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Phylogenetic relationships of Acetobacter thailandicus isolate AD25 T . The phylogenetic tree based on 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS sequences of 413 bases was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. Numerals at nodes indicate bootstrap values (%) derived from
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A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and non-motile bacterium, designated as isolate AD25T, was isolated from a flower of the blue trumpet vine (Thunbergia laurifolia) at Tong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and groEL gene sequences showed that the isolate...
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... a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of 1,343 bases derived from the neighbor-joining method, the genus Acetobacter was divided into two major phylogenetic groups, i.e., Group I that corresponds to the Acetobacter aceti group and Group II that corresponds to the Acetobacter pasteurianus group with a bootstrap value of 100 % ( Fig. 1) (Yamada and Yukphan 2008). Isolate AD25 T was included in Group I and formed an independent cluster without any indi- cations of bootstrap values and was quite remote from the type strains of any other species of the genus Acetobacter . The phylogenetic data obtained suggested that the isolate constitutes a new species within the genus Acetobacter . In a phylogenetic tree based on 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS sequences of 413 bases derived from the neighbor-joining method, the two major phylogenetic groups mentioned above were also found in the genus Acetobacter with a bootstrap value of 64 % (Fig. 2). However, the type strains of the four species, A. aceti , A. nitrogenifigens , A. oeni , and A. estunensis , which were once included in Group I, as well as the type strain of Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens , which was used as one of outgroups, were not located in the two major groups but in Sub-group I, differing from the two groups in the phylogenetic tree reported by González and Mas (2011) as well as the two groups in the phylogenetic trees of the genus Gluconobacter reported by Tanasupawat et al. (2004), Yukphan et al. (2004), and Malimas et al. (2009). Isolate AD25 T was included in Group I and formed an independent cluster with a bootstrap value of 52 %. In a phylogenetic tree based on groEL gene sequences of 866 bases derived from the neighbor-joining method, the resulting two major phylogenetic groups were similar to those based on 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS sequences (Fig. 3). The type strains of the four species A. aceti , A. nitrogenifigens , A. oeni , and A. estunensis were not located in the two major groups but in Sub-group I. In addition, the two species A. peroxydans and A. papayae , which were once included in Group II, were not located in the two major groups but in Sub-group II. Isolate AD25 was located in Group I and formed an independent cluster with a bootstrap value of 70 ...
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In the animal kingdom, nutritional mutualism is a perpetual and intimate dialogue carried out between the host and its associated gut community members. This dialogue affects many aspects of the host’s development and physiology. Some constituents of the animal gut microbiota can stably reside within the host for years, and such long-term persisten...
Vinegar or sour wine as a delicious ingredient and supplement in food industry is used
extensively around the world. One of the most important microbial genera responsible
for vinegar production industrially is Acetobacter. These spp. are gram negative rods
that their catalase test is positive and oxidase test is negative. They ferment alcohol t...
The culture of Acetobacter aceti TISTR 102 in coconut water with banana juice was studied to optimize culture conditions for the highest cells with low cost production. The effects of supplementary banana juice, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract and shaking speed were investigated. Coconut water was a potential culture medium for A. aceti TISTR 102 w...
Unlike vertically transmitted endosymbionts, which have broad effects on their host's germ line, the extracellular gut microbiota is transmitted horizontally and is not known to influence the germ line. Here we provide evidence supporting the influence of these gut bacteria on the germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. Removal of the gut bacteria re...
Citations
... Among many AAB genera, the genus Acetobacter is the biggest genus and includes 34 species with validly published names [5,6]. Many species have been isolated from vinegar [7,8], fermented foods [9][10][11], beer [12][13][14], flowers [15,16], fruit [13,15,17] and plant tissue samples [17,18]. Species of the genus Acetobacter have been characterized as Gram-stain-negative, obligate aerobic, motile or non-motile rods with ubiquinone-9 (Q-9) as the predominant respiratory quinone [19] and are classified as members of the family Acetobacteraceae, class Alphaproteobacteria [20]. ...
... The fatty acids of C17-3 T consisted of large amounts of summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω6c and/or C 18 : 1 ω7c; 56.7 %) and C 19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (18.6 %) and moderate amounts of C 16 : 0 (8.5 %) and C 16 : 0 2-OH (4.1 %) ( Table 3). All strains listed in Table 3 also had a large amount of summed feature eight in common and also considerable amounts of C 16 (Fig. 3). ...
