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Photomicrograph of the corpus spongiosum of the penis of an intact cat (a) and a neutered cat (b), stained with Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin; fewer elastic fibers are seen in the corpus spongiosum of the neutered cat, and elastic fibers in the wall of an arteriole (arrow) and urethra (asterisk) are stained. Magnification = × 400. Photomicrograph of the entire corpus spongiosum of the penis of an intact cat (c,e) and a neutered cat (d,f), stained with picrosirius red; a higher density of collagen fibers is seen in the penis of the neutered cat. (e,f) Same sections as shown in (c) and (d) observed under polarized light. Magnification = × 200. Scale bar = 50 µm
Source publication
Objectives
This study was undertaken to verify the possible modifications caused by hormonal deprivation in the extracellular matrix in the penises of neutered cats.
Methods
Twenty-seven penises from domestic shorthair cats were collected: 14 samples from intact cats and 13 from neutered cats. Sections were stained with Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin,...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... density of the elastic fibers in the corpus spongiosum was lower in the neutered animals (4.10%) than in the intact animals (6.28%; P = 0.0434; Figure 2). In addition, statistical differences were observed between the neutered and intact cats in the density of the elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum (P <0.0001) and in the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum (P = 0.0143; Table 1). ...
Context 2
... the area of the corpus spongiosum and the corpus cavernosum did not significantly differ between the neutered and intact cats (Table 1). Although no changes were noted in the birefringence pattern of the collagen fibers, more collagen fibers were present in the corpus spongiosum of the neutered animals than in the intact animals ( Figure 2). ...
Citations
... En cuanto a los factores de riesgo para desarrollar una obstrucción uretral (OU), se analizaron el número de animales que estaban castrados o no, su edad y peso. Se encontró que el 70% de los animales que fueron usados para el estudio estaban castrados (Fig. 15), por lo que se podría inferir que la castración pudiera ser un factor determinante para presentarse una OU, este hallazgo podría ser confirmado debido a una disminución significativa en la densidad de las fibras elásticas y un aumento en la densidad de las fibras de colágeno en el cuerpo esponjoso del pene de animales castrados que podría reducir la distensibilidad de la región periuretral, lo que sugiere que estos cambios podrían ser un factor predisponente para la enfermedad obstructiva de la uretra (Borges et al., 2017). ...
La obstrucción uretral en gatos macho, es una complicación médica de atención inmediata, siendo la causa más frecuente los tapones uretrales cuyas causas aún son discutidas pero que se presume pueden ser consecuencia de la cistitis idiopática felina, eventos de estrés, entre otros, resultando en una inflamación de estructuras como la vejiga, uretra y riñones que provocaran desordenes electroliticos principalmente la hiperkalemia que avanza alterando el potencial de membrana, desarrollando así una bradicardia y posteriormente si no se obtiene atención, la muerte.
... This can lead to edema, pain and smooth muscle spasm. 5,10 One study reported that FIC was the cause of UO in 53% of cats. 4 Several studies have described risk factors for UO;7,12-14 some support neutering as a contributory factor 12,13,15,16 while others do not.9,17,18 Another contradictory factor is age at neutering.11 ...
... It has been suggested that prepubertal neutering contributes to a smaller penis and narrower penile urethra, but this has subsequently been disputed. 13,17,18,[22][23][24] Owing to the contradictory findings associated with feline UO, this study was designed to characterize the clinical aspects of the disease, the lesions in the urethra of obstructed cats and to correlate these findings to reproductive status and age at neutering. ...
... 12,13,15 It has been hypothesized that lower compliance of the periurethral region of neutered cats could be a predisposing factor for UO disease. 13 Another hypothesis is that the increase in adrenal androgens in neutered cats enhances the stress response in male cats, leading to FIC. 27 Moreover, most of the cats with UO, independent of their reproductive status, were fed a dry diet, which is a well-known risk factor for FLUTD.14,28,29 Obesity has also been described as risk factor for FLUTD. ...
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between clinical aspects and urethral lesions with reproductive status and age at neutering in obstructed male cats.
