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Phylogenetic placement of Neobaryopsis (highlighted) within Hypocreales (including Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae) inferred with ML analyses of combined nrSSU, nrLSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 dataset for 50 OTUs. Thick branches represent bootstrap values ≥ 70% and/or Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95. The lichenicolous species are bolded. The scale bar represents number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
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Neotropical mountain forests are characterized by having hyperdiverse and unusual fungi inhabiting lichens. The great majority of these lichenicolous fungi (i.e., detectable by light microscopy) remain undescribed and their phylogenetic relationships are mostly unknown. This study focuses on lichenicolous fungi inhabiting the genus Lobariella ( Pel...
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... iaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, and Stachybotriaceae; nrLSU: 853 bp, RPB1: 708 bp, RPB2: 1074 bp, and TEF1: 960 bp for 106 OTUs; Fig. 3), Neobaryopsis, Hypocreales (including Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipita- ceae, Hypocreaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae; nrSSU: 1032 bp, nrLSU: 823 bp, RPB1: 700 bp, RPB2: 945 bp, and TEF1: 984 bp for 50 OTUs; Fig. 4), Pseudodidymocyrtis, Pleosporales (including Didymosphaeriaceae, Lentitheciaceae, and Massarinaceae; nrSSU: 987 bp, nrITS: 400 bp, and nrLSU: 875 bp for 65 OTUs; Fig. 5), Lawreyella, Helotiales (including Chlorociboriaceae, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiaceae, and Sclerotiniaceae; nrSSU: 1451 bp, nr5.8S: 456 bp, and nrLSU: 1130 bp for 50 ...
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... new genus Neobaryopsis (A.F. 25976-1 and J.E. 20-11) represents, together with the genus Simplicillium, the fi rst lineage to split from the rest of the Cordycipitaceae (a result well-supported by bootstrap and Bayesian analyses, Fig. 4). The type species of the genera Lichenobarya (L. usneae) and Neobarya (N. parasitica) are resolved in diff erent families (Hypocreaceae and Clavicipitaceae, respectively). Their relatively distant relationship to Neobaryopsis, confi rms the results by Lawrey et al. (2015). An anamorphic specimem of Neobaryopsis andensis (A.F. 25967-2 ...
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... Neobarya (N. parasitica) are resolved in diff erent families (Hypocreaceae and Clavicipitaceae, respectively). Their relatively distant relationship to Neobaryopsis, confi rms the results by Lawrey et al. (2015). An anamorphic specimem of Neobaryopsis andensis (A.F. 25967-2 the clade represented by specimens in the sexual state of this species (Fig. ...
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... Phylogenetic analyses revealed a strongly supported placement of Neobaryopsis in Cordycipitaceae (Fig. 4) and its recognition as a distinct genus within the group of Neobarya-like lichenicolous fungi. Neobaryopsis andensis occurs on Lobariella and is characterized by having very particular narrowly pyriform, yellowish to orange ascomata developing on a reduced white arachnoid subiculum, and large, multiseptate needle-like ascospores. Its ...
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... previous study of Neobarya s.lat. by Lawrey et al. (2015) showed that the genus is polyphyletic. Neobarya s.str. belongs to Clavicipitaceae. Therefore, the new genus Lichenobarya (member of Hypocreaceae s.lat.; Fig. 4) was established for N. usneae. We confirm the polyphyly of Neobarya s.lat. ( Lawrey et al. 2015) and introduced Neobaryopsis, another genus in the Neobarya-like lichenicolous species group inhabiting Lobariella (Fig. 4). Neobaryopsis andensis is well supported within Cordycipitaceae and is characterized by having very particular ...
