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| Phyllachorella micheliae (IMI 316002, holotype). (A) Botryose clusters of ascomata erumpent through the lower side of the leaf. (B) Longitudinal section through an ascoma in cotton blue. (C) Section of the peridium comprising cells of textura angularis in cotton blue. (D,E,G) Squash mounts showing broadly clavate asci with wide ocular chamber near the apex and short pedicels at the base in cotton blue. (F) Septate pseudoparaphyses in water. (H,I) Hyaline, aseptate ascospores in cotton blue (H) or in water (I). Scale bars: (A) = 100 µm, (B) = 20 µm, (C-I) = 20 µm.
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The genus Botryosphaeria includes more than 200 epithets, but only the type species, Botryosphaeria dothidea and a dozen or more other species have been identified based on DNA sequence data. The taxonomic status of the other species remains unconfirmed because they lack either morphological information or DNA sequence data. In this study, types or...
Citations
... (Continued).Apulia, Liguria, Sardinia, SicilyCarlucci et al., 2013Deidda et al., 2016Fiorenza et al., 2023Gusella et al., 2023aLinaldeddu et al., 2015b, 2016cLuchi et al., 2014Zhang et al., 2020 ...
Many fungi belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae are well-known as causal agents of diseases in economically and ecologically important agricultural crops and forest trees. In Italy, the high diffusion of Botryosphaeriaceae infections observed over the last decade, has shown the importance of this group of fungi, which are becoming limiting factors for plant production in agricultural systems, nurseries and natural and urban landscapes. Global warming and stress factors such as occasional extreme climatic events can affect the susceptibility of host plants, as well as fungus behaviour, increasing the risk of future infections. Available reports of Botryosphaeriaceae in Italy have been examined, focusing on wood and fruit pathogens, resulting in a list of ten genera and 57 species. Diplodia is the most widespread genus in Italy with 76 records on 44 hosts, while at species level, Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriata show the widest host ranges and many records. The ability of the pathogens to remain latent on asymptomatic plants, and uncontrolled trade of plant materials among countries, facilitate the dissemination and potential introduction of new Botryosphaeriaceae species. Preventive detection and adequate control strategies are always needed to limit the potential damage caused by Botryosphaeriaceae. This review had particular emphasis on host-pathogen associations, disease symptoms, geographic distribution, metabolite production, and accurate pathogen identification.
... To characterize the diversity and taxonomic breadth of Botryosphaeriaceae plant hosts, we first collated available host data from agricultural reports, scientific papers (Jami et al., 2014;Yang et al., 2017;Li et al., 2020;Y. Zhang et al., 2021), sequence repositories (Genebank, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Fungal Database (Farr et al., 2021)), and public databases and surveys (FungalTraits database (Põlme et al., 2020)). A key source of data on Botryosphaeriaceae species and hosts is the world cured dataset What do we know about Botryosphaeriaceae? (Batista e ...
... d surveys (FungalTraits database (Põlme et al., 2020)). A key source of data on Botryosphaeriaceae species and hosts is the world cured dataset What do we know about Botryosphaeriaceae? (Batista et al., 2021). These data were merged with the currently accepted Botryosphaeriaceae species taxonomy (Jami et al., 2014;Yang et al., 2017;Li et al., 2020;Y. Zhang et al., 2021), resolving synonyms where required. Plant host species were then extracted from the different sources, excluding environmental and animal entries. Next we extracted plant host phylogenetic relationships from a recently published plant mega-phylogeny, using the V.PhyloMaker2 R package (Jin and Qian, 2022) and the Smith and Brown (2018) m ...
Fungal pathogens are responsible for 30% of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in plants. The risk of a pathogen emerging on a new host is strongly tied to its host breadth; however, the determinants of host range are still poorly understood. Here, we explore the factors that shape host breadth of plant pathogens within Botryosphaeriaceae, a fungal family associated with several devastating diseases in economically important crops. While most host plants are associated with just one or a few fungal species, some hosts appear to be susceptible to infection by multiple fungi. However, the variation in the number of fungal taxa recorded across hosts is not easily explained by heritable plant traits. Nevertheless, we reveal strong evolutionary conservatism in host breadth, with most fungi infecting closely related host plants, but with some notable exceptions that seem to have escaped phylogenetic constraints on host range. Recent anthropogenic movement of plants, including widespread planting of crops, has provided new opportunities for pathogen spillover. We suggest that constraints to pathogen distributions will likely be further disrupted by climate change, and we may see future emergence events in regions where hosts are present but current climate is unfavorable.