Methods
All cats with compatible signs of urethral obstruction (UO) treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco from 2019 to 2021 were divided into three groups according to their reproductive status: intact; prepubertal neutered; and post-pubertal neutered. Cats with compatible signs of UO were selected for further analysis. Age, clinical signs, age at neutering and age of the first obstructive event were documented. Cats with recurrent obstructive urinary signs or urethral trauma that made catheterization impossible were referred for perineal urethrostomy. The morphology of the excised penises was assessed by histopathological analysis.
Results
Of 84 cats with signs of UO included in this study, 28.6% were classified as intact, 28.6% as prepubertal neutered and 42.8% as post-pubertal neutered. Intact cats had a significantly earlier onset of UO compared with prepubertal and post-pubertal neutered cats, as seen by the age at obstruction (3.6 vs 5.7 and 5.5 years, respectively). Similar clinical signs and histopathological lesions were observed in all groups. The main clinical signs observed were stranguria, hematuria and pollakiuria. All cats had some degree of injury in the penile urethra. The most common lesions were hemorrhage, fibrosis and congestion.
Conclusions and relevance
It appears that intact cats had an earlier onset of UO than neutered cats, regardless of age at neutering. Urethral histopathological lesions and clinical signs were similar in both groups. Pediatric neutering represents a useful tool in the control of abandoned and stray animals and the consequent dissemination of zoonoses, thus having a positive impact on public health.
... This can lead to edema, pain and smooth muscle spasm. 5,10 One study reported that FIC was the cause of UO in 53% of cats. 4 Several studies have described risk factors for UO; 7,12-14 some support neutering as a contributory factor 12,13,15,16 while others do not. 9,17,18 Another contradictory factor is age at neutering. ...
... It has been suggested that prepubertal neutering contributes to a smaller penis and narrower penile urethra, but this has subsequently been disputed. 13,17,18,[22][23][24] Owing to the contradictory findings associated with feline UO, this study was designed to characterize the clinical aspects of the disease, the lesions in the urethra of obstructed cats and to correlate these findings to reproductive status and age at neutering. ...
... This was unexpected, as much of the published literature reports castration as a risk factor for feline lower urinary tract disorders (FLUTD), including obstructive disease. 12,13,15 It has been hypothesized that lower compliance of the periurethral region of neutered cats could be a predisposing factor for UO disease. 13 Another hypothesis is that the increase in adrenal androgens in neutered cats enhances the stress response in male cats, leading to FIC. 27 Moreover, most of the cats with UO, independent of their reproductive status, were fed a dry diet, which is a well-known risk factor for FLUTD. ...
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between clinical aspects and urethral lesions with reproductive status and age at neutering in obstructed male cats.
Methods
All cats with compatible signs of urethral obstruction (UO) treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco from 2019 to 2021 were divided into three groups according to their reproductive status: intact; prepubertal neutered; and post-pubertal neutered. Cats with compatible signs of UO were selected for further analysis. Age, clinical signs, age at neutering and age of the first obstructive event were documented. Cats with recurrent obstructive urinary signs or urethral trauma that made catheterization impossible were referred for perineal urethrostomy. The morphology of the excised penises was assessed by histopathological analysis.
Results
Of 84 cats with signs of UO included in this study, 28.6% were classified as intact, 28.6% as prepubertal neutered and 42.8% as post-pubertal neutered. Intact cats had a significantly earlier onset of UO compared with prepubertal and post-pubertal neutered cats, as seen by the age at obstruction (3.6 vs 5.7 and 5.5 years, respectively). Similar clinical signs and histopathological lesions were observed in all groups. The main clinical signs observed were stranguria, hematuria and pollakiuria. All cats had some degree of injury in the penile urethra. The most common lesions were hemorrhage, fibrosis and congestion.
Conclusions and relevance
It appears that intact cats had an earlier onset of UO than neutered cats, regardless of age at neutering. Urethral histopathological lesions and clinical signs were similar in both groups. Pediatric neutering represents a useful tool in the control of abandoned and stray animals and the consequent dissemination of zoonoses, thus having a positive impact on public health.
... Selain itu, pemandulan juga dikenal pasti sebagai salah-satu faktor risiko penyakit saluran kencing seperti Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) (Borges et. al. 2017;Piyarungsri et. al. 2020) dan beberapa penyakit lain (McKenzie 2010) bagi kucing jantan dan betina. Walau bagaimanapun, jika diteliti kesan negatif ini tidak semuanya dipengaruhi oleh proses pemandulan haiwan seperti yang dibincangkan, tetapi ia bergantung juga kepada permasalah kesihatan atau faktor lain sehingga menyebabkan kemudaratan ...
