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Phylogenetic reconstruction based on a combined dataset of CO3 and LSU sequence data. ML bootstrap values above 75 and p values above 0.95 are shown. Species, described as novel taxa in this study, are highlighted in bold
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The genus Ravenelia represents the third largest genus of rust fungi and parasitizes a great number of leguminous shrubs and trees, mainly in the subtropics and tropics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of this genus using nc 28S rDNA and CO3 sequences are presented with a special focus on South African representatives of Ravenelia. Many of the spec...
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parasites like the rust fungi. One vital aspect in the field of obligate biotrophic host-pathogen...
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... A few were included in the early attempts at a phylogenetic reconstruction for Pucciniales (Wingfield et al. 2004) and Pucciniaceae (Maier et al. 2007). In addition, a few studies on specific taxa have been undertaken: a species complex of Endophyllum (Wood and Crous 2005), Macuropyxis fulva (Martin et al. 2017), Phakopsora myrtacearum (Maier et al. 2016), Puccinia on Lycieae (Ireland et al. 2019;Otálora and Berndt 2018), Solanaceae (Boshoff et al. 2022), and indigenous rye grass (Pretorius et al. 2015), Puccorchidium (Beenken and Wood 2015), Stomatisora (Wood et al. 2014), and Ravenelia (Ebinghaus et al. 2018(Ebinghaus et al. , 2020. ...
... The family concept has since been modified (Aime and McTaggart 2021), but generic limits are still problematic. Ebinghaus et al. (2018Ebinghaus et al. ( , 2020 have recently revised the taxonomy of Ravenelia species on Senegalia and Vachelia from South Africa, bringing the total number of species present in the country to 30 (15% of the described species in the genus). Two other species, both parasitic on members of the Papilionoideae, also belong to this family, namely, Diorchidium woodii and Maravalia lonchocarpi (FIG. ...
... Therefore, the name Angusia lonchocarpi is reinstated for this taxon. In the analyses of Ebinghaus et al. (2020), Ravenelia resolved into two major clades, one of which has now been separated as Cephalotelium, with C. macowanianum as the type species (Aime and McTaggart 2021). The remaining species of Ravenelia resolve in various clades within the Raveneliaceae (Aime and McTaggart 2021;Ebinghaus et al. 2020). ...
... (Moncalvo et al. 1995, Vilgalys andHester 1990) and CO3-R1/CO3-F1 (Vialle et al. 2009) for the LSU and CO3 gene regions, respectively. For both gene markers PCR conditions were applied as described in Ebinghaus et al. (2020Ebinghaus et al. ( , 2022. Sequencing was carried out at Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) using the same primers as in the PCR. ...
In 1895 and 2001, rust fungi affecting Licania trees (Chrysobalanchaceae) in Brazil were described as Uredo licaniae by Hennings in the state of Goiás and as Phakopsora tomentosae by Ferreira et al. in the state of Amazonas, respectively. Recently, a Licania rust fungus collected close to the Amazonian type location sharing symptoms with the former two species was subjected to morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses using 28S nuc rDNA (ITS2-28S) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (CO3) gene sequences. Since the original type specimen of Ph. tomentosae is considered lost, we carefully reviewed the type description and questioned the identity of the telium, which justified the description of the fungus as a Phakopsora species. Furthermore, the additional revision of the type material described by Hennings revealed that Ph. tomentosae is a synonym of U. licaniae. Based on the morphological examinations, disease symptoms, and shared hosts, we concluded that the newly collected material is conspecific with U. licaniae. However, the phylogenetic analyses rejected allocation in Phakopsora and instead assigned the Licania rust fungus in a sister relationship with Austropuccinia psidii (Sphaerophragmiaceae), the causal agent of the globally invasive myrtle rust pathogen. We therefore favored a recombination of U. licaniae (syn. Ph. tomentosae) into Austropuccinia and proposed the new name Austropuccina licaniae for the second species now identified for this genus. The fungus shares conspicuous symptoms with A. psidii, causing often severe infections of growing leaves and shoots that lead to leaf necrosis, leaf shedding, and eventually to the dieback of entire shoots. In view of the very similar symptoms of its aggressively invasive sister species, we briefly discuss the current state of knowledge about A. licaniae and the potential risks, and the opportunity of its identification.