Strain C17-3 T was isolated from blueberry fruits collected from a farmland located in Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences allocated strain C17-3 T to the genus Acetobacter , where it occupied a rather isolated line of descent with Acetobacter ghanensis 430A T and Acetobacter lambici LMG 27439 T as the nearest neighbours (98.9 % sequence similarity to both species). The highest average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values were 76.3 % and 21.7 % with Acetobacter garciniae TBRC 12339 T ; both values were well below the cutoff values for species delineation. Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative rods, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The DNA G+C content calculated from the genome sequence was 59.2 %. Major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω6 c and/or C 18 : 1 ω7 c ) and C 19 : 0 cyclo ω8 c . The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 9. On the basis of the results of phylogenetic analyses, phenotypic features and genomic comparisons, it is proposed that strain C17-3 T represents a novel species of the genus Acetobacter and the name Acetobacter vaccinii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C17-3 T (= KACC 21233 T = LMG 31758 T ).
... The genus Acetobacter is the largest in the acetous group of the family Acetobacteraceae from the viewpoint of generic circumscription and includes 28 validly published species at present (Ferrer et al. 2016;Komagata et al. 2014;Li et al. 2014;Malimas et al. 2017;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2016Pitiwittayakul et al. , 2015Spitaels et al. 2014;Yamada 2016). The genus was divided into two groups, i.e., the Acetobacter aceti group and the Acetobacter pasteurianus group phylogenetically (Yamada and Yukphan 2008). ...
... The housekeeping genes dnaK (encoding the heat shock 70 kDa protein), groEL (encoding a 60-kDa chaperonin), and rpoB (encoding the DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta) of the two isolates, VTH-Ai14 T and VTH-Ai15, were partially sequenced (Cleenwerck et al. 2010;Li et al. 2014;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2015). The phylogenetic position based on the concatenated sequences of these housekeeping genes was compared with the type strains of the genus Acetobacter. ...
... The respectively concatenated sequences of 528, 579, and 573 bp of partial dnaK, groEL, and rpoB were used for constructed the phylogenetic analysis. Accession numbers of dnaK, groEL, and rpoB sequence of the type strains are according to the previous study (Cleenwerck et al. 2010;Li et al. 2014;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2015). ...
PurposeTwo bacterial strains, designated as isolates VTH-Ai14T and VTH-Ai15, that have plant growth-promoting ability were isolated during the study on acetic acid bacteria diversity in Vietnam. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two isolates were located closely to Acetobacter nitrogenifigens RG1T but formed an independent cluster.Methods
The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and three housekeeping genes’ (dnaK, groEL, and rpoB) sequences were analyzed. The genomic DNA of the two isolates, VTH-Ai14T and VTH-Ai15, Acetobacter nitrogenifigens RG1T, the closest phylogenetic species, and Acetobacter aceti NBRC 14818T were hybridized and calculated the %similarity. Then, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics were determined for species’ description using the conventional method.ResultsThe 16S rRNA gene and concatenated of the three housekeeping genes phylogenetic analysis suggests that the two isolates were constituted in a species separated from Acetobacter nitrogenifigens, Acetobacter aceti, and Acetobacter sicerae. The two isolates VTH-Ai14T and VTH-Ai15 showed 99.65% and 98.65% similarity of 16S rRNA gene when compared with Acetobacter nitrogenifigens and Acetobacter aceti and they were so different from Acetobacter nitrogenifigens RG1T with 56.99 ± 3.6 and 68.15 ± 1.8% in DNA-DNA hybridization, when isolates VTH-Ai14T and VTH-Ai15 were respectively labeled. Moreover, the two isolates were phenotypically distinguished from Acetobacter nitrogenifigens in growth in the presence of 0.35% acetic acid (v/v), on nitrogen-free LGI medium and D-mannitol, and in no ability to solubilize phosphate.Conclusion
Therefore, the two isolates, VTH-Ai14T(= VTCC 910031T= BCC 67843T= TBRC 11175T= NRIC 0977T) and VTH-Ai15 (= VTCC 910032 = BCC 67844 = TBRC 11176 = NRIC 0978), can be assigned to an independent species within the genus Acetobacter, and the name of Acetobacter sacchari sp. nov. is proposed for the two isolates.
... These findings were also tested in Drosophila. We identified Acetobacter thailandicus as a cultivable bacterium from the Drosophila gut 35 . Moreover, the composition of A. thailandicus was dramatically regulated in the gut of DmMesh RNAi flies (Supplementary Fig. 8d). ...