... microspora and N. subglobosa). Recently Botryosphaeria mucosa was transferred to Neodeightonia by Zhang et al. (2021b) based on morphological analysis, but since no molecular data are available for this species its status cannot be confirmed. Associated with foliar lesions. ...
... Recently, Botryosphaeria mucosa was transferred to Neodeightonia by Zhang et al. (2021b), who considered it as an appropriate genus to accommodate the species based on morphological analysis of both sexual and asexual states. However, N. mucosa has hyaline, aseptate conidia that are surrounded by a thin mucilaginous sheath, a character that has not been observed in any of the Neodeightonia species known from culture. ...
The Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest family in Botryosphaeriales and currently comprises 22 genera of important endophytes, saprobes and plant pathogens. Most botryosphaeriaceous species have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on a wide range of woody hosts. Nonetheless, in many hosts, including palms (Arecaceae), the complex of associated Botryosphaeriaceae taxa is as yet unknown. The present study aimed to identify the botryosphaeriaceous species associated with foliar lesions of ornamental palms in Lisbon, Portugal. Twenty-nine Botryosphaeriaceae taxa were isolated from seven different palm species and identified based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Six genera were detected: Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Neodeightonia, Neofusicoccum and Sardiniella. A new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, is introduced. Three botryosphaeriaceous species are reduced to synonymy. Thirteen new plant host-fungus associations are reported, while four new geographical records are noted for Portugal. A synopsis of accepted and phylogenetically validated Botryosphaeriaceae taxa reported from palms worldwide is presented. A total of 31 botryosphaeriaceous species have been currently reported from Arecaceae hosts, and many of them are associated with disease symptoms. This illustrates that more systematic studies are needed to examine the complex of Botryosphaeriaceae taxa associated with palms and determine their potential pathogenicity.
... As morphological features between Lasiodiplodia species and other Botryosphaeriaceae overlap in some cases, molecular methods have been used to identify these fungi and, in a broader context, to elucidate the phylogeny of the Botryosphaeriaceae (Slippers et al. 2005. Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest family within the order Botryosphaeriales, which encompasses at least 24 major genera including Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Botryosphaeria, Dothiorella, and Neofusicoccum (Burgess et al. 2018;Phillips et al. 2019;Zhang et al. 2021). Among them, Lasiodiplodia spp. ...
Lasiodiplodia species commonly thrive as endophytes, saprobes, and plant pathogens in tropical and subtropical regions. Association of Lasiodiplodia species causing stem rot in dragon fruit in the coastal belt of Odisha, eastern India, has been illustrated here. The stem rot disease was characterized by yellowing of the stem, followed by softening of the stem tissues with fungal fructifications of the pathogen in the affected tissues. On the basis of macro- and micromorphological characteristics, the four fungal isolates recovered from diseased stems were identified initially as Lasiodiplodia species. By comparing DNA sequences within the NCBI GenBank database as well as performing a multigene phylogenetic analysis involving the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-rDNA), β-tubulin (β-tub), and elongation factor-alpha (EF1-α) genes, the identity of Lasiodiplodia isolates was determined. The isolate CHES-21-DFCA was identified as Lasiodiplodia iraniensis (syn: L. iranensis) and the remaining three isolates, namely CHES-22-DFCA-1, CHES-22-DFCA-2, and CHES-22-DFCA-3, as L. theobromae. Although pathogenicity studies confirmed both L. iraniensis and L. theobromae were responsible for stem rot in dragon fruit, L. iraniensis was more virulent than L. theobromae. This study established the association of Lasiodiplodia species with stem rot in dragon fruit using a polyphasic approach. Further investigations are required, particularly related to on host–pathogen–weather interaction and spatiotemporal distribution across the major dragon fruit–growing areas of the country to formulate prospective disease management strategies. This is the first report on these two species of Lasiodiplodia inflicting stem rot in Hylocereus species in India.
