Figure - available from: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Phylogenetic and carotenoid analysis of Sphingobium sp. KIB. (A) A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Sphingobium sp. KIB and its related taxa. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. Numbers at nodes indicated bootstrap percentages (based on 1,000 resampled datasets). (B) Absorption profile of carotenoids extracted from the strain KIB. 1. Nostoxanthin, 2. Caloxanthin. (C) Absorption spectrum of peak 1.
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Carotenoids represent the most abundant lipid-soluble phytochemicals that have been shown to exhibit benefits for nutrition and health. The production of natural carotenoids is not yet cost effective to compete with chemically synthetic ones. Therefore, the demand for natural carotenoids and improved efficiency of carotenoid biosynthesis has driven...
Citations
... It has also been demonstrated that a reduction in pentose phosphate pathway flux leads to an increase in carotenoid content. Genetic breeding studies which aimed to increase the β-carotene production in bacteria have also been conducted [16,17]. Furthermore, the optimization of the medium plays a crucial role in improving the carotenoid yield. ...
β-carotene possesses antioxidant properties and holds significant research value. In our study, we have successfully identified a strain of Pantoea dispersa MSC14 which has the capability to produce β-carotene. By incorporating corn steep liquor powder into culture medium and employing mutagenesis breeding techniques, we have successfully increased the production of β-carotene in the MSC14 strain by 13.97% and 29.22%, respectively. To gain further insights, we conducted genomic and transcriptomics analyses. These analyses revealed a significant mutation in the gndA (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) gene of the mutant strain 14P9, resulting in a 33.74% decrease in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity. Using transcriptomics analysis, we investigated the impact of this mutation on β-carotene production and explored the interconnectedness between carbon metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and β-carotene synthesis. The up-regulation of the trxC (Thioredoxin-2) gene, as observed in both transcriptomics results, prompted us to construct strains that overexpress trxC. This manipulation resulted in a notable 15.89% increase in β-carotene production, highlighting the significant impact of of the trxC gene on the β-carotene content of Pantoea dispersa. In conclusion, our study has successfully identified Pantoea dispersa MSC14 as a proficient producer of β-carotene. Furthermore, we have uncovered two genes implicated in the biosynthesis of β-carotene. These findings enhance our understanding of β-carotene synthesis and provide valuable guidance for carotenoid biosynthesis.
... When ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen source, the lowest carotenoid production was determined [36]. While the highest growth of the bacterium Sphingobium sp. was detected using diammonium hydrogen phosphate, complex nitrogen sources, like tryptone, soya peptone, and okara, were found to be the best options for the production of the carotenoid nostoxanthin [38]. The fungi Umbelopsis ramanniana produces, using diammonium hydrogen phosphate and the carbon source maltose, the highest amount of carotenoids compared to other nitrogen sources, while using the carbon source glucose, the lowest amount of carotenoids is produced [39]. ...
... Urea increased the production of total carotenoids and, in particular, β-carotene in Flavobacterium multivorum, likely by inhibiting hydroxylase activity, thereby decreasing the production of zeaxanthin [40]. While some studies indicated higher carotenoid yields using organic nitrogen sources, this finding could not be observed in Microbacterium paraoxydans or in the presented data in this study [38,41]. ...
The oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis JCM3201T offers various unique enzyme capabilities, and it is a potential producer of industrially relevant compounds, such as triacylglycerol and carotenoids. To develop this strain into an efficient production platform, the characterization of the strain’s nutritional requirement is necessary. In this work, we investigate its substrate adaptability. Therefore, the strain was cultivated using nine nitrogen and eight carbon sources at a carbon (16 g L−1) and nitrogen (0.16 g L−1) weight ratio of 100:1. The highest biomass accumulation (3.1 ± 0.14 g L−1) was achieved using glucose and ammonium acetate. The highest lipid yield (156.7 ± 23.0 mg g−1DCW) was achieved using glucose and yeast extract after 192 h. In order to enhance the dependent variables: biomass, lipid and carotenoid accumulation after 192 h, for the first time, a central composite design was employed to determine optimal nitrogen and carbon concentrations. Nine different concentrations were tested. The center point was tested in five biological replicates, while all other concentrations were tested in duplicates. While the highest biomass (8.00 ± 0.27 g L−1) was reached at C:N of 18.87 (11 g L−1 carbon, 0.583 g L−1 nitrogen), the highest lipid yield (100.5 ± 4.3 mg g−1DCW) was determined using a medium with 11 g L−1 of carbon and only 0.017 g L−1 of nitrogen. The highest carotenoid yield (0.021 ± 0.001 Abs454nm mg−1DCW) was achieved at a C:N of 12 (6 g L−1 carbon, 0.5 g L−1 nitrogen). The presented results provide new insights into the physiology of R. erythropolis under variable nutritional states, enabling the selection of an optimized media composition for the production of valuable oleochemicals or pigments, such as rare odd-chain fatty acids and monocyclic carotenoids.
