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Phyllosticta capitalensis on Punica granatum (CPC 20252). a – c Leaf spots on host plant d – f . Vertical section through pycnidia showing developing conidia g – k . Conidia ( d , bar =20 μ m, g – k bars =10 μ m)
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Phyllosticta capitalensis is an endophyte and weak plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution presently known from 70 plant families. This study isolated P. capitalensis from different host plants in northern Thailand, and determined their different life modes. Thirty strains of P. capitalensis were isolated as endophytes from 20 hosts. An additi...
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... description of Phyllosticta capitalensis (Fig. 2) On Punica granatum Pycnidia epiphyllous, globose, brown or black, 120-125 μm high, 135-140 μm wide, wall 12- 15 μm thick. Conidiogenous cells lining wall of pycnidium, phialidic, cylindrical, hyaline, 2-2.2×2.2-3 μm. Conidia ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-celled, smooth-walled, 8-11 × 5- 6 μm, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath, bearing a ...
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Huanglongbing disease affects the Rutaceae family and is associated with three phloem-limited bacterium species: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, africanus and americanus. These species are considered quarantine pathogens in the world, and pose major risks for citrus production and industry.
Due to the low titer and the uneven distribution of th...
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... Phyllosticta species also exist as endophytes (Baayen et al. 2002, Okane et al. 2003, Wulandari et al. 2010, Wikee et al. 2013b, Asiandu et al. 2021, as well as saprobes (van der Aa & Vanev 2002, Glienke et al. 2011. One of the most common endophytes, P. capitalensis, has a ubiquitous distribution on a myriad of hosts (Wikee et al. 2013b). ...
... Phyllosticta species also exist as endophytes (Baayen et al. 2002, Okane et al. 2003, Wulandari et al. 2010, Wikee et al. 2013b, Asiandu et al. 2021, as well as saprobes (van der Aa & Vanev 2002, Glienke et al. 2011. One of the most common endophytes, P. capitalensis, has a ubiquitous distribution on a myriad of hosts (Wikee et al. 2013b). Phyllosticta capitalensis is also a weak phytopathogen causing leaf spots (Wikee et al. 2013b), suggesting that some species can switch lifestyles depending on the environment and hosts that they colonize. ...
... One of the most common endophytes, P. capitalensis, has a ubiquitous distribution on a myriad of hosts (Wikee et al. 2013b). Phyllosticta capitalensis is also a weak phytopathogen causing leaf spots (Wikee et al. 2013b), suggesting that some species can switch lifestyles depending on the environment and hosts that they colonize. Endophytic P. capitalensis also possesses potential antagonistic effects against pathogenic P. citricarpa on citrus (Tran et al. 2019). ...
Phyllosticta is a cosmopolitan group of fungi found on various host plants, occurring as pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. Diseases caused by Phyllosticta commonly include leaf and fruit spots that can affect economically important plants. The genus is characterized mainly by aseptate and hyaline conidia and ascospores. Its conidia are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath, with a single mucoid apical appendage while ascospores exhibit a mucoid cap at both ends. Given that many Phyllosticta taxa are cryptic and share similar morphologies, it is arduous to depict taxonomically relevant characters solely on the basis of morphological or ecological features. Coupled with morphological description, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of species comprising complexes are used to broadly describe this genus and understand species boundaries. Despite several published taxonomic revisions and enumerations of Phyllosticta species, there is still considerable confusion when identifying these taxa. Herein, we establish three new host records for P. capitalensis, and one new geographical record for P. musaechinensis in Thailand, and one new host and geographical record for P. citribrasiliensis in Russia. We provide an updated phylogenetic tree based on several gene markers: ITS, LSU, ACT, GAPDH, RPB2, and TEF-1α. This includes all Phyllosticta species for which sequence data is available. Six individual Phyllosticta species complexes are accepted. In addition, we synonymize P. ericarum with P. citribrasiliensis.