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... polyphyletic. Neobarya s.str. belongs to Clavicipitaceae. Therefore, the new genus Lichenobarya (member of Hypocreaceae s.lat.; Fig. 4) was established for N. usneae. We confirm the polyphyly of Neobarya s.lat. ( Lawrey et al. 2015) and introduced Neobaryopsis, another genus in the Neobarya-like lichenicolous species group inhabiting Lobariella (Fig. 4). Neobaryopsis andensis is well supported within Cordycipitaceae and is characterized by having very particular narrowly pyriform yellowish to orange ascomata developing on reduced white arachnoid subiculum, large multiseptate needle-like ascospores, and an asexual state consisting of short synnemata with pale yellowish to pink conidial ...
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... iaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, and Stachybotriaceae; nrLSU: 853 bp, RPB1: 708 bp, RPB2: 1074 bp, and TEF1: 960 bp for 106 OTUs; Fig. 3), Neobaryopsis, Hypocreales (including Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipita- ceae, Hypocreaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae; nrSSU: 1032 bp, nrLSU: 823 bp, RPB1: 700 bp, RPB2: 945 bp, and TEF1: 984 bp for 50 OTUs; Fig. 4), Pseudodidymocyrtis, Pleosporales (including Didymosphaeriaceae, Lentitheciaceae, and Massarinaceae; nrSSU: 987 bp, nrITS: 400 bp, and nrLSU: 875 bp for 65 OTUs; Fig. 5), Lawreyella, Helotiales (including Chlorociboriaceae, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiaceae, and Sclerotiniaceae; nrSSU: 1451 bp, nr5.8S: 456 bp, and nrLSU: 1130 bp for 50 ...
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... new genus Neobaryopsis (A.F. 25976-1 and J.E. 20-11) represents, together with the genus Simplicillium, the fi rst lineage to split from the rest of the Cordycipitaceae (a result well-supported by bootstrap and Bayesian analyses, Fig. 4). The type species of the genera Lichenobarya (L. usneae) and Neobarya (N. parasitica) are resolved in diff erent families (Hypocreaceae and Clavicipitaceae, respectively). Their relatively distant relationship to Neobaryopsis, confi rms the results by Lawrey et al. (2015). An anamorphic specimem of Neobaryopsis andensis (A.F. 25967-2 ...
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... Neobarya (N. parasitica) are resolved in diff erent families (Hypocreaceae and Clavicipitaceae, respectively). Their relatively distant relationship to Neobaryopsis, confi rms the results by Lawrey et al. (2015). An anamorphic specimem of Neobaryopsis andensis (A.F. 25967-2 the clade represented by specimens in the sexual state of this species (Fig. ...
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... Phylogenetic analyses revealed a strongly supported placement of Neobaryopsis in Cordycipitaceae (Fig. 4) and its recognition as a distinct genus within the group of Neobarya-like lichenicolous fungi. Neobaryopsis andensis occurs on Lobariella and is characterized by having very particular narrowly pyriform, yellowish to orange ascomata developing on a reduced white arachnoid subiculum, and large, multiseptate needle-like ascospores. Its ...
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... previous study of Neobarya s.lat. by Lawrey et al. (2015) showed that the genus is polyphyletic. Neobarya s.str. belongs to Clavicipitaceae. Therefore, the new genus Lichenobarya (member of Hypocreaceae s.lat.; Fig. 4) was established for N. usneae. We confirm the polyphyly of Neobarya s.lat. ( Lawrey et al. 2015) and introduced Neobaryopsis, another genus in the Neobarya-like lichenicolous species group inhabiting Lobariella (Fig. 4). Neobaryopsis andensis is well supported within Cordycipitaceae and is characterized by having very particular ...
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... polyphyletic. Neobarya s.str. belongs to Clavicipitaceae. Therefore, the new genus Lichenobarya (member of Hypocreaceae s.lat.; Fig. 4) was established for N. usneae. We confirm the polyphyly of Neobarya s.lat. ( Lawrey et al. 2015) and introduced Neobaryopsis, another genus in the Neobarya-like lichenicolous species group inhabiting Lobariella (Fig. 4). Neobaryopsis andensis is well supported within Cordycipitaceae and is characterized by having very particular narrowly pyriform yellowish to orange ascomata developing on reduced white arachnoid subiculum, large multiseptate needle-like ascospores, and an asexual state consisting of short synnemata with pale yellowish to pink conidial ...
