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Photomicrograph section of the kidney of mice following sub-chronic toxicity, a control group showing renal corpuscles (yellow arrow), Bowman space (green arrow) and renal tubule (black arrow), b pure Mn:ZnS QDs, c FACS-Mn:ZnS NPs, and d 5-FU@FACS-Mn:ZnS without obvious lesion, e 5-FU groups showing evidence of tubular degeneration and necrosis (black arrows) and leucocytic infiltration in the interstitium (yellow arrows), H & E 200x (color figure online)
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5-Fluororaucil (5-FU) as anti-cancer drug was reported to induce thymidine synthase (TS) overexpression and cancer cell resistance. To improve its therapeutic efficacy and selective targeting, here we developed a targeted delivery system mediated by the active ligand-folate receptor chemistry to deliver the 5-FU drug selectively into the tumor micr...
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... Luminescent quantum dots (QDs) are particles that can emit light despite their small size. These particles are extensively studied and applied in many fields [3]. Cadmium-based (Cd) semiconducting nanocrystals are characterized by high luminescence efficiency and persistent fluorescence, so to preserve their high optical properties, are therefore typically studied and synthesized in organic environments. ...
... Type II-VI ZnSe semiconductor is photo-centered without Cd as cores [15,16]. It had strong thermal shock resistance, relatively broad bandgap energy (about 2.67 eV), and good optical characteristics [3], However, there are some defects in ZnSe (Zn is in group IIB, while Se is in group VIA) as a result of the different configuration between Zn and Se, so and fluorescence of ZnSe or core/ shell ZnSe: Mn/ZnS has a low efficiency. It is due to the different lattice constants between the layers of the ZnSe core (5.65) and ZnS shell (5.41). ...
In this study, we used a starch paste stabilizer to synthesize ZnSe: Mn/ZnS- Starch and ZnSe/ZnS: Mn/ZnS-starch quantum dot (QDs) in a non-toxic aqueous solvent. The -CH2-OH group of the starch paste promotes dispersibility and improves the compatibility of quantum dots with antibodies, its bonding is observed in the FTIR spectrum. Besides, the Mn-doped ZnS buffer shell with various concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%) influence structure, optical, and photoluminescence of QDs properties were investigated in detail. The greatest luminescence intensity is achieved at a molar ratio of 3% Mn²⁺/Zn²⁺. Moreover, the ZnS: Mn buffer shell helps to enhance the fluorescence intensity and quantum yield (QY) of the ZnSe/ZnS: Mn/ZnS QDs, which are higher than ZnSe: Mn/ZnS-starch QDs. Through protein A and EDC bridging, ZnSe/ZnS:3%Mn/ZnS- Starch resulted in good signal and sensitivity, with no toxicity to E. coli O157:H7 and MRSA strains.
... Although drug delivery research on QDs has not come into the clinical stage, they have conveyed new hopes for the medication of sever human diseases, specifically cancers. The current drug delivery materials based on ZnS QDs such as Mn:ZnS [45], ZnSe:Mn/ZnS [46], CuInS2/ZnS [47] exhibit different characteristics in drug delivery studies due to their various composition and modification types. ...
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor materials that have gained great interests due to their unique characteristics like optical properties. They are categorized into two distinct groups including cadmium‐based (e.g., CdTe, CdSe) and cadmium‐free ones (e.g., InP, InAs, CuInS2, Ge, Si, ZnS, and graphene QDs). They are extensively being used in different areas including solar cells, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), laser technology, as well as biological and biomedical applications. In this review, provide comprehensive information about different aspects of QDs including their types and classifications, synthesis approaches, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, biological applications, and potentials in clinical applications. With a focus on the biological aspect, the respective in vitro and in vivo studies have been collected and presented. Various surface modifications on QDs have been discussed as directly influent their properties like toxicity and optical abilities. Given the promising results, these materials have been clinically used for targeted molecular therapy and imaging. However, there are large numbers of questions that should be addressed before the wide application of QDs in a clinical setting. Regarding the existing barriers to QDs, suggestions are given and discussed to present an appropriate route for the clinical use of these materials.
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... Although drug-delivery-related research on QDs has not entered the clinical research stage, they have brought new hope for the cure of major human diseases, especially cancer. Table 3 [26,[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152] lists the current drugdelivery materials based on SQDs. The various compositions and modifications make them exhibit different characteristics in drug-delivery studies. ...
Semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) have received much attention due to their high quantum yield (QY), tunable emission spectrum, and excellent photostability. These unique optical properties endow SQDs with excellent biomedical application prospects, including biomedical imaging, drug delivery, clinical diagnosis, photodynamic therapy, DNA hybridization, and RNA profiling. This review introduces the classification of QDs and provides a brief description of the characteristics of QDs under each classification. Taking the type II B-VI A QDs as an example, inorganic and organic modification methods, and the corresponding advantages and disadvantages are summarized and discussed. Controlled modification approaches make them exhibit different functions in the bioimaging and drug delivery fields. The typical or classic instances are also listed to present the highlights of the applications of SQDs in the biomedical field. Based on these, this review raises a variety of possible challenges and perspectives of SQDs in biomedical applications in the future.
... Surprisingly, the two cancer cells are reacting differently to the tested compounds, i.e., the A549 cells seem to be more sensitive to the tested compounds during the first 24 h of exposure period, however the Jurkat cells becoming more responsive during the 48 period of exposure. This difference in the sensitivity of two cancer cells to the same testing compound can be attributed to the changes in the resistive response of each cell types which is supported by the intracellular protein mechanisms (Mohammad et al., 2014;Bwatanglang et al., 2017). Since the amount of intracellular proteins secreted by the cells are unique to each individual cell type and so in that way some cells may react very fast as compared to the others. ...
Novel spiro acenaphthylene pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline/pyrrolidine hybrids have been achieved through Pictet-Spengler/Eschweiler-Clarke reactions depending on the substitution in the benzyl ring. The in vitro biological efficacy of N-methyl spiropyrrolidine derivatives toward different cancer and non-cancer cell lines revealed that these novel spiro heterocyclic hybrids induced cancer cell death at moderate concentrations, while slight reduction in non-cancer cell viability at the higher concentrations. The analysis of cancer cells proved that the major pathway of cell death is apoptosis and in addition, the role of caspases is confirmed by the appearance of fluorescent cells in microscopic images. Therefore, this study indicates a sustainable way of treating cancer cells by inducing apoptotic pathways and associated caspases, while simultaneously protecting the non-cancer cells.
... Development of semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) has been attracted great attention in the past decades due to their potential applications in molecular and cell imaging, biological probes, solar conversion components, optoelectronic components, and light-emitting devices [1][2][3]. Hitherto, Cd-based QDs (e.g., CdS, CdSe, and CdTe) have been widely investigated due to their outstanding optical and electrical characteristics such as high photoluminescence quantum yield, broad absorption range, narrow and size-tunable emission, and photostability [4][5][6][7]. However, the inherent toxicity of cadmium has restricted the wide applicability of Cd-based QDs in biological applications. ...
In this study, Mn-doped ZnSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (CSQDs) were synthesized in aqueous solution using polyethylene glycol as a surface stabilizer and successfully applied in the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for the first time. The CSQDs were conjugated with anti-E. coli antibody and anti-MRSA antibody via protein A supported by 1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride for fluorescent labeling of the intact bacterial cells. The detection was performed for the bacterial strains cultivated in Luria-Bertani liquid medium. The obtained results indicate that E. coli O157:H7 and MRSA can be detected within 30 min at a high sensitivity of 101 CFU/mL. This labeling method based on the highly fluorescent CSQDs may have great potential for use in the food industry to check and prevent outbreaks of foodborne illness.
... Although drug-delivery-related research on QDs has not entered the clinical research stage, they have brought new hope for the cure of major human diseases, especially cancer. Table 3 [26,[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152] lists the current drugdelivery materials based on SQDs. The various compositions and modifications make them exhibit different characteristics in drug-delivery studies. ...
... The fate of these species being ingested in relation to their non-specific binding to cell membrane and intracellular proteins are found to be actively involved in facilitating the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) species or reactive nitrogen (RNS) species [8,9]. The reactive species either in their primary or secondary forms has the mobility to be readily absorbed after ingestion or inhalation and translocate into the reticulum endothelium systems, triggering toxic-induced effects [10]. ...