... The subsequent DNA extraction was done using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Valencia, California) following the manufacturer's protocol. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) to amplify fragments of the 28S, 18S, and CO3 gene regions were performed using primer pairs LR0R/LR6 (Moncalvo et al. 1995;Vilgalys and Hester 1990), NS1/Rust18SR (Aime 2006;White et al. 1990), and CO3-R1/CO3-F1 (Vialle et al. 2009), respectively, following conditions described in Ebinghaus et al. (2020), Ebinghaus et al. (2022)). PCR products were sequenced at Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) using the PCR primers. ...
The multicellular discoid convex teliospore heads represent a prominent generic feature of the genus Ravenelia. However, recent molecular phylogenetic work has shown that this is a convergent trait, and that this genus does not represent a natural group. In 2000, a rust fungus infecting the Caesalpinioid species Cenostigma macrophyllum (= C. gardnerianum) was described as Ravenelia cenostigmatis. This species shows some rare features, such as an extra layer of sterile cells between the cysts and the fertile teliospores, spirally ornamented urediniospores, as well as strongly incurved paraphyses giving the telia and uredinia a basket-like appearance. Using freshly collected specimens of Rav. cenostigmatis and Rav. spiralis on C. macrophyllum, our phylogenetic analyses based on the nuc 28S, nuc 18S, and mt CO3 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3) gene sequences demonstrated that these two rust fungi belong in a lineage within the Raveneliineae that is distinct from Ravenelia s. str. Besides proposing their recombination into the new genus Raveneliopsis (type species R. cenostigmatis) and briefly discussing their potentially close phylogenetic affiliations, we suggest that five other Ravenelia species that are morphologically and ecologically close to the type species of Raveneliopsis, i.e., Rav. corbula, Rav. corbuloides, Rav. parahybana, Rav. pileolarioides, and Rav. Striatiformis, may be recombined pending new collections and confirmation through molecular phylogenetic analyses.
... Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) of segments of LSU (large subunit rDNA, SSU (small subunit rDNA), and CO3 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit III) genes were performed using the GoTaq G2 Hot Start Polymerase kit (Promega, Mannheim, Germany) and the primer pairs LR0R/LR6 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990;Moncalvo et al. 1995), NS1/Rust18SR (White et al. 1990;Aime 2006), and CO3-R1/CO3-F1 (Vialle et al. 2009) for the LSU, SSU, and CO3 gene regions, respectively. For the LSU and CO3 regions, PCR conditions were as described in Ebinghaus et al. (2020). The SSU fragments were amplified using the following conditions: initial DNA denaturation at 94 C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles of DNA denaturation at 94 C for 45s, primer annealing at 53 C for 45s, and extension at 72 C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 C for 5 min. ...
The genus Cerradoa (type species Cerradoa palmaea) was established in 1978 by Hennen and Ono and named after the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The holotype collected in Planaltina, Federal District, Brazil, belonged to the first rust fungus reported on palms (Arecaceae). For decades, the status of Cerradoa as a distinct genus has been regarded as doubtful, representing a synonym of Edythea (Uropyxidaceae) starting with the second edition of the Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi in 1983. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses, as well as our morphological investigations, allowed us to reject this synonymy, leading to the reinstatement of Cerradoa within the Pucciniaceae. Cerradoa, together with morphologically similar genera such as the newly established Pseudocerradoa with two species (Ps. paullula and Ps. rhaphidophorae) infecting araceous hosts, the fern rust Desmella, and also P. engleriana, could not be assigned to any of the seven identified major lineages within the Pucciniaceae. Edythea, instead of being maintained as a member of the Uropyxidaceae, was herein placed in Pucciniaceae, shown phylogenetically in close relationship to Cumminsiella mirabilissima, both infecting the Berberidaceae. Additionally, our extensive phylogenetic analyses add guidance for future taxonomic revisions in the highly polyphyletic genus Puccinia and other established taxa within the family Pucciniaceae.