Citations
... Diederich et al. (2018) listed 64 species of Sclerococcum, which included 46 new combinations of lichenicolous species that had previously been assigned to Dactylospora (Diederich et al. 2018). In the past five years, eight new species and five new combinations belonging to lichenicolous fungi of this genus have been published (Elix et al. 2019;Flakus et al. 2019;Fryday 2019;Olariaga et al. 2019;Spribille et al. 2020;Joshi 2021;Zimmermann and Berger 2021;Zhurbenko 2022;Paz-Bermúdez et al. 2023). The sexual morph of Sclerococcum has superficial to stalked black apothecia, and amyloid asci with an apical gelatinous cap whereas the asexual morph has blackish sporodochial-stromatic conidiomata, dark brown uni-to multi-cellular conidia (Diederich et al. 2013;Olariaga et al. 2019;Joshi 2021). ...
The lichenicolous species Sclerococcum glaucomarioides growing on the lichen Ochrolechia akagiensis is newly reported from China. This study provides an illustration and morphological description for this species, complemented by phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and mtSSU sequence data. The taxon is characterized by adpressed to sessile apothecia that are round to angular with black disc, hymenium with brownish color, 25–40 μm high, broadly cylindrical to subclavate 8-spored asci, 20–30 × 10–15 μm, with euamyloid apical cap and brown ascospores with 2–3 transverse septa.
... This hyperparasitic species lives on black thalli and ascomata of Lichenopeltella ramalinae. It was known from Bolivia, Portugal, and Spain; in Spain, it was recorded from Cáceres and Madrid provinces [56]. ...
... We found two species of Spirographa not yet described in the studied region. The first one was growing on apothecia of Melanohalea exasperata, and it developed dispersed, subglobose, erumpent, black pycnidia, with Y-morph conidia similar to those of S. usneae [56]. The second one was growing on Lecanora chlarotera apothecia. ...
We have found 117 taxa of lichenicolous fungi in the studied area. In this paper, we describe five taxa: Arthonia boomiana on Nephromopsis chlorophylla, Lawalreea burgaziana on Platismatia glauca, Pronectria scrobiculatae on Lobarina scrobiculata, Trichonectria parmeliellae on Parmeliella testacea and Trichonectria rubefaciens ssp. cryptoramalinae on Ramalina. Furthermore, the next records are interesting chorologically from the Iberian Peninsula: Arthophacopsis parmeliarum, Catillaria lobariicola, Lichenopuccinia poeltii, Myxotrichum bicolor, Nanostictis christiansenii, Niesslia lobariae, Opegrpaha sphaerophoricola, Pronectria fragmospora, Rhymbocarpus aggregatus, R. neglectus, and Tremella cetrariicola.
... Lichenicolous fungi grow exclusively on lichens and are distributed among various taxonomic groups, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa accepted in 2018 worldwide (Diederich et al. 2018). New species are being described at an unprecedented rate suggesting that the real diversity is much higher than the current number of described taxa (e.g., Flakus et al. 2019;Zhurbenko & Ohmura 2020;Ertz et al. 2021;Zhurbenko 2021;Diederich et al. 2022a, b;Freire-Rallo et al. 2023). ...
A lichenicolous fungus forming large black, vertically elongate, campylidia-like conidiomata on the thallus of Ochrolechia was recently collected in Austria, Mexico and the USA. The conidia are so remarkable in being multiappendiculate that initially no existing fungal genera appeared to be suitable for its description. Nevertheless, molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuITS and nuLSU sequences recovered the species within the genus Mycocalicium. To date, no species of Mycocaliciales has been reported producing appendiculate conidia. The species is described as new M. campylidiophorum. The new species was also discovered in the type specimen of Opegrapha chionographa that was collected in Colombia 163 years ago. This discovery led us to revise O. chionographa, originally described as a lichen, and clarify that in fact the name applies to a lichenicolous fungus based on type material that is an admixture of M. campylidiophorum, an Ochrolechia and an Opegrapha species. The name is shown to apply to the Opegrapha species and lectotypified as such. Opegrapha blakii is treated as synonym of O. chionographa.