... This species was originally identified as Cicinobolus quercinus, and then transferred to Ampelomyces genus. Later, Aveskamp et al. 30 N. ferruginea, N. macrospora, N. pruni, N. infossa, N. infuscata, N. multilocularis, N. garlbiwalawarda, N. naiawu, N. nullicana, N. prosopidis, N. pruni, N. spiraeae, N. quercina, N. raii, and N. variabilis, N. gossypiicola 3,4,18,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] . ...
English walnut (Juglans regia), has high economic and ecological value. As an important tree species for eliminating poverty, it is planted in many Provinces of China. In 2021, new pathogenic fungi were observed in English walnut in Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province, China. The initial symptom of leaf infection is that the leaves are covered with small black spots, which gradually expand into larger brown spots. Most of the spots appeared at the edges of the leaves, and yellow whorls were observed at the junction between the spots and the healthy leaves. The pathogenic fungi were isoalted form collecting disease samples and purified by single-spore culturing. In vitro and field experiments showed that the pathogen could cause brown spots on walnut leaves. The inoculation experiment showed that the symptoms in the field experiment were the same as those observed on the spot; however, slight differences were observed in the in vitro experiment. Ten isolates were obtained from walnut leaves with brown spot symptoms, and these were further characterized based on morphology and DNA sequencing. ITS (internal transcribed spacer), LSU (large sub-unit rDNA), rpb2 (second largest subunit of RNA polymerase) and tub2 (beta-tubulin) gene regions were used to construct phylogenetic trees and determine the evolutionary relationships among the collected strains. The isolate was identified as Nothophoma quercina by morphological and polygene analyses. As far as we are aware, the brown spots on walnut leaves caused by N. quercina is the first report of its kind.
... Many species of Neofusicoccum are similar in morphology, and the molecular methods provide supplementary methods of fungal identification and classification. In recent years, phylogenetic and phytopathological studies on Neofusicoccum have used concatenated sequences of ITS, tef1, tub2, and rpb2 [24,28,68]. Phylogenetic analyses using sequences of multiple loci can better distinguish and identify some closely related species in the genus. ...
Cryptomeria japonica D. Don is a coniferous tree species widely grown in southern China for its high ornamental value. Recently, during disease surveys in China, a symptom of dieback occurred on C. japonica in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. A total of 130 trees were surveyed and more than 90% showed the same symptom. The crowns of affected trees were brown when viewing from a distance, and the bark showed no difference from the healthy ones. In this study, 157 isolates were isolated from the 3 affected plants of C. japonica, and based on the living culture on PDA, the fungal isolates were preliminarily divided into 6 groups. Thirteen representative isolates were selected for the pathogenicity test, and seven of them showed obvious pathogenicity on C. japonica, causing stem basal canker. These isolates were identified based on comparisons of the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), β-tubulin (tub2), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) and combined with their morphological characteristics. Results showed that these seven isolates belong to two taxa in Neofusicoccum, including a species new to science. The new species, Neofusicoccum cryptomeriae, was hereby described and illustrated. The other species was N. parvum. Both species were pathogens of stem basal canker of Cryptomeria japonica.
... B. ribis。Putterill (1919)在南非发现苹果干腐病， 将病原鉴定为 B. mali (无性阶段为有子座的 Dothiorella mali E. 和 无 子 座 的 Macrophoma spp.)。Fenner (1925)和 Shear et al. (1925)在美国 报道苹果果实白腐病(white rot, Botryosphaeria rot or bot rot)， 病原为 B. ribis， 并认为 Dothiorella mali 与 B. ribis 是同一个种。von Arx & Muller (1954)曾提出 B. ribis 为 B. dothidea 异名，因而 B. dothidea 被欧美学者作为苹果白腐病的病原 广泛采纳(Sutton et al. 2014)。但是，von Arx & Muller (1975)又提出 B. ribis 是 B. berengeriana 研究显示，B. ribis 为独立种，但被归属于新壳 梭孢属 Neofusicoccum；Dothiorella 不是葡萄座 腔 菌 属 的 无 性 阶 段 ， 而 是 一 个 独 立 的 属 ； Fusicoccum aesculi 被认为是 B. dothidea 的无性 阶段名称(Zhang W et al. 2021；Zhang Y et al. 2021)，根据"One Fungus One Name"新法规， 该 名 称 不 再 作 为 正 式 名 称 。 葡 萄 座 腔 菌 B. ...
