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Phylogenetic analyses of nairoviruses. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the RdRp protein sequences of representative viruses in the family Nairoviridae (A), the S segment of JANV and SGLV (B), and the S segment of BJNV and YCNV (C). All the viruses obtained in ticks here were highlighted in red, and the closest referenced viruses were also highlighted in bold font. In panel B and C, viral strains discovered from ticks were marked with red-filled circles, while strains found in humans were marked with blue-filled circles. Abbreviations: JANV, Ji'an nariovirus; SGLV, Songling virus; TCTV1, Tacheng tick virus 1; SXTV2, Shanxi tick virus 2; HNTV, Henan tick virus; YCNV, Yichun nariovirus; BJNV, Beiji nariovirus; GKTV, Gakugsa tick virus; PTV, Pustyn virus; NWNV1, Norway nairovirus 1; GTV, Grotenhout virus. The accession numbers of the viral sequences used in the trees were shown in Supplementary Table S3, 4.
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Recently, several emerging tick-borne viruses have been identified to be associated with human diseases in northeastern China. Here, we used metagenomics to investigate the virome diversity in Haemaphysalis japonica, H. conicinna, Dermacentor silvarum , and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in northeastern China. A total of 22 RNA viruses were identified an...
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... the phylogenetic tree of the family Nairoviridae, SGLV-NE, together with SGLV, formed a separate clade from other viral members in the genus Orthonariovirus, including Ji'an nariovirus, Tacheng tick virus 1, and Tamdy virus (Fig. 4A). SGLV-NE was identified in two libraries TH1 and TH2 of the H. concinna ticks from Tahe in DXAM, and clustered together with SGLV strains isolated from tick-bitten patients (Fig. 4B), with nt identities of 92.4-99.2% (Extended data Table E5, 6) (26). JANV, genetically related to SGLV with nt identities of 70.7-73.5%, was a novel ...
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... together with SGLV, formed a separate clade from other viral members in the genus Orthonariovirus, including Ji'an nariovirus, Tacheng tick virus 1, and Tamdy virus (Fig. 4A). SGLV-NE was identified in two libraries TH1 and TH2 of the H. concinna ticks from Tahe in DXAM, and clustered together with SGLV strains isolated from tick-bitten patients (Fig. 4B), with nt identities of 92.4-99.2% (Extended data Table E5, 6) (26). JANV, genetically related to SGLV with nt identities of 70.7-73.5%, was a novel identified nairovirus (Table S5, BJNV and YCNV, belonging to an unclassified Norwavirus-like group, showed close relationships to Norway nairovirus 1 and Grotenhout virus (Fig. 4A), with nt ...
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... patients (Fig. 4B), with nt identities of 92.4-99.2% (Extended data Table E5, 6) (26). JANV, genetically related to SGLV with nt identities of 70.7-73.5%, was a novel identified nairovirus (Table S5, BJNV and YCNV, belonging to an unclassified Norwavirus-like group, showed close relationships to Norway nairovirus 1 and Grotenhout virus (Fig. 4A), with nt identities of 75.4-79.6% (Segment L and S, Extended data Table E7, 8). BJNV was identified in seven I. persulcatus tick libraries in all the three regions, suggesting the wide distribution of the virus in NE China. All the BJNV NE strains were clustered together with BJNV strains identified in tick-bitten patients and I. ...
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... L and S, Extended data Table E7, 8). BJNV was identified in seven I. persulcatus tick libraries in all the three regions, suggesting the wide distribution of the virus in NE China. All the BJNV NE strains were clustered together with BJNV strains identified in tick-bitten patients and I. persulcatus tick in NE China and GSTV detected in Russia (Fig. 4C), with nt identities of 96.2-100% (Segment L and S, Extended data ...
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Background:
Ticks act as important vectors of infectious agents, and several emerging tick-borne viruses have recently been identified to be associated with human diseases in northeastern China. However, little is known about the tick virome in northeastern China.
Methods:
Ticks collected from April 2020 to July 2021 were pooled for metagenomic...
Citations
... I. persulcatus is the principal vector of the agents of Lyme borreliosis, Rickettsioses, and Babesioses along with A. phagocytophilum and clinically relevant human pathogen Jingmen tick virus (Alongshan virus) and Far-Eastern strain of TBEV (56). D. silvarum and H. concinna had also been linked with several tickborne pathogens found throughout China, including Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., TBEV, and SFTSV/Dabie bandavirus (50,57). Despite examining more pools of D. silvarum and H. concinna, we identified a greater number of viral contigs in I. persulcatus, while no Bunyavirales viral sequences were detected within H. concinna pools. ...
Background
A wide range of bacterial pathogens have been identified in ticks, yet the diversity of viruses in ticks is largely unexplored.
Methods
Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to characterize the diverse viromes in three principal tick species associated with pathogens, Haemaphysalis concinna, Dermacentor silvarum, and Ixodes persulcatus, in North China.