... Charakteristische Merkmale sind die anfangs perithecienartig geschlossenen Ascomata, ohne Periphysen und mit selten verzweigten Paraphysen. Ascosporen hyalin, nadelförmig, sigmoid und querseptiert, im Ascus zu 16-32 spiralig angeordnet (Flakus et al. 2019). Das Anamorph von Spirographa-Arten bildet Conidiomata mit Y-förmigen Conidien mit oder ohne cilienartigen Anhängsel an den Armen. ...
... 11). Flakus et al. (2019) haben das gleiche beobachtet. Die anatomischen Merkmale des Beleg Zi 1842 werden hier aufgeführt: Teleomorph; Ascomata tonnenförmig, 120-220 µm Durchmesser, aggregiert auf dem Stroma von Lichenopeltella ramalinae. ...
... Anamorph; Konidiomata auf den Stromata von Lichenopeltella ramalinae aufsitzend, kugelförmig 60-100 µm Durchmesser, gelbbraun, dann schwarz, unregelmäßig öffnend. Conidien hyalin, tetraedrisch mit 3-4 Höckern, 7-10 µm Durchmesser (Brackel 2011, Flakus et al. 2019 Die meisten Arten der Gattung Tremella sind sehr wirtsspezifisch und induzieren auf dem Wirtsthallus cremefarbige, verschieden geformte Basidiomata (Diederich 1996). Im Schweizer Jura, dem Hauptverbreitungsgebiet der Wirtsflechte in der Schweiz ist Tremella ramalinae relativ häufig (CH = 7). ...
Lichenicolous Fungi of Switzerland
... Clades B and C comprise lignicoloussexual species derived from terrestrial and marine environments, respectively. In contrast, clade D comprises asexual Sclerococcum species from both lichenicolus and lignicolus terrestrial habitats (Schoch et al. 2009;Diederich et al. 2013Diederich et al. , 2018Pang et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Flakus et al. 2019;Olariaga et al. 2019;Haelewaters et al. 2022;Thiyagaraja et al. 2022). This phenomenon may be related to the limited specimens sampled and the adaptation of species to environmental changes. ...
In this study, four terrestrial collections of bactrodesmium-like hyphomycetous fungi were isolated from rotten wood in Guizhou Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined LSU, ITS, mtSSU, and SSU sequence matrix indicate that these four isolates represent one species belonging to the Sclerococcum within the Dactylosporaceae, and present a distinct lineage. Therefore, Sclerococcum pseudobactrodesmium sp. nov. was introduced with corresponding morphological descriptions. Sclerococcum pseudobactrodesmium represents the first lignicolous asexual species from a terrestrial habitat.
... However, N. karka can be distinguished, based on differences in asci size (N. karka, 80-109 × 10-14 μm; N. arundinis 60-85 × (7.5-) 8.5-10.5 μm; N. didymospora 125-160 × 9.5-14 μm) and the obvious oval shape of its ascomata Flakus et al. 2019). In our phylogram, Neokalmusia karka formed a well-supported separate clade (100% ML, 1 BYPP; Fig. 1) in a sister relationship with N. arundinis and N. didymospora. ...
Pleosporales comprise a diverse group of fungi with a global distribution and significant ecological importance. A survey on Pleosporales (in Didymosphaeriaceae, Roussoellaceae and Nigrogranaceae) in Guizhou Province, China, was conducted. Specimens were identified, based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using a dataset composed of ITS, LSU, SSU, tef 1 and rpb 2 loci. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses were performed. As a result, three new species ( Neokalmusia karka , Nigrograna schinifolium and N. trachycarpus ) have been discovered, along with two new records for China ( Roussoella neopustulans and R. doimaesalongensis ) and a known species ( Roussoella pseudohysterioides ). Morphologically similar species and phylogenetically close taxa are compared and discussed. This study provides detailed information and descriptions of all newly-identified taxa.