The metazoan gut harbours complex communities of commensal and symbiotic bacterial microorganisms. The quantity and quality of these microorganisms fluctuate dynamically in response to physiological changes. The mechanisms that hosts have developed to respond to and manage such dynamic changes and maintain homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a dual oxidase (Duox)-regulating pathway that contributes to maintaining homeostasis in the gut of both Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster. We show that a gut-membrane-associated protein, named Mesh, plays an important role in controlling the proliferation of gut bacteria by regulating Duox expression through an Arrestin-mediated MAPK JNK/ERK phosphorylation cascade. Expression of both Mesh and Duox is correlated with the gut bacterial microbiome, which, in mosquitoes, increases dramatically soon after a blood meal. Ablation of Mesh abolishes Duox induction, leading to an increase of the gut microbiome load. Our study reveals that the Mesh-mediated signalling pathway is a central homeostatic mechanism of the insect gut. © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
... For the characteristics of the species, refer to Pitiwittayakul et al. (2015). ...
This book, written by leading international authorities in the field, covers all the basic and applied aspects of acetic acid bacteria. It describes the importance of acetic acid bacteria in food industry by giving information on the microbiological properties of fermented foods as well as production procedures. Special attention is given to vinegar and cocoa, which are the most familiar and extensively used industrial applications of acetic acid bacteria. This book is an essential reference to all scientists, technologists, engineers, students and all those working in the field of food science and technology.
... Group I corresponds to the A. aceti group, which includes 16 species: A. aceti, A. estunensis, A. malorum, A. cerevisiae, A. orleanensis, A. cibinongensis, A. orientalis, A. indonesiensis, A. tropicalis, A. senegalensis, A. oeni, A. nitrogenifigens, A. farinalis, A. persici, A. sicerae, and A. thailandicus. Group II corresponds to the A. pasteurianus group, and includes ten species: A. pasteurianus, A. pomorum, A. peroxydans, A. papayae, A. lovaniensis, A. syzygii, A. fabarum, A. ghanensis, A. okinawensis, and A. lambici (Skerman et al. 1980;Sokollek et al. 1998;Lisdiyanti et al. 2000Lisdiyanti et al. , 2001aLisdiyanti et al. , b, 2002Cleenwerck et al. 2002Cleenwerck et al. , 2007Cleenwerck et al. , 2008Dutta and Gachhui 2006;Silva et al. 2006;Ndoye et al. 2007;Tanasupawat et al. 2011a, b;Iino et al. 2012Iino et al. , 2013Li et al. 2014;Spitaels et al. 2014;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2015a). ...
... The phenotypic characteristic differentiating the two major groups in the genus Acetobacter is based on their production of 2-keto-D-gluconate (Yamada and Yukphan 2008). The production of 2-keto-D-gluconate was almost always positive in Group I (the A. aceti group) except for A. oeni and A. thailandicus, but almost always negative in Group II (the A. pasteurianus group) (Silva et al. 2006;Yamada and Yukphan 2008;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2015a). Moreover, the production of 5-keto-D-glucanate was positive only in A. aceti, A. oeni, and A. persici, which can be used to discriminate these three species from those of Group II (Lisdiyanti et al. 2000;Silva et al. 2006;Iino et al. 2012). ...
... Recently, the housekeeping genes groEL, rpoB and dnaK have been used as phylogenetic markers for the genus Acetobacter (Huang et al. 2014;Li et al. 2014;Spitaels et al. 2014;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2015a, b), because of the limitations of using 16S rRNA genes for the identification of closely related species. In addition to these housekeeping genes, sequence analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences has already been used successfully to identify or classify the genus Acetobacter (González and Mas 2011;Pitiwittayakul et al. 2015a). ...
A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and non-motile bacterium, designated as AI32T, was isolated from a fruit in Surat Thani, the southern district of Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS, and groEL gene sequences showed that the isolate formed a quite independent cluster located outside the clusters of Acetobacter peroxydans and Acetobacter papayae. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate was related to the type strains of A. peroxydans and A. papayae, respectively, with 99.4 % and 99.3 % similarities. The DNA G + C content of the isolate was 59.6 mol%. The isolate was positive in catalase test and showed no growth on ethanol in the presence of ammonium sulfate. The isolate produced only d-gluconic acid from d-glucose. The predominant fatty acid of isolate AI32T was C18:1ω7C. Based on the results obtained in physiological and biochemical tests and in genotypic differences between the isolate and the type strains of the validly named species of the genus Acetobacter, the isolate is classified as a novel species, for which the name of Acetobacter suratthanensis sp. nov. is introduced. The type strain of the species is AI32T (= BCC 26087T = NBRC 111399T).
Vinegar is one of the most appreciated fermented foods in European and Asian countries. In industry, its elaboration depends on numerous factors, including the nature of starter culture and raw material, as well as the production system and operational conditions. Furthermore, vinegar is obtained by the action of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) on an alcoholic medium in which ethanol is transformed into acetic acid. Besides the highlighted oxidative metabolism of AAB, their versatility and metabolic adaptability make them a taxonomic group with several biotechnological uses. Due to new and rapid advances in this field, this review attempts to approach the current state of knowledge by firstly discussing fundamental aspects related to industrial vinegar production and then exploring aspects related to AAB: classification, metabolism, and applications. Emphasis has been placed on an exhaustive taxonomic review considering the progressive increase in the number of new AAB species and genera, especially those with recognized biotechnological potential.