Results
A total of 28 RNA viruses were identified and belonged to more than 12 viral families, including single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses (Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, Luteoviridae, Solemoviridae, and Tetraviridae), negative-sense RNA viruses (Mononegavirales, Bunyavirales, and others) and double-stranded RNA viruses (Totiviridae and Partitiviridae). Of these, Dermacentor pestivirus-likevirus, Chimay-like rhabdovirus, taiga tick nigecruvirus, and Mukawa virus are presented as novel viral species, while Nuomin virus, Scapularis ixovirus, Sara tick-borne phlebovirus, Tacheng uukuvirus, and Beiji orthonairovirus had been established as human pathogens with undetermined natural circulation and pathogenicity. Other viruses include Norway mononegavirus 1, Jilin partitivirus, tick-borne tetravirus, Pico-like virus, Luteo-like virus 2, Luteo-likevirus 3, Vovk virus, Levivirus, Toti-like virus, and Solemo-like virus as well as others with unknown pathogenicity to humans and wild animals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, extensive virus diversity frequently occurs in Mononegavirales and Bunyavirales among the three tick species. Comparatively, I. persulcatus ticks had been demonstrated as such a kind of host with a significantly higher diversity of viral species than those of H. concinna and D. silvarum ticks. Our analysis supported that ticks are reservoirs for a wide range of viruses and suggested that the discovery and characterization of tick-borne viruses would have implications for viral taxonomy and provide insights into tick-transmitted viral zoonotic diseases.
In recent years, numerous viruses have been identified from ticks, and some have been linked to clinical cases of emerging tick-borne diseases. Chinese northeast frontier is tick infested. However, there is a notable lack of systematic monitoring efforts to assess the viral composition in the area, leaving the ecological landscape of viruses carried by ticks not clear enough. Between April and June 2017, 7101 ticks were collected to perform virus surveillance on the China–North Korea border, specifically in Tonghua, Baishan, and Yanbian. A total of 2127 Ixodes persulcatus were identified. Further investigation revealed the diversity of tick-borne viruses by transcriptome sequencing of Ixodes persulcatus. All ticks tested negative for tick-borne encephalitis virus. Transcriptome sequencing expanded 121 genomic sequence data of 12 different virus species from Ixodes persulcatus. Notably, a new segmented flavivirus, named Baishan Forest Tick Virus, were identified, closely related to Alongshan virus and Harz mountain virus. Therefore, this new virus may pose a potential threat to humans. Furthermore, the study revealed the existence of seven emerging tick-borne viruses dating back to 2017. These previously identified viruses included Mudanjiang phlebovirus, Onega tick phlebovirus, Sara tick phlebovirus, Yichun mivirus, and three unnamed viruses (one belonging to the Peribunyaviridae family and the other two belonging to the Phenuiviridae family). The existence of these emerging tick-borne viruses in tick samples collected in 2017 suggests that their history may extend further than previously recognized. This study provides invaluable insights into the virome of Ixodes persulcatus in the China–North Korea border region, enhancing our ongoing efforts to manage the risks associated with tick-borne viruses.
[Background] A wide range of bacterial pathogens have been identified in ticks, yet the diversity of viruses in ticks is largely unexplored.
[Methods] Here, we used metagenomics sequencing to characterize the diverse virome in these three species, Haemaphysalis concinna, Dermacentor silvarum, and Ixodes persulcatus, the principal tick species associated with pathogens transmitted in North China.
[Results] A total of 28 RNA viruses were identified and belonged to more than 12 viral families, including single strand positive sense RNA virus (Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, Luteoviridae, Solemoviridae and Tetravirus), negative sense RNA virus (Mononegavirales，Bunyavirales and others) and double strand RNA virus (Totiviridae, Partitiviridae). Of them, Dermacentor pestivirus like virus, Chimay like rhabdovirus, taiga tick Nigecruvirus, Mukava virus are presented as novel viral species, Nuomin virus, Scapularis ixovirus, Sara tick borne phlebovirus, Tacheng uukuvirus, Beiji orthonariovirus had been established as human pathogens with undetermined natural circulation and pathogenicity. Others virus including Norway mononegavirus 1, Jilin partitivirus, tick borne tetravirus, Pico-like virus, luteo-like virus 2, luteo-like virus 3,Vovk virus, Levivirus and others Toti-like virus and Solemo-like virus involved with unknown pathogenicity to human and wild animals.
[Conclusion] Extensive diverse of viruses frequently occur in two orders of Mononegavirales and Bunyavirales in the three tick species. Comparatively, I. persulcatus ticks had significant higher viral species than those in H. concinna and D. silvarum ticks. Our analysis revealed that ticks are reservoirs for a wide range of viruses and suggests that discovery and characterization of tick borne viruses will have implications for viral taxonomy and may provide insight into tick-transmitted viral zoonotic diseases.