... Some Phyllosticta species exhibit a wide range of hosts, while others do not. To overcome the limitations associated with morphological characteristics and host combinations, the integration of homologous gene DNA sequencing and comparative methods has significantly advanced our comprehension of the phylogeny of Phyllosticta species [5,8,[11][12][13][14][15]. Based on ITS, LSU, TEF1 alpha, ACT, and GPDH, five loci of phylogenetic analysis, Phyllosticta genetic system development can be divided into six species of composite groups: viz P. capitalensis species complex, P. concentrica species complex, P. cruenta species complex, P. owaniana species complex, P. rhodorae species complex, and P. vaccinii species complex [5,8]. ...
The genus Phyllosticta has been reported worldwide and contains many pathogenic and endophytic species isolated from a wide range of plant hosts. A multipoint phylogeny based on gene coding combinatorial data sets for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit of ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA), translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1α), actin (ACT), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), combined with morphological characteristics, was performed. We describe three new species, P. fujianensis sp. nov., P. saprophytica sp. nov., and P. turpiniae sp. nov., and annotate and discusse their similarities and differences in morphological relationships and phylogenetic phases with closely related species.
... × 9.0-11.0 μm) are longer than those of P. cryptomeriae (9 − 13.5 μm) (Petrini et al. 1991) and P. cunninghamii (2.0-3.0 μm) (Sydow 1897) and wider than those of P. cunninghamii (1.0 μm) (Sydow 1897) and P. concentrica (6.0-9.0 μm) (Wikee et al. 2013a). Therefore, Phyllosticta endophytica is proposed as a new species. ...
Phyllosticta (Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales) species are widely distributed globally and constitute a diverse group of pathogenic and endophytic fungi associated with a broad range of plant hosts. In this study, four new species of Phyllosticta, i.e. P. endophytica, P. jiangxiensis, P. machili, and P. xinyuensis, were described using morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) with intervening 5.8S rRNA gene, large subunit of rRNA gene (nrLSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1), actin gene (act), and glycer-aldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapdh). Phyllosticta machili is the first species of this genus reported to infect plants of the Machilus genus. ARTICLE HISTORY
... P. capitalensis is an important plant pathogen that produces leaf spots on more than 20 species of plants worldwide, including reports of P. capitalensis causing leaf spot disease on Japanese privet in Iran (Wikee et al., 2013b;Esmaeilzadeh et al., 2020;Liao et al., 2020;Jiang et al., 2022;Li et al., 2022;Sabahi et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf brown spots caused by P. capitalensis on L. japonicum in China. ...
... However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf brown spots caused by P. capitalensis on L. japonicum in China. P. capitalensis has also been reported as an endophyte with a wide range of hosts such as Magnoliaceae, Citrus spp., Calophyllum spp., Mangifera indica and Punica granatum (Wikee et al., 2013b). Endophytic Phyllosticta species could become pathogenic under environmental pressure (Wikee et al., 2013a;Wikee et al., 2013b). ...
... P. capitalensis has also been reported as an endophyte with a wide range of hosts such as Magnoliaceae, Citrus spp., Calophyllum spp., Mangifera indica and Punica granatum (Wikee et al., 2013b). Endophytic Phyllosticta species could become pathogenic under environmental pressure (Wikee et al., 2013a;Wikee et al., 2013b). Therefore, P. capitalensis is expected to pose a serious threat to the production of ornamental plants in this area. ...
In 2021, the Leaf brown spot of the Japanese privet (Ligustrum japonicum) was observed in Changxi Avenue, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China. 16 isolates from diseased leaves were obtained, and their pathogenicity was confirmed. The pathogen was identified as Phyllosticta capitalensis based on morphological characteristics, cultural appearance, and molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. capitalensis causing leaf brown spot of L. japonicum in China.
... Apart from P. citricarpa, seven other species of Phyllosticta have been linked to citrus, such as P. capitalensis, which is commonly reported as an endophyte or weak pathogen with a broad host range and distribution across different regions [13][14][15] P. citriasiana causes Citrus Tan Spot disease specifically in C. maxima in Asia [16], while P. citribraziliensis is associated with Citrus species in Brazil [14]. P. citrichinaensis causes freckle spot in China [17], P. citrimaxima causes Citrus Tan Spot on the fruit of C. maxima in Thailand [18], P. paracapitalensis is found in Italy, Spain, and New Zealand [2], and P. paracitricarpa is present in China and Greece [2,17]. ...