... Furthermore, host specificity and pathogenicity can vary widely among Bot species and across geographical regions, complicating our understanding of their influence in various host species and across systems (Slippers and Wingfield 2007). Although advances in molecular sequencing and databasing have improved taxonomic clarity (Denman et al. 2000;Slippers and Wingfield 2007;Zhang et al. 2021), challenges remain in understanding the diversity and pathogenicity of Bot species among hosts and across regions. As a result, there is a dearth of knowledge on their ecological roles, particularly in native ecosystems. ...
Dieback and mortality in wildland plant species due to climate change has been on the rise in recent decades, and latent fungal pathogens may play a significant role in these events. During a severe multi-year drought, canopy dieback associated with latent pathogens in the Botryosphaeriaceae (Bot) family was observed in stands of a dominant shrub species, big berry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca), across chaparral landscapes in California. These fungi are significant pathogens of woody agricultural species, especially in hosts experiencing stress, and have become a threat to economically important crops worldwide. However, little is known regarding their occurrence, distribution and impact in wildland systems. We conducted a field survey of 300 A. glauca shrubs across an elevational gradient to identify Bot species infection as it relates to a) A. glauca dieback severity and b) landscape variables associated with plant drought stress. Our results show Bots widely infecting A. glauca across the landscape, and there is a significant correlation between elevation and dieback severity. Dieback severity was significantly higher at lower elevations, suggesting that infected shrubs at lower elevations are at greater risk than those at higher elevations. Furthermore, two Bot species, Neofusicoccum australe and Botryosphaeria dothidea, were most frequently isolated with N. australe being the most common and, based on haplotype analysis, likely the most recently introduced of the two. Our results confirm the wide distribution of latent Bot fungi in a wild shrubland system, and provide valuable insight into areas of greatest risk for future shrub dieback and mortality.
This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data, 70 species are identified and distributed in two classes (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), 16 orders, 41 families and 60 genera. One order Planisphaeriales, four families Leptosphaerioidaceae, Neoleptosporellaceae, Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae, ten genera Conicosphaeria, Karstiomyces, Leptosphaerioides, Neoceratosphaeria, Neodiaporthe, Neodictyospora, Planisphaeria, Profundisphaeria, Stellatus and Truncatascus, and 34 species (Amphisphaeria karsti, Anteaglonium hydei, Atractospora terrestris, Conicosphaeria vaginatispora, Corylicola hydei, Diaporthe cylindriformispora, Dictyosporium karsti, Hysterobrevium karsti, Karstiomyces guizhouensis, Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis, Lophiotrema karsti, Murispora hydei, Muyocopron karsti, Neoaquastroma guizhouense, Neoceratosphaeria karsti, Neodiaporthe reniformispora, Neodictyospora karsti, Neoheleiosa guizhouensis, Neoleptosporella fusiformispora, Neoophiobolus filiformisporum, Ophioceras guizhouensis, Ophiosphaerella karsti, Paraeutypella longiasca, Paraeutypella karsti, Patellaria guizhouensis, Planisphaeria karsti, Planisphaeria reniformispora, Poaceascoma herbaceum, Profundisphaeria fusiformispora, Pseudocoleophoma guizhouensis, Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis, Stellatus guizhouensis, Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus) are introduced as new to science. Moreover, 13 new geographical records for China are also reported, which are Acrocalymma medicaginis, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Astrosphaeriella bambusae, Diaporthe novem, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Ophiosphaerella agrostidis, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Patellaria atrata, Polyplosphaeria fusca, Psiloglonium macrosporum, Sarimanas shirakamiense, Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae. Additionally, the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.
