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Photos showing (a) the large-scale shearing apparatus (b) compaction prior to shearing (c) the placement of wire gauges to measure the circumference and length of the rubber membrane at the deformed position.
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![Fig. 4. Photos showing the sampling area [left side] and examples of...](profile/Vasiola-Zhaka/publication/358969495/figure/fig4/AS:1129910722662402@1646403117960/Photos-showing-the-sampling-area-left-side-and-examples-of-the-microstructure-right_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 5. A Simplified sketch showing three phases of test mechanics, [0]...](profile/Vasiola-Zhaka/publication/358969495/figure/fig5/AS:1129910726864896@1646403118019/A-Simplified-sketch-showing-three-phases-of-test-mechanics-0-initial-1-compaction_Q320.jpg)
A large-scale shear apparatus has been originally developed and built to test the mechanical properties of coarse-grained material. It was used to evaluate the shear behaviour of brash ice. The brash ice blocks were collected at Luleå harbour in two separate measuring campaigns in March 2020 and March 2021. The shear cylinder was loaded with brash...
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Context 1
... horizontal force, vertical forces and associated displacements of actuators were registered. In the measuring campaign of March 2021, a change in circumference was measured by a wire gauge placed around the membrane cylinder. The circumference was measured in the middle of the membrane, see Fig. 3 (c). It is assumed that the change in circumference at the ends is unaffected by the testing. The photographs of the large-scale shear apparatus in action are shown in Fig. 3. Due to logistic constraints, only one brash ice sample was used in each test campaign. The axial stress was calculated by dividing the axial force by the area of the ...
Context 2
... of March 2021, a change in circumference was measured by a wire gauge placed around the membrane cylinder. The circumference was measured in the middle of the membrane, see Fig. 3 (c). It is assumed that the change in circumference at the ends is unaffected by the testing. The photographs of the large-scale shear apparatus in action are shown in Fig. 3. Due to logistic constraints, only one brash ice sample was used in each test campaign. The axial stress was calculated by dividing the axial force by the area of the sample. The change in height of the sample was estimated based on the vertical stroke of the piston and circumferential measurements were used to calculate the change in ...
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Citations
... round -5ᴼC. The temperature of the ice pieces in the first year varied from -0.5ᴼC to -2.5ᴼC and in the second year varied between -0.3ᴼC and -1ᴼC. Simultaneously, brash ice pieces were collected and placed in a rubber membrane that was used to test the shear behaviour of brash ice under cyclic loading. These results were discussed in the study by Patil et. al. (2022). ...
... engths obtained for all three samples and strain rates are given in Fig. 8b. Ice sample cored from P13 underwent the highest strength increase (almost doubled) when reloading the sample with higher strain rates. The kinematic hardening parameters of brash ice (from icebreaker-and Luleå harbours) under shear cyclic loading were discussed earlier by Patil et. al. (2022). It was found that the brash ice under shear exhibited kinematic hardening behaviour and became stronger with an increase in the confining axial force. ...
Brash ice forms when vessels navigate in level ice breaking it, and subsequently along the same track breaking the partly or fully consolidated broken ice field. The formation and growth of brash ice can be rapid and present a hazard for shipping operations, often requiring icebreaker assistance. Compared to other deformed ice structures such as pressure ridges, the physical and mechanical properties of the brash ice formed in heavily navigated harbours or ship channels have not been studied much. In the current study, individual brash ice pieces were sampled from two different harbours in Luleå, Sweden, in March 2020 and March 2021. The brash ice piece size distribution, the compressive strength of individual ice pieces, density, microporosity, and microstructure were measured. The brash ice piece size followed a three-parameter log-normal distribution. The brash ice samples collected in the first year (2020) had a microstructure similar to level ice while the ice pieces collected in the second year (2021) had a mixed microstructure (columnar and granular) similar to deformed ice. For an increase in strain rates from 10-5 s-1 to 10-3 s-1 , the maximum strength increased when the brash ice samples were exposed to cyclic loading. The maximum strength was not significantly different between the different locations.
... The brash ice cohesion and internal friction angle were studied further by e.g. Ettema and Urroz (1989) and more recently by Patil et al. (2022), who presented experimental measurements to support the assumption. Fig. 3 visualizes a merchant vessel in a brash ice channel. ...
... Mellor, 1980). Brash ice sheardeformation have earlier been treated applying Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion (Ettema and Urroz, 1989;Patil et al., 2022). The Mohr-Coulomb law, links material shear strength τ f to normal load σ n , internal friction angle (ϕ) and cohesion c (Ettema and Urroz, 1989) as presented in [Eg. ...
... The early assumption of practically cohesionless brash ice in an old brash ice channel seems to be justified according to recent field measurements (Patil & al., 2022), and as a consequence the proposed Channel similitude number Ch should be small both in full scale and in model scale. ...