... New species of rust will certainly be found in isolated, under-explored, biodiverse areas, as well as through discovery of cryptic diversity in species complexes. For example, species diversity of rust fungi has increased through resolution of taxa in Chrysomyxa (Feau et al. 2011 , Puccinia (Demers et al. 2017;Hambleton 2010, 2013), Pucciniastrum (Liang et al. 2006), Ravenelia Ebinghaus et al. , 2020 and Uromycladium (Doungsa-ard et al. 2018) (Fig. 12). ...
Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.
... 200 species currently placed in Ravenelia, our data consistently resolved as congeneric those we now refer to Cephalotelium (Figs 3, S2). These species were also strongly supported as one of two monophyletic groups in Ravenelia s.l. by Ebinghaus et al. (2018b). Cephalotelium macowanianum (syn. ...
The rust fungi ( Pucciniales ) with 7000+ species comprise one of the largest orders of Fungi , and one for which taxonomy at all ranks remains problematic. Here we provide a taxonomic framework, based on 16 years of sampling that includes ca . 80 % of accepted genera including type species wherever possible, and three DNA loci used to resolve the deeper nodes of the rust fungus tree of life. Pucciniales are comprised of seven suborders – Araucariomycetineae subord. nov. , Melampsorineae , Mikronegeriineae , Raveneliineae subord. nov. , Rogerpetersoniineae subord. nov. , Skierkineae subord. nov. , and Uredinineae – and 18 families – Araucariomycetaceae fam. nov. , Coleosporiaceae , Crossopsoraceae fam. nov. , Gymnosporangiaceae , Melampsoraceae , Milesinaceae fam. nov. , Ochropsoraceae fam. & stat. nov. , Phakopsoraceae , Phragmidiaceae , Pileolariaceae , Pucciniaceae , Pucciniastraceae , Raveneliaceae , Rogerpetersoniaceae fam. nov. , Skierkaceae fam. & stat. nov. , Sphaerophragmiaceae , Tranzscheliaceae fam. & stat. nov. , and Zaghouaniaceae . The new genera Araucariomyces (for Aecidium fragiforme and Ae. balansae ), Neoolivea (for Olivea tectonae ), Rogerpetersonia (for Caeoma torreyae ), and Rossmanomyces (for Chrysomyxa monesis , Ch. pryrolae , and Ch. ramischiae ) are proposed. Twenty-one new combinations and one new name are introduced for: Angiopsora apoda , Angiopsora chusqueae , Angiopsora paspalicola , Araucariomyces balansae , Araucariomyces fragiformis , Cephalotelium evansii , Cephalotelium neocaledoniense , Cephalotelium xanthophloeae , Ceropsora weirii , Gymnotelium speciosum , Lipocystis acaciae-pennatulae , Neoolivea tectonae , Neophysopella kraunhiae , Phakopsora pipturi , Rogerpetersonia torreyae , Rossmanomyces monesis , Rossmanomyces pryrolae , Rossmanomyces ramischiae , Thekopsora americana , Thekopsora potentillae , Thekopsora pseudoagrimoniae , and Zaghouania notelaeae . Higher ranks are newly defined with consideration of morphology, host range and life cycle. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary and diversification trends within Pucciniales .