... In addition, few studies have sought to determine the biological effects of phytoene and phytofluene individually, with a more common association with lycopene, commonly from ingestion of tomato or tomato derivative, making it difficult to distinguish the effects of these carotenoids . Biotechnological production has been indicated as an alternative for obtaining colorless carotenoids, particularly in the studies developed by Neagu et al. (2019) and Liu et al. (2021). These studies employed a variety of residues, which have shown to be a more viable route than extraction from plant matrices. ...
Food loss and waste are severe social, economic, and environmental issues. An example is the incorrect handling of waste or by-products used to obtain bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids. This review aimed to present a comprehensive overview of research on lycopene, phytoene, and phytofluene obtained from waste and by-products. In this study, an integrative literature approach was coupled with bibliometric analysis to provide a broad perspective of the topic. PRISMA guidelines were used to search studies in the Web of Science database systematically. Articles were included if (1) employed waste or by-products to obtain lycopene, phytoene, and phytofluene or (2) performed applications of the carotenoids previously extracted from waste sources. Two hundred and four articles were included in the study, and the prevalent theme was research on the recovery of lycopene from tomato processing. However, the scarcity of studies on colorless carotenoids (phytoene and phytofluene) was evidenced, although these are generally associated with lycopene. Different technologies were used to extract lycopene from plant matrices, with a clear current trend toward choosing environmentally friendly alternatives. Microbial production of carotenoids from various wastes is a highly competitive alternative to conventional processes. The results described here can guide future forays into the subject, especially regarding research on phytoene and phytofluene, potential and untapped sources of carotenoids from waste and by-products, and in choosing more efficient, safe, and environmentally sustainable extraction protocols.
... Visual color screening is the most common method used for the screening of chemicals with color. However, producing other chemicals with color or environmental perturbation (for example, under different culture conditions) (12,13) often leads to a false-positive ratio. For instance, the accumulation of intermediates, such as lycopene (red-colored compound) during the production of b-carotene (red-orange-colored compound), or lycopene and canthaxanthin (red-colored compound) during the production of astaxanthin (red-colored compound) affects the efficiency of visual screening (13,14). ...
β-Carotene is a high-value-added product that is widely used in the aquaculture, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In our previous study, Yarrowia lipolytica has been engineered extensively to produce β-carotene.
A novel, nostoxanthin-producing, endophytic bacterium, designated as AK-PDB1-5T, was isolated from the needle-like leaves of the Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) collected from Mt. Halla in Jeju, South Korea. A 16S rRNA sequence comparison indicated that the closest phylogenetic neighbors were Sphingomonas crusticola MIMD3T (95.6%) and Sphingomonas jatrophae S5-249T (95.3%) of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Strain AK-PDB1-5T had a genome size of 4,298,284 bp with a 67.8% G + C content, and digital DNA–DNA hybridization and OrthoANI values with the most closely related species of only 19.5–21% and 75.1–76.8%, respectively. Cells of the strain AK-PDB1-5T were Gram-negative, short rods, oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) in the absence of NaCl at 4–37°C (optimum 25–30°C). Strain AK-PDB1-5T contained C14:0 2OH, C16:0 and summed feature 8 as the major cellular fatty acids (> 10%), while sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids and lipids were found to be the major polar lipids. The strain produces a yellow carotenoid pigment; natural products prediction via AntiSMASH tool found zeaxanthin biosynthesis clusters in the entire genome. Biophysical characterization by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy and ESI-MS studies confirmed the yellow pigment was nostoxanthin. In addition, strain AK-PDB1-5T was found significantly promote Arabidopsis seedling growth under salt conditions by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis results, strain AK-PDB1-5T was determined to be a novel species in the genus Sphingomonas with the proposed name Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens sp. nov. The type strain is AK-PDB1-5T (= KCTC 82822T = CCTCC AB 2021150T).
