozyma was suggested on the basis of analyses of nc rDNA sequences (BS=100 %) (Fig. 1). The concatenated seven-gene analysis justified and confirmed the isolated position of the genus (BS=100 %), and placed it as sister clade to the clade comprising Camptobasidium and Glaciozyma (Fig. 2). These results suggest that the clade should be placed in the family Camptobasidiaceae. We propose here a new genus, Psychromyces, for this clade for reasons described below. Bayesian phylogenetic inference analysis based on ITS sequences revealed this clade as unresolved (Fig. S2). A number of six nucleotide substitutions out of 526 ...
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... sister clade to the clade comprising Camptobasidium and Glaciozyma (Fig. 2). These results suggest that the clade should be placed in the family Camptobasidiaceae. We propose here a new genus, Psychromyces, for this clade for reasons described below. Bayesian phylogenetic inference analysis based on ITS sequences revealed this clade as unresolved (Fig. S2). A number of six nucleotide substitutions out of 526 distinguish two groups of strains, represented by EXF-13111 and EXF-12419 (Fig. S5). Exploration of the clade with additional phylogenetic marker genes (CYTB, TEF, RPB2) did not result in any better phylogenetic resolution. Accordingly, only a single species, P. glacialis, could be ...
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... with highly similar or identical ITS and LSU sequences were found also in other studies of Arctic glacial environments and supported cladification into two phylogenetically unresolved or paraphyletic subgroups within Psychromyces. Strains EXF-13111, 126476, 12545, 12886, 12991 belong to one, and strains EXF-12419, 12623, 12398, 12718, 13156, 124554, 12890, 12708, 13154, 12420, 12604, 12984, 12626 to the other group ( Figs S2b and S5). Strains from Qaanaaq (represented by KY782280, KY782283) and Russell glaciers (KY782281, KY782282), both from Greenland (Singh et al., unpublished), and a strain from cryoconite sediment from Midtre Lovén-breen glacier in Svalbard (KC333170) [12] clustered with EXF-13111 on the basis of ITS sequences. ...
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This paper provides an updated classification of the Kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi)
and fungus-like taxa. Five-hundred and twenty-three (535) notes are provided for newly introduced
taxa and for changes that have been made since the previous outline. In the discussion, the latest
taxonomic changes in Basidiomycota are provided and the classification of Mycosphaerellales are
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analyses, while doubtful genera (DNA sequences being unavailable but traditionally
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Many psychrophilic microorganisms synthesize ice-binding proteins (IBPs) for their cold-survival. The function of IBP is evaluated by its effect on the nonequilibrium water freezing-point depression called “thermal hysteresis (TH)” and inhibitory effect on the growth of numerous ice crystals called “ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI)”. To obtain mechanical insight of the two activities, here we developed a modified method of ice affinity purification and extracted two new IBP isoforms from Arctic glacier fungus Psychromyces glacialis . It was found that one isoform is approximately 25 kDa protein (PsgIBP_S), while the other is a 28 kDa larger protein (PsgIBP_L) that constructs an intermolecular dimer. Their TH activities were less than 1 °C at millimolar concentrations, implying that both isoforms are designated as the moderately active but not the hyperactive IBP species. It further appeared that both isoforms exhibit high ice-recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity even at sub-micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, they are capable of binding to whole surface of a hemispherical single ice crystal, although such manner of ice-binding was generally observed for hyperactive IBP species. These results suggest that IBP’s binding ability to whole ice crystal surface is deficient for the hyperactivity but is crucial for the significant IRI activity.