In this study, we used the surface stabilizer 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) to synthesize ZnSe quantum dots in nontoxic aqueous solvents. Because of the –COOH group, MPA is an SH‐R‐COOH molecule that is added to improve the dispersion and quantum dot (QD) compatibility with antibodies. The different structures ZnSe, Mn‐doped ZnSe, Mn‐doped ZnSe/ZnS, and ZnSe/Mn‐doped ZnS/ZnS were investigated to find the optimum photoluminescence (PL). The structure and distribution element of ZnSe/Mn‐doped ZnS/ZnS QD were analyzed by the high‐resolution TEM image and scanning transmission electron microscopy. This finding of the ZnS buffer layer helps to reduce the defect lattice of QDs, which increases PL significantly. The highest PL intensity of ZnSe/ZnS:Mn/ZnS is significantly more than that of ZnSe and ZnSe/ZnS 6.2 and 3.3 times, respectively. In addition, the fluorescence efficiency of ZnSe/ZnS:5%Mn/ZnS‐MPA was 74.37% higher than that of ZnSe:5%Mn/ZnS‐MPA (55.04%) in ZnS buffer.
The lack of broad‐spectrum tumor antigens, limited immunogenicity of antigens, and immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumors have impeded the development of cancer vaccines. To address this issue, a vaccine platform is developed based on Spirulina skeleton fibers loaded with gold (Au) nanoparticles (Au@E‐SP). Upon subcutaneous administration, Au@E‐SP self‐aggregates in situ and forms a 3D vaccine scaffold owing to its elongated and helical architecture. Through the aggregation of Au@E‐SP, Au nanoparticles are concentrated, which significantly enhances the local photothermal effect and releases more tumor‐associated antigens. In addition, the retained E‐SP serves as a natural immune adjuvant that sustainably reverses the immunosuppressive microenvironment in vivo. Combining these advantages, the vaccines induce a potent anti‐tumor immune response, effectively inhibiting tumor recurrence and metastasis. This strategy utilizes microalgae as a self‐adjuvant vaccine, providing a promising avenue for further research in tumor immunotherapy.
Recent increase in the integration of nanotechnology and nanosciences to the biomedical sector fetches the human wellness through the development of sustainable treatment methodologies for cancerous tumors at all stages of their initiation and progression. This involves the development of multifunctional theranostic probes that effectively support for the early cancer diagnosis, avoiding non-target cell toxicity, controlled and customized anticancer drug release etc. Therefore, to advance the field of nanotechnology-based sustainable cancer treatment, we fabricated and tested the efficacy of anticancer drug-loaded magnetic hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) towards in vitro cell culture systems. The developed conjugate of NPs was incorporated with the functions of both controlled drug delivery and heat-releasing ability using Mn3O4 (manganese oxide) magnetic core with Cu shell encapsulated within trimethyl chitosan (TMC) biopolymer. On characterization, the Cu@Mn3O4-TMC NPs were confirmed to have an approximate size of 130 nm with full agglomeration (as observed by the HRTEM) and crystal size of 92.95 ± 18.38 nm with tetragonal hausmannite phase for Mn3O4 spinel structure (XRD). Also, the UV-Vis and FTIR analysis provided the qualitative and quantitative effects of 5-fluororacil (5-Fu) anticancer drug loading (max 68 %) onto the Cu@Mn3O4-TMC NPs. The DLS analysis indicated for the occurrence of no significant changes to the particle size (around 100 nm) of Cu@Mn3O4-TMC due to the solution dispersion thereby confirming for the aqueous stability of developed NPs. In addition, the magnetization values of Cu@Mn3O4-TMC NPs were measured to be 34 emu/g and a blocking temperature of 42 K. Further tests of magnetic hyperthermia by the Cu@Mn3O4-TMC/5-Fu NPs provided that the heat-releasing capacity (% ΔT at 15 min) increases with that of increased frequency, i.e. 28 % (440 Hz) > 22.6 % (240 Hz) > 18 % (44 Hz), and the highest specific power loss (SPL) value observed to be 488 W/g for water. Moreover, the 5-Fu drug release studies indicate that the release is high at a pH of 5.2 and almost all the loaded drug is getting delivered under the influence of the external magnetic field (430 Hz) due to the influence of both Brownian-rotation and Néel relaxation heat-mediated mechanism. The pharmacokinetic drug release studies have suggested for the occurrence of more than one model, i.e. First-order, Higuchi (diffusion), and Korsemeyer-Peppas (non-Fickian), in addition to hyperthermia. Finally, the in vitro cell culture systems (MCF-7 cancer and MCF-10 non-cancer) helped to differentiate the physiological changes due to the effects of hyperthermia and 5-Fu drug individually and as a combination of both. The observed differences of cell viability losses among both cell types are measured and discussed with the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by the MCF-10 cells as against the MCF-7 cancer cells. We believe that the results generated in this project can be helpful for the designing of new cancer therapeutic models with nominal adverse effects on healthy normal cells and thus paving a way for the treatment of cancer and other deadly diseases in a sustainable manner.
