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Phylogenetic relationship of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strains (AL-14 and AL-15) isolated during the current study. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide sequences of the LSU rDNA placed the two strains among the other strains of the species. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree (-ln likelihood = 2318.03) was constructed in MEGA X (Kumar et al., 2018). The maximum parsimonious data set consisted of 29 taxa include: 18 sequences of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strains, 4 sequences of other Rhodotorula, 5 sequences of other taxa of Sporidiobolaceae and two taxa belong to Chrysozymaceae (outgroup). Phylogenetic trees obtained from ML, maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities (BYPP) were similar in topology. Bootstrap support on the nodes represents ML and MP ! 50 %. Branches with a BYPP of ! 95 % are in bold. The two sequences of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa generated in this study are in red.
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This study aims to explore microbes from mangroves in Saudi Arabia for their abilities to produce high level of lipids. Mangroves are seldom investigated for oleaginous microbes. A total of 961 isolates of yeasts and filamentous fungi were isolated from 144 submerged marine samples include: 68 decaying leaves of Avicennia marina, 33 decaying thalli...
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... Aurantiochytrium microalgae can be used as a source of squalene raw materials and biofuels [1], [2]. Aurantiochytrium sp microalgae are abundant in mangrove forests [3], [4]. Internationally, studies on applying Aurantiochytrium sp., including fish and livestock feed, cosmetics, antioxidants, and biofuels, to the COVID-19 vaccine adjuvant [5]. ...
p> Aurantiochytrium sp is a marine microalgae that is rich in lipids. Extraction of lipids from microalgae requires effort to select a suitable solvent and extraction method. This research used a double-step extraction method to study a mixture of n-hexane and methanol as a solvent. The variables studied were stirring time, the n-hexane to methanol (H/M) mixture ratio, and the solvent-to-biomass ratio (S/B). This research concluded that an optimum stirring time was 30 min, and a mixture of n-hexane and methanol solvents with a volume ratio of 1:1 is optimum. The optimum solvent-to-biomass ratio was S/B=20 mL/g dry microalgae. Under these conditions, the yield of oil was 83.88%. Double-step extraction can increase the yield by 10-40%. </p
... This study is a part of a research project aimed to find potential microbial strains to be used for biofuel production from marine habitats in Saudi Arabia (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2021a,b, 2022, 2023. The use of biomass residues to produce value-added products has grown during recent years because it is a renewable source of sugars and an abundant waste stream that can be transformed into a chemical platform (Arevalo−Gallegos et al. 2017). ...
Crypthecodinium cohnii strains can accumulate significant amounts of lipids with a high fraction of docosahexaenoic acid that is used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In this study, macroalgal hydrolysate was used as a low-cost carbon source for the growth of the oleaginous strain Crypthecodinium sp. AL–05 to reduce the cost of its growth and lipid production. The Saudi strain was placed in the genus Crypthecodinium with high statistical support based on the sequences of three concatenated genes (SSU, ITS, and LSU rDNA). Crypthecodinium sp. AL-05 was grown on four different glucose concentrations and three different macroalgal hydrolysate concentrations: 20, 40, and 80 g l ⁻¹ . We also used the same concentrations of macroalgal hydrolysate with 10 g l ⁻¹ of four carbon sources: acetic acid, glycerol, glucose, and sugarcane molasses. Glucose (40 g l ⁻¹ ) gave the best results, followed by 80 g l ⁻¹ macroalgae alone and with glucose or molasses. One-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni correction post-hoc test showed that the dry weight of Crypthecodinium sp. AL–05 produced using the following carbon sources: the four concentrations of the pure glucose, 80 g l ⁻¹ macroalgae alone, 40 and 80 g l ⁻¹ macroalgae + glucose, 40 and 80 g l ¹ macroalgae + molasses were significantly higher than the other 10 carbon sources tested. Three carbon sources (20 g l ⁻¹ macroalgae with glucose, molasses and acetic acid) produced percentages of lipids that were significantly lower than the other 16 carbon sources. For the first time, our research shows that the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium AL–05 can be successfully grown on macroalgal hydrolysate, which can be used in industrial processes. Importantly, Crypthecodinium sp. AL–05 grown on 80 g l ⁻¹ macroalgae produced only saturated fatty acids, of which caprylic acid represented 43.45 % of the total fatty acids. Caprylic acid is widely used in industry and pharmaceuticals and the Saudi isolate can be used for its commercial production using macroalgae as a carbon source.
Bioprospecting about new marine oleaginous fungi that produce advantageous bioproducts in a green sustainable process is the key of blue bioeconomy. Herein, the marine Paradendryphiella sp. was utilized for single cell oils (SCOs) production economically, via central composite design, the lipid content enhanced 2.2-fold by 5.5 g/L lipid yeild on seawater-based media supplemented with molasses concentration 50 g/L, yeast extract, 2.25 g/L at initial pH value (5.3) and 8 days of static incubation. Subsequently, the fatty acid methyl esters profiles of SCOs produced on optimized media under different abiotic conditions were determined; signifying qualitative and quantitative variations. Interestingly, the psychrophilic-prolonged incubation increased the unsaturation level of fatty acids to 59.34%, while ω-6 and ω-3 contents representing 23.53% and 0.67% respectively. Remarkably, it exhibited the highest EC100 dose by 677.03 µg/mL on normal human lung fibroblast Wi-38 cells. Meanwhile, it showed the highest inhibiting proliferation potential on cancer cell lines of A549, MDA-MB 231 and HepG-2 cells by 372.37, 417.48 and 365.00 µg/mL, respectively. Besides, it elevated the oxidative stress, the expression of key apoptotic genes and suppressed the expression of key oncogenes (NF-κB, BCL2 and cyclin D); implying its promising efficacy in cancer treatment as adjuvant drug. This study denoted the lipogenesis capacity of Paradendryphiella sp. under acidic/alkaline and psychrophilic/mesophilic conditions. Hereby attaining efficient and economic process under seasonal variation with different Egyptian marine sources to fill the gap of freshwater crisis and simultaneously preserve energy.