... No significant variation was observed for two isolates of the same clade. The fruiting structures of the selected four isolates on PNA are similar to other Phyllosticta species [2,[14][15][16][17][18]. Compared with the differences among the structures for the known Phyllosticta specie in the same cluster, both subclades showed that morphologically, the differences were not distinct from other strains of the same cluster [16,17]. ...
... Phyllosticta capitalensis is often reported as an endophyte or weak plant pathogen with a vast host range [15]. Recently, it was reported as the main pathogen of leaf spot on oil palm, Camellia sinensis, Ricinus communis, and fruit spot on Psidium guajava [49][50][51][52]. ...
Phyllosticta spp. are important pathogens of citrus plants. Several Phyllosticta species associated with Citrus species grown in China have been reported; however, the relative prevalences of individual species and the distributions of their genotypes among host Citrus species remain largely unknown. In this study, we conducted an extensive survey of Phyllosticta species across 11 citrus-producing provinces in southern China. From fruits and leaves with black spots or black-spot-like symptoms, a total of 461 Phyllosticta strains were isolated. Based on molecular (ITS, actA, tef1, gapdh, LSU, and rpb2 sequences) and morphological data, the strains were systematically identified as belonging to five species: P. capitalensis, P. citrichinaensis, P. citriasiana, P. citricarpa, and P. paracitricarpa. To further understand intraspecific genetic diversity and relationships, strains of five species from different geographic and host sources were analyzed based on the multilocus sequence data. Our population genetic analyses revealed that all five Phyllosticta species on citrus showed evidence for clonal dispersals within and among geographic regions. In addition, pathogenicity tests using representative strains showed that all five species can cause disease on the tested Citrus spp. We discuss the implications of our results for the control and management of Citrus Black Spot and related diseases.
... Phyllosticta citricarpa is considered as a quarantine pest in Europe and the USA, thereby jeopardizing international trade (Baayen et Glienke et al. 2011). One of the most common endophytes, P. capitalensis, has a ubiquitous distribution on a myriad of hosts (Wikee et al. 2013b). Phyllosticta capitalensis is also a weak phytopathogen causing leaf spots (Wikee et al. 2013b), suggesting that some species can switch lifestyles depending on the environment and hosts that they colonize. ...
... One of the most common endophytes, P. capitalensis, has a ubiquitous distribution on a myriad of hosts (Wikee et al. 2013b). Phyllosticta capitalensis is also a weak phytopathogen causing leaf spots (Wikee et al. 2013b), suggesting that some species can switch lifestyles depending on the environment and hosts that they colonize. Endophytic P. capitalensis also possesses potential antagonistic effects against pathogenic P. citricarpa on citrus (Tran et al. 2019). ...
... However, no conidia or other morphological characters were observed. Nonetheless, culture characteristics of our isolates are consistent with those described by Wikee et al. (2013b), also shown herein (Fig. 6). ...
Phyllosticta is a cosmopolitan group of fungi found on various host plants, occurring as pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. Diseases caused by Phyllosticta commonly include leaf and fruit spots that affect economically important plants. The genus is characterized mainly by aseptate and hyaline conidia and ascospores. However, its conidia are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath, with a single mucoid apical appendage while ascospores exhibit a mucoid cap at both ends. Given that many Phyllosticta taxa are cryptic and share similar morphological features, it is arduous to depict taxonomically relevant characters solely on the basis of morphological and ecological features. Coupled with morphological description, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of species comprising complexes are used to broadly describe this genus and understand species boundaries. Despite several published taxonomic revisions and enumerations of Phyllosticta species, there is still considerable confusion when identifying these taxa. Herein, we introduce a new species ( P. chiangmaiensis ) and three new host records ( P. capitalensis ) in Thailand, and one new host and country record ( P. citribrasiliensis ) in Russia. We provide an updated phylogenetic tree, including all Phyllosticta species with sequence data.
... Additional secondary metabolites such as the piperidine alkaloid piperine has been characterized from C. gloeosporioides of Piper nigrum [38]. The other fungi isolated herein, Phyllosticta capitalensis and A. niger, are widespread endophytic fungi [39][40][41]. ...
Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst (Rubiaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant used in Sri Lanka for the treatment of bacterial infections. Due to its rich endophytic fungi content, it was postulated that endophytically-produced specialized metabolites may be responsible for its purported antibacterial effects. To test this hypothesis, eight pure endophytic fungal cultures were isolated from G. repens, then extracted and screened for antibacterial activity in a disc diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Large scale culturing, extraction, and purification of the most active fungal extract, obtained from Xylaria feejeensis, led to the isolation of 6',7'-didehydrointegric acid (1), 13-carboxyintegric acid (2), and four known compounds including integric acid (3). Compound (3) was isolated as the key antibacterial component (MIC = 16 μg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, 64 μg/mL against Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus). 3 and its analogues were devoid of hemolytic activity up to the highest tested concentration of 45 μg/mL. This study demonstrates that metabolites produced by endophytic fungi may contribute to the biological activity of some medicinal plants. Endophytic fungi should be evaluated as a potential source of antibiotics, especially from unexplored medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of bacterial infections.
... As pathogens, Phyllosticta species cause spots on the leaves or fruits of many economical plants (e.g., Musa spp., Citrus spp. and Vitis spp.), leading to substantial economic losses Wong et al. 2012;Wikee et al. 2013b;Tran et al. 2017). As endophytes, some species were found associated with leaf spots but did not cause any symptom in pathogenicity tests, e.g., P. oblongifoliae was isolated from leaf spots of Garcinia oblongifolia, P. pterospermi was isolated from leaf spots of Pterospermum heterophyllum, and P. capitalensis was isolated from leaf spots of Citrus spp. ...
... As endophytes, some species were found associated with leaf spots but did not cause any symptom in pathogenicity tests, e.g., P. oblongifoliae was isolated from leaf spots of Garcinia oblongifolia, P. pterospermi was isolated from leaf spots of Pterospermum heterophyllum, and P. capitalensis was isolated from leaf spots of Citrus spp. (Wikee et al. 2013b;Tran et al. 2019;Zhang et al. 2022). In this study, two novel fungal species named P. anhuiensis and P. guangdongensis, were isolated from diseased leaves of Quercus aliena in Anhui Province and Viburnum odoratissimum in Guangdong Province, respectively. ...
Phyllosticta (Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales) includes plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes, occurring on various hosts worldwide. During the present study, isolates associated with leaf spots were obtained from the hosts Quercus aliena and Viburnum odoratissimum, and identified based on morphological features and phylogenetic inference from the analyses of five loci (ITS, LSU, tef1, act and gapdh). Results supported the introduction of two novel species, namely Phyllosticta anhuiensis and P. guangdongensis. Phylogenetically, P. anhuiensis and P. guangdongensis formed two well-separated lineages in the P. concentri-ca and P. capitalensis species complexes, distinguishing from all presently accepted species in this genus by DNA sequence data. Morphologically, P. anhuiensis and P. guangdongensis have the typical structure of the genus Phyllosticta, and differed from their closely related species by the length of the conidial appendage.
... The genus Phyllosticta was established by Persoon (1818) and as a monophyletic genus in Phyllostictaceae (Botryosphaeriales) (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Currently, there are 183 species grouped in six species complexes in Phyllosticta, and members include plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes on various host plants (Wulandari et al. 2009, Wikee et al. 2013a, Norphanphoun et al. 2020, Hattori et al. 2020, Bhunjun et al. 2021, Crous et al. 2021, Nguyen et al. 2022, Tan & Shivas 2022, Zhang et al. 2022. Morphologically, species of Phyllosticta are characterised by globose pycnidial conidiomata, subcylindrical to ampulliform conidiogenous cells, and hyaline, 1-celled, globose, subglobose, ellipsoidal to ovoid conidia, usually enclosed in a mucoid layer, bearing a single apical mucoid appendage (van der Aa & Vanev 2002), which are the main features in distinguishing Phyllosticta from other genera. ...