Rust fungi are obligate plant pathogens that belong to Basidiomycota, Puccinomycetes, Pucciniales. Guizhou Province in Southwest China is rich in plant resources and has suitable climate conditions for plant disease development, but there are few studies on rust fungi. In this study over 300 plant samples with typical rust symptoms were collected from 33 counties in various regions of Guizhou Province. These samples come from 98 different host plants in 33 families. According to ITS-BLAST comparison results, the rust fungi belonged to 17 genera of 11 families in Chaconiaceae (Mikronegeria), Coleosporiaceae (Coleosporium), Gymnosporangiaceae (Gymnosporangium), Melampsoraceae (Melampsora), Phakopsoraceae (Phakopsora), Phragmidiaceae (Gerwasia, Hamapora, Phragmidium), Pileolariaceae (Pileolaria), Pucciniaceae (Endophylum, Macropyxis, Puccinia, Uromyces), Pucciniastraceae (Pucciniastram), Tranzscheliaceae (Tranzschelia), and Uredinineae incertae sedis (Nyssopsora, Peridiopsora). Phylogenetic analysis based on combined sequence data of ITS, LSU and tef1α loci, coupled with morphological evidence, support the species identification. Ninety-three species of rust fungi were obtained, comprising 29 novel taxa and 61 known species. Most of the rust species belonged to Pucciniaceae (48.9%), while the most prevalent host family infected was Rosaceae (21.9%). The Rosaceae are particularly susceptible to Phragmidium spp.
A new species of rust fungi Nyssopsora toonae discovered on living leaves of Toona sinensis (≡ Cedrela sinensis) from Uttarakhand, India, is described and illustrated. N. cedrelae is also reported on the same host plant, but differs from N. toonae which has a wide range of cells (1-4) and diverse teliospores shapes. Such features are not reported in any other species of the Nyssopsora. In a phylogenetic analyses based on partial 28S large subunit (LSU), 18S smaller subunit (SSU), cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, all the Nyssopsora spp. along with N. toonae clustered together and form a separate and independent monophyletic lineage sister to Pucciniaceae in Pucciniales. The new family Nyssopsoraceae is introduced to accommodate this lineage based on the phylogenetic evidence and morphological differences from other known families. Nyssopsoraceae is characterised by its teliospores borne singly on a pedicel, with simple or branched projections all over the surface, composed of 1-4 cells (mostly 3-celled), and diverse shape. The teliospores spherical to subspherical (1-celled), dumbbell (2-celled), linearly arranged to triquetrous (3-celled), or T-shaped to tetrahedron (4-celled). A comparison of the morphological features, host plants and geographical distribution of all validly accepted species of Nyssopsora is provided.
Two Cerrado rust fungi, Phakopsora rossmaniae and Aplopsora hennenii, described in 1993 and 1995 and originally assigned to families Phakopsoraceae and Ochropsoraceae, respectively, were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using fragments of the nuc 28S and 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) gene. Although both taxa were morphologically well placed in their original genera, they were shown to belong in a strongly supported new lineage within the Raveneliineae distant from the Phakopsoraceae and Ochropsoraceae. Therefore, we properly treated this lineage as the new genus Cerradopsora now harboring C. rossmaniae (type species) and C. hennenii. However, this novel phakopsoroid genus remains in uncertain familial position without support to be included in any of the families that share space within the Raveneliineae.
Rusts constitute a major group of the Kingdom Fungi and they are distributed all over the world on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. It is the largest natural group of plant pathogens including 95% of the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and about 8% of all described Fungi. This article provides an overview and outline of rust fungi of India with important descriptive notes. After compilation of available literature on Indian rust fungi from various sources, it was observed that these fungi are distributed in 16 families, 69 genera and 640 species. They belong to Coleosporiaceae, Crossopsoraceae, Gymnosporangiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Milesinaceae, Ochropsoraceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae, Skierkaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae, Tranzscheliaceae and Zaghouaniaceae. There are still many rust fungi with uncertain taxonomic position, and they have been referred to incertae sedis. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class, order and family-level along with number of species in a genus. Notes for each rust family along with total Indian records and other taxonomic information on transferred genera and species are also presented. A phylogenetic analysis from a combined LSU and ITS dataset for 25 rust genera is presented to provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