As part of a genome database construction of type strains, we report the draft genome sequences of three strains of acetic acid bacteria, i.e., Acetobacter farinalis KACC 21251T, Acetobacter suratthaniensis KACC 21252T, and Acetobacter thailandicus KACC 21253T.
The gut is continuously invaded by diverse bacteria from the diet and the environment, yet microbiome composition is relatively stable over time for host species ranging from mammals to insects, suggesting host-specific factors may selectively maintain key species of bacteria. To investigate host specificity, we used gnotobiotic Drosophila, microbial pulse-chase protocols, and microscopy to investigate the stability of different strains of bacteria in the fly gut. We show that a host-constructed physical niche in the foregut selectively binds bacteria with strain-level specificity, stabilizing their colonization. Primary colonizers saturate the niche and exclude secondary colonizers of the same strain, but initial colonization by Lactobacillus species physically remodels the niche through production of a glycan-rich secretion to favor secondary colonization by unrelated commensals in the Acetobacter genus. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the establishment and stability of a multi-species intestinal microbiome.
Thermotolerant ethanologenic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus is capable of fermenting various sugars including xylose but exhibits glucose repression to hamper the utilization of other sugars. To acquire glucose repression-defective strains, 33 isolates as 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG)-resistant mutants were obtained from about 100 colonies grown on plates containing 2-DOG, which were derived from an efficient strain DMKU 3-1042 (1). According to the characteristics of sugar consumption abilities and cell growth and ethanol accumulation along with cultivation time, they were classified into three groups. The first group (3 isolates) utilized glucose and xylose in similar patterns along with cultivation to those of the parental strain, presumably due to reduction of the uptake of 2-DOG or enhancement of its export. The second group (29 isolates) showed greatly delayed utilization of glucose, presumably by reduction of the uptake or initial catabolism of glucose. The last group, only one isolate, showed enhanced utilization ability of xylose in the presence of glucose. Further analysis revealed that this isolate had a single nucleotide mutation to cause amino acid substitution (G270S) in RAG5 encoding hexokinase and exhibited very low activity of the enzyme.
We also isolated and characterized 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutants from kanMX4-inserted mutants (2). The insertion site was determined by TAIL-PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing, indicating that the kanMX4 cassette was intragenically or intergenically inserted. Further analysis of the sugar utilization ability allowed to classify the intragenically inserted mutants including the mig1 mutant into two categories. One group showed enhanced utilization of xylose in the presense of glucose, presumably due to a defect in the glucose-repression mechanism, and the other group showed delayed utilization of glucose, probably by reduction of the uptake or initial catabolism of glucose. Considering the possible functions of the disrupted genes in these mutants, it is assumed that K. marxianus has undiscovered mechanisms for glucose repression and complex regulation for the uptake or initial catabolism of glucose.
Animals live together with diverse bacteria that can impact their biology. In Drosophila melanogaster, gut-associated bacterial communities are relatively simple in composition but also have a strong impact on host development and physiology. It is generally assumed that gut bacteria in D. melanogaster are transient and their constant ingestion with food is required to maintain their presence in the gut. Here, we identify bacterial species from wild-caught D. melanogaster that stably associate with the host independently of continuous inoculation. Moreover, we show that specific Acetobacter wild isolates can proliferate in the gut. We further demonstrate that the interaction between D. melanogaster and the wild isolated Acetobacter thailandicus is mutually beneficial and that the stability of the gut association is key to this mutualism. The stable population in the gut of D. melanogaster allows continuous bacterial spreading into the environment, which is advantageous to the bacterium itself. The bacterial dissemination is in turn advantageous to the host because the next generation of flies develops in the presence of this particularly beneficial bacterium. A. thailandicus leads to a faster host development and higher fertility of emerging adults when compared to other bacteria isolated from wild-caught flies. Furthermore, A. thailandicus is sufficient and advantageous when D. melanogaster develops in axenic or freshly collected figs, respectively. This isolate of A. thailandicus colonizes several genotypes of D. melanogaster but not the closely related D. simulans, indicating that the stable association is host specific. This work establishes a new conceptual model to understand D. melanogaster–gut microbiota interactions in an ecological context; stable interactions can be mutualistic through microbial farming, a common strategy in insects. Moreover, these results develop the use of D. melanogaster as a model to study gut microbiota proliferation and colonization.