... Gatos castrados precocemente apresentam desenvolvimento inadequado do osso peniano, atrofia ou ausência de espículas penianas e alteração na densidade de fibras elásticas e colágenas no pênis, reduzindo a complacência da região periuretral (BORGES et al., 2017). ...
A cirurgia de castração é considerada uma das técnicas cirúrgicas mais realizadas na rotina veterinária e a idade ideal para a sua execução ainda é contraditória entre os médicos veterinários, uma vez que os estudos sobre este tema relacionados a alguns fatores, como raça e espécie, são escassos. É tida como método de contracepção, controle de zoonoses e método preventivo e terapêutico de algumas enfermidades como as afecções do sistema reprodutor. A castração pré-púbere é amplamente aplicada em diversos países, porém a literatura expõe certas consequências desta prática, como o aumento do risco de aparecimento de algumas enfermidades como afecções urogenitais, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, afecções musculoesqueléticas e neoplasmas. Assim sendo, esta revisão de literatura pretende abordar a castração pré-púbere e suas consequências com o objetivo de contribuir nas decisões dos profissionais veterinários, além de colaborar com estudos futuros.
... Bladder stones are presumed to initially form in the upper urinary tract and ultimately pass down into the bladder where they continue to grow and become symptomatic, particularly if outflow is obstructed 232 . In animals, the quadruped stance, urethral anatomy (tapering of the penile urethra and, in male dogs, the presence of an os penis) and, in some dogs, a relatively high residual urine volume (up to 3.4 ml/kg in healthy dogs), does not facilitate passage of these stones out of the bladder [233][234][235] . In dogs, upper urinary tract stones rarely cause clinical signs; thus,they often remain undetected. ...
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
... The relationship between castration and the urethral obstruction is not well established. Borges et al. (2017) compared penises from intact and neutered male cats using a histomorphometric analysis and found a significant decrease in the density of the elastic fibres and a significant increase of the density of the collagen fibres in the corpus spongiosum in the neutered animals. This finding may play a role in reducing the compliance https://doi.org/10.17221/146/2019-VETMED of the periurethral region and, thus, predispose the cats to a urethral obstruction. ...
A total of 214 cats with signs of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) were assessed in this study. There were 81.30% males (82.20% of them neutered) and 18.70% females (80.00% of them spayed) with an age range from 9 months to 17 years (mean 5.1 ± 3.7). Most of the cats (111; 51.90%) were diagnosed with feline idiopathic cystitis; in 57 (26.60%) cats, uroliths were detected. A urinary tract infection (UTI) as well as urethral plugs were diagnosed in 23 cats (10.75%). In 100 cats, a non-obstructive form of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) was present; in 114 cats (exclusively males) a urethral obstruction was diagnosed. Most of the cats (141; 65.90%) were indoor-housed. The cats with the UTI were significantly older when compared to the other cases of FLUTD. The most common clinical signs reported by the owners were dysuria (39.70%), oliguria/anuria (31.30%), and vomiting (24.80%). In the cats with the urethral obstruction, oliguria/anuria and non-specific systemic signs were dominant whereas in the non-obstructive form, signs of a lower urinary tract disease were more frequent. The urine specific gravity ranged from 1.008 to 1.080, while in the cats diagnosed with UTI, it was significantly lower than the other cats. Haematuria was the most common finding within the urinalysis which was diagnosed in 181 cats (84.60%): macroscopic haematuria was present in 94 patients (43.90%), microscopic haematuria was present in 87 cats (40.70%). Pyuria was found in 36 cats (16.80%). In the UTI cats, the most common bacterial isolate was E. coli. Results of our study are in agreement with previous reports of FLUTD in various countries, with idiopathic cystitis as the most common cause.
... Cats with FLUTD are more often male or neutered 6,9 than female or intact due to the narrowness and curvature of the penile urethra. Castration affects the density of the elastic and collagen fibres in the periurethral tissues; this decreases the compliance of the periurethral region 19 . Moreover, most castrated male cats were less active, leading to weight gain, a common risk factor for FLUTD. ...