... Unfortunately, many of the described lichenicolous species lack molecular data, which has affect our understanding of their phylogenetic placements and evolutionary histories for a long time. However, recent studies have started to include various groups of lichenicolous fungi in phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the lichenicolous lifestyle has evolved independently multiple times in major fungal groups and resulted in the discovery of novel lineages (Crespo et al. 2010;Diederich et al. 2022;Divakar et al. 2015;Ertz and Diederich 2015;Ertz et al. 2014;Flakus et al. 2019aFlakus et al. , 2019bMuggia and Grube 2018;Muggia et al. 2015Muggia et al. , 2019Pérez-Ortega et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Suija et al. 2015). ...
... and the partial nuc rDNA large subunit (28S) with primers ITS5 and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990;White et al. 1990), and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (tef-1) with primers EF1-2228R and EF1-1983F (Rehner and Samuels 1995). The amplification parameters and additional detailed information on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), visualization of amplicons, and preparation of samples can be found in Rodriguez Flakus and Printzen (2014) and Flakus et al. (2019b). PCR amplicons were sequenced by Macrogen (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). ...
... Notes: Acrospermum bolivianum occurs on lichen thalli, and this species is characterized by having very particular obovoid to elongate pyriform, dark grayish brown ascomata developing on an evident white arachnoid subiculum, and large, multiseptate needlelike ascospores. This morphology makes it somehow similar to lichenicolous members of the order Hypocreales, e.g., Lichenobarya , Neobaryopsis (Flakus et al. 2019b), or Neobarya (Candoussau et al. 2007). However, phylogenetic analyses reveal instead a strongly supported placement of the new species in Acrospermales (FIG. ...
Acrospermales represent one of the least studied lineages of Dothideomycetes and are characterized by diverse ecological strategies, including saprotrophic, epiphytic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, and bryophilous lifestyles. The order is composed of two teleomorphic genera, Acrospermum and Oomyces, and five anamorphic genera of unclear relationships. The objectives of the study were to establish the phylogenetic position of Acrospermum species collected from lichens in the tropical forest of Bolivia and to infer the evolution of the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales. Our results reveal that the examined specimens from Bolivia represent a new species, A. bolivianum, which is well characterized by its phylogenetic distinctness, morphological characteristics, and host selection. The new species is the first lichenicolous member of Acrospermum and forms a well-supported clade sister to the bryophilous Acrospermum adeanum. The evolution of lifestyles, concluded by phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions, indicated that the saprotrophic lifestyle is ancestral to Acrospermales. This corresponds to their close relationship to other saprotrophic lineages of Dothideomycetes and indicates that the wide spectrum of nutritional strategies, currently observed in Acrospermales, may be a result of more recent shifts in their ecology. Our results also suggest that the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales appeared independently at least two times. Lichenicolous species are represented in our data set by Acrospermum bolivianum and Gonatophragmium physciae, which evolved from lichenicolous and plant-parasite ancestors, respectively. The genus Oomyces, represented by O. carneoalbus, was included for the first time in the phylogenetic analysis and showed a sister relationship to the remaining taxa of Acrospermales.
... Conidiogenous cells not observed. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, triangular to irregular in shape, (3.5-) 3.7 (Flakus et al., 2019) where it was found to be growing on Parmotrema. In India the species is being reported from the state of Uttarakhand and growing on Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale which is a new host for the species (Fig. 5). ...
The current study reports ten lichenicolous fungi as new distributional record for India: Arthonia
pepei Etayo and Pérez-Ortega, Cladophialophora parmeliae (Etayo and Diederich) Diederich and Unter.,
Didymocyrtis melanelixiae (Brackel) Diederich, R.C. Harris and Etayo, Nesolechia thallicola (A. Massal.)