... Phyllosticta contains many plant pathogenic and endophytic species, commonly occurring worldwide on a broad range of host plants (Wikee et al. 2013a). Generally, Phyllosticta species cause disease symptoms on leaves, including necrotic lesions often containing many black, globose or subglobose, and semi-immersed pycnidia (Wikee et al. 2011). ...
Ophiopogon japonicus (Asparagaceae) is a perennial grass species which can be cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal plant. From April 2021 to September 2022, a serious leaf blight disease of O. japonicus was discovered in Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China. The initial disease symptoms were small yellow spots, finally developing as tip blight, often associated with many small, black, semi-immersed pycnidial conidiomata formed in lesions. To obtain isolates of the causal agent for this disease, samples were randomly collected from O. japonicus diseased leaves in Rizhao City. In total 97 Phyllosticta isolates were obtained from samples, and studied using morphological features and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of a combined dataset using the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the 28S large subunit of ribosomal RNA (LSU), and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef), actin (act) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) loci. Phylogenetically, these Phyllosticta isolates formed a clade in the P. concentrica species complex, and clustered with P. pilospora and P. spinarum. Morphologically, isolates in this clade differed from P. pilospora and P. spinarum by the size of conidiogenous cells and conidia, and the absence of an apical conidial appendage. As a result, these isolates were described as a novel species Phyllosticta rizhaoensis. Pathogenicity was confirmed using Koch’s postulates, which showed that P. rizhaoensis could induce leaf blight symptoms on O. japonicus in China.
... Wikee et al. [3] reinstated Phyllostictaceae as a separate family in Botryosphaeriales to accommodate Phyllosticta, which consists of Phyllosticta and Pseudofusicoccum [34]. Phyllosticta species are mostly endophytes, but several are plant pathogens that cause leaf spots in a broad range of hosts worldwide [38][39][40][41][42]. Barr [43] introduced Planistromellaceae, which currently comprises two genera, namely, Kellermania and Umthunziomyces [33]. ...
... Hyaline to pigmented and septate to aseptate conidia occur among taxa in Botryosphaeriaceae. Most of the conidia in Phyllostictaceae are hyaline and aseptate, while few are pigmented and septate [3,39,41,96]. Phyllosticta philoprina and Pseudofusicoccum artocarpi have pigmented conidia and among them, P. artocarpi has septate conidia (Table S1). Both Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum and P. kimberleyensis have hyaline, septate conidia [19,97]. ...
Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) occur in a wide range of habitats as endo-phytes, saprobes, and pathogens. The order Botryosphaeriales has not been subjected to evaluation since 2019 by Phillips and co-authors using phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Subsequently, many studies introduced novel taxa into the order and revised several families separately. In addition , no ancestral character studies have been conducted for this order. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated the character evolution and taxonomic placements of Botryosphaeriales species based on ancestral character evolution, divergence time estimation, and phylogenetic relationships, including all the novel taxa that have been introduced so far. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference analyses were conducted on a combined LSU and ITS sequence alignment. Ancestral state reconstruction was carried out for conidial colour, septation, and nutritional mode. Divergence times estimates revealed that Botryosphaeriales originated around 109 Mya in the early epoch of the Cretaceous period. All six families in Botryosphaeriales evolved in the late epoch of the Cretaceous period (66-100 Mya), during which Angiosperms also appeared, rapidly diversified and became dominant on land. Families of Botryosphaeriales diversified during the Paleogene and Neogene periods in the Cenozoic era. The order comprises the families Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae, Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae and Saccharataceae. Furthermore, current study assessed two hypotheses; the first one being "All Botryosphaeriales species originated as endophytes and then switched into saprobes when their hosts died or into pathogens when their hosts were under stress"; the second hypothesis states that "There is a link between the conidial colour and nutritional mode in botryosphaerialean taxa". Ancestral state reconstruction and nutritional mode analyses revealed a pathogenic/saprobic nutritional mode as the ancestral character. However, we could not provide strong evidence for the first hypothesis mainly due to the significantly low number of studies reporting the endophytic botryosphaerialean taxa. Results also showed that hyaline and aseptate conidia were ancestral characters in Botryosphaeriales and supported the relationship between conidial pigmentation and the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriales species.