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common problem in cats. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence, clinical signs, and causes of FLUTD and the risk factors for FLUTD. The medical records of 3486 cats visiting Chiang Mai University Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) between November 2016 and October 2017 were reviewed. An age-matched case-control study was performed to determine the risk factors for FLUTD by comparing 78 cats with FLUTD and 78 clinically normal age-matched cats. For each animal, potential risk data were obtained from medical records and cat owner interviews; these were analysed for associations with FLUTD. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios and to adjust for expected confounding factors. The prevalence of FLUTD in cats visiting the Chiang Mai University Veterinary Teaching Hospital was 2.2%. The most common clinical signs identified were urethral obstruction (55.1%) and haematuria (23.1%). The most common diagnoses were feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (57.7%) and urolithiasis (struvite) (18%). The multivariable logistic regression analysis results indicated that FLUTD was most likely to be diagnosed in castrated male cats. FIC and urolithiasis were the most common diagnoses in cats with FLUTD, and male sex and castration increased the risk of FLUTD.
... These changes, marked by a decrease in the volume of elastic fibers at the later stage, could be attributed to the late-onset of hypogonadism related to aging, as explained by Pradidarcheep 10 . Reforcing this theory, a similar change in the density of elastic fibers was found by Borges et al. 11 , in a study comparing extracellular matrix morphology in neutered versus intact CS of cats. This study showed that neutered cats presents a smaller density of elastic fibers in the CS compared with intact cats. ...
Purpose:
To quantify the age-dependent changes in the relative volume of elastic fibers, collagen fibers and the proportion of collagen types I/III in the corpus spongiosum of rats.
Methods:
Forty-eight rats, raised under similar conditions, were divided into four groups (G1 to G4) and underwent penectomy at the ages of 6, 9, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Histological sections from the middle segment of the penis were stained with Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin, Masson’s trichrome and Picrosirius red, the volumetric density of elastic fibers, collagen fibers and the proportion of collagen types I and III in the corpus spongiosum were determined by stereological analysis.
Results:
A reduction in the proportion of collagen I/III between the groups G3 and G4 (p < 0.048) was observed. In the volumetric analysis of elastic fiber, we observed a significant rise between the groups G2 and G3 (p < 0.03) and a reduction of the volume between the groups G3 and G4 (p < 0.01). However, there was no difference in the quantity of total collagen between the groups (p > 0.54).
Conclusions:
Aging in rats did not change the quantity of total collagen but reduced the proportion of collagen types I/III and the volume of elastic fibers.
... 1,12 The higher frequency of obstructive FLUTD in neutered cats was most probably due to the tendency to gain weight after neutering and not due to the neutering itself: one study did not find significant differences in anatomy and urethral diameter between intact and neutered cats. 13 The number of obstructive FLUTD episodes and multiple urethral catheterizations was frequent in most preoperative histories of patients that underwent PU and PPU. Yet, Seitz et al demonstrated that indwelling urethral catheterization remains the most indicated treatment. ...
Objectives to the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the long-term clinical outcomes and quality of life of cats having undergone perineal (PU) or prepubic (PPU) urethrostomy.
Methods This clinical study followed 28 cats (PU, n = 22; PPU, n = 6) who underwent a urethrostomy, with a minimum of 1 year postoperative follow-up. Medical records, pet owner surveys and urologic laboratory tests were used for assessment. Urologic laboratory tests included serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), serum creatinine, urinalysis, urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio and urine culture.
Results The main indications for urethrostomy were multiple catheterizations and PU stricture. The overall complication rate of PU and PPU was 31.8% and 83.3%, respectively. Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and urine scald dermatitis was less frequent in PU than in PPU cats (UTI 22.7% vs 66.6%; dermatitis 4.5% vs 83.3%). Bacteriuria was present in 77.2% and 100% of PU and PPU cats, respectively. Owner satisfaction rate was excellent in 81.8% of PU and 33.3% PPU cases.
Conclusions and relevance A proportion of cats submitted to urethrostomy showed bacteriuria, recurrent UTI and increased levels of SDMA. PPU is important as a salvage procedure; however, it should be limited to cases in which standard techniques for PU cannot be performed, owing to the potential for recurrent complications and lower owner satisfaction.