Rehm, Ovicuculispora parmeliae (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) Etayo, Pyrenidium aggregatum Knudsen and
Kocoruk., Sclerococcum pseudosipmanii Zhurb. and Diederich, Spirographa parmotrematis Flakus, Etayo and
Miądl., Steinia geophana (Nyl.) Stein and Zwackhiomyces macrosporus Alstrup and Olech. Further, Arthonia
pepei, Nesolechia thallicola, Pyrenidium aggregatum, Spirographa parmotrematis, Steinia geophana and
Zwackhiomyces macrosporus have also extended their host range.
... Cordycipitaceae was split from Clavicipitaceae by Sung et al. (2007) based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. At present, Cordycipitaceae is composed of 24 genera, Akanthomyces, Ascopolyporus, Beauveria, Blackwellomyces, Cordyceps, Engyodontium, Flavocillium, Gamszarea, Gibellula, Hevansia, Hyperdermium, Jenniferia, Leptobacillium, Liangia, Neobaryopsis, Neohyperdermium, Neotorrubiella, Niveomyces, Parahevansia, Parengyodontium, Pleurodesmospora, Polystromomyces, Samsoniella, and Simplicillium (Sung et al. 2007, Andersen et al. 2009, Zare et al. 2016, Kepler et al. 2017, Mongkolsamrit et al. 2018, Flakus et al. 2019, Wang et al. 2020, Zhang et al. 2020, Arauji et al. 2022. Cordyceps as the type genus of Cordycipitaceae, contains more than 180 species (https:// www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62MKV, ...
A species of entomopathogenic fungi was found on ants in Guizhou Province, China. It is described as Cordyceps poluscapitis (Cordycipitaceae), a novel species with both a sexual and an asexual morph. Cordyceps species are characterized by producing brightly coloured, fleshy stromata and long, filiform ascospores. Cordyceps poluscapitis is unique in that it is parasitic on ants and produces multiple-septate conidia. Multi-gene phylogeny based on combined sequence data of 6-loci genes (ITS, SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2) confirmed that it is a new species in Cordyceps.
... Neothyronectria was synonymised with Thyronectria based on morphological and phylogenetic data by Voglmayr et al. (2022). Based on phylogenetic analysis and following Flakus et al. (2019), we accept Globonectria, which was previously placed in Bionectriaceae, in Nectriaceae. Murinectria was excluded from Nectriaceae. ...
... Conidiogenous cells aseptate, straight to slightly curved, wider at the base and tapering towards the apex, hyaline. Conidia aseptate, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, not truncate, hyaline (adapted from Etayo 2002;Flakus et al. 2019). ...
... Known distribution: Colombia (Etayo 2002), Bolivia (Flakus et al. 2019) Notes: Globonectria is a lichenicolous genus epiphytic on Lobariella crenulata and L. pallida (Etayo 2002;Flakus et al. 2019), and morphogically closer to Pronectria species (Etayo 2002). However, the genus was previously accepted in Bionectriaceae (Etayo 2002;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015Maharachchikumbura et al. , 2016Wijayawardene et al. 2020Wijayawardene et al. , 2022. ...
This paper provides outlines for Bionectriaceae, Calcarisporiaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Tilachlidiaceae, Ijuhyaceae, Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae with taxonomic treatments. We provide up-to-date DNA sequence-based phylogenies including combined gene analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 for Hypocreales and accept 17 families. Three new families and 12 new species are introduced with descriptions and illustrations, while 13 new records and one new species combination are provided. Here we mainly detail the taxonomy of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae, Ijuhyaceae fam. nov., Stromatonectriaceae fam. nov. and Xanthonectriaceae fam. nov. are introduced in this study based on phenotypic and molecular analyses. For each family we provide a list of accepted genera, the taxonomic history, morphological descriptions, taxonomic placement based on DNA sequence data and illustrate the type genus. Representatives of each family are illustrated based on the type herbarium material or fresh specimens where available, or provide relevant references. Notes on ecological and economic importance of the families are also given.
