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Photomicrograph of F. gigantica miracidium showing epidermal plates (numbers referred to position and number of epidermal plates). 400×.
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Both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used in the description. There were variable measurements of eggs from the same fluke and there was no relationship between the size of the fluke and size of eggs. Light microscopy revealed that the operculum has different shapes in Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. Under normal laborato...
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... The developed miracidia exhibit some movements inside the egg shells before outside escaping from the eggs throughout repeated and strong pushing to the operculum, which became partially opened. The emergence of miracidia occurred within 4 days of their maturation. The miracidia of F. gigantica measured 98-119 (110 ± 0.1) · 63-77 (70 ± 0.04) lm (Fig. 2). The life span ranged between 9 and 12 ...Similar publications
Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola spp. (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Digenea) is considered the most important helminth infection of ruminants in tropical countries, causing considerable socioeconomic problems. Samples identifi ed morphologically as Fasciola sp. in Equus caballus host species from the city of Tunis (north of Tunisia) were genetically c...
A cross sectional study was conducted from September 2013 to July 2014 on a total of 284 ruminants (77 cattle, 99 sheep and 108 goats) to assess pathological and biochemical changes on liver infected with fluke at ELFORA export abattoir in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Liver and blood samples of the same animals were collected using systematic random samplin...
Nuclear gene markers, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and DNA polymerase delta (pold), have been developed for precise discrimination of Fasciola flukes instead of internal transcribed spacer 1. In this study, these two genes of 730 Fasciola flukes from eight Asian countries were analyzed. The results were compared with their mitochondria...
This study aimed to precisely discriminate Fasciola spp. based on DNA sequences of nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene. We collected 150 adult flukes from the bile ducts of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats from six different regions of Banglad...
Fasciola hepatica is a liver fluke that infects 2.4 million of people and causes great economical loss in animal production. To date a 100% effective vaccine has not been developed and the disease is controlled by drug therapy. Great efforts are put into development of effective vaccine against parasite what is difficult since Fasciola spp. (like o...
Citations
... sediment was placed on a slide with a coverslip and viewed under the microscope. Eggs of Fasciola species were identified by their morphologic characteristics (operculated with thin shell, broadly ellipsoidal with the estimated measurements of 130-150 Mm in length and 63-90 Mm in breadth, and yellow color) (Hussein et al. 2010;Miller 1997 ;Roepstortf and Nansen 1998). The MacMaster counting technique was used to determine the egg burden of Fasciola species as indicated by Miller (1997). ...
Fasciolosis is a zoonosis that limits the productivity of ruminants worldwide, but there is a lack of information on its occurrence in Burundi. Therefore, this study aimed to fill the information gap by determining the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine fasciolosis in the Imbo Region of Burundi. Two prevalence studies were conducted in parallel in the five communes of the five provinces in the Imbo region. In the first study, a total of 426 fecal samples were collected from randomly selected cattle farms and microscopically examined to determine Fasciola egg burden. Survey data on cattle husbandry were collected from owners of these cattle and analyzed to determine the risk factors for bovine fasciolosis. In the second study, 467 cattle were randomly selected in abattoirs and their livers were examined postmortem to determine liver fluke burdens. Data were entered separately into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using R software. The overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis was 47.7% (42.9–52.4, 95% CI) for microscopic examination and 33.2% (28.9–37.5, 95% CI) for postmortem examinations. The majority of positive cattle (60.6%) had light intensity infections as determined by eggs per gram of feces (epg). Postmortem examinations corroborated these results and indicated that 80% of cattle had light intensity infections. Chi-square analysis showed a statistical association with the presence of bovine fasciolosis and the age, sex, and origin of cattle and the practices of cattle owners (P < 0.05).
... A light microscope with an eyepiece reticle was used to examine the sediment at 100× and 400× magnification (Zeiss, Germany). The egg of Fasciola spp. was identified using the morphology described in a previous study [15,16]. Eggs of Fasciola spp. ...
A longitudinal study was conducted in five randomly selected farms in Kelantan, Malaysia to determine the seasonal occurrence of cattle fascioliasis and its association with climatic factors. A total of 480 faecal samples were collected by a random purposive sampling method from July 2018 to June 2019. The faecal samples were examined for the presence of Fasciola eggs using a formalin ether sedimentation technique. Meteorological data including temperature, humidity, rainfall, and pan evaporation were obtained from a local meteorological station. The overall prevalence of cattle fascioliasis in Kelantan was 45.8%. The prevalence was observed to be slightly higher during the wet season from August to December (50–58%) than during the dry season from January to June (30–45%). Meanwhile, the mean eggs per gram (EPG) were highest in June (191.1 ± 0.48) and lowest in October (77.62 ± 95.5). However, there were no significant differences in the mean of EPG between the monthly prevalence, tested using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.1828). A statistically significant association (p = 0.014) was observed between the disease and cattle breeds, with Charolais and Brahman showing lower odds of having the disease. There were significant moderate-to-strong positive correlations between cattle fascioliasis and rainfall (r = 0.666; p = 0.018) and humidity (r = 0.808; p = 0.001), as well as strong negative correlations with evaporation (r = −0.829; p = 0.001). The results indicated that the higher prevalence of cattle fascioliasis in Kelantan was correlated with the climatic factors, which include higher rainfall and humidity and lower evaporation.
... Official Journal Issued by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine environment and passively infect animals and humans that eat contaminated plants (Hussein et al., 2010). ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords Fasciola spp. is one of the most causes of liver diseases in the world. Infection with Fasciola is important from a veterinary and medical standpoint, particularly in areas with high densities of sheep and cattle production. The infection by fascioliasis takes place through ingestion of metacercariae attached to vegetables or drinking of contaminated water. Prevention of human fascioliasis could depend on cleaning of the leafy salads from the metacercariae and control of Lymnaea snails. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of NaOCl on Fasciola intermediate snail host (Lymnaea), as method of control Fasciola spp. and the effect of some acids as well as KMno4 on encysted metacercariae to find the best method(s) to clear the salads from metacercariae, while keeping the leaves as fresh as possible so that they become safe and acceptable for human consumption. It was observed that washing of vegetables in running water for 10 minutes could detach some of the metacercariae. The intermediate hosts (Lymnaea spp. snails) were exposed to a range of NaOCl concentrations, which resulted in an increase cercariae mortality and caused damage to specific parts of the snail's foot. The duration and concentration of the exposure also had an impact on the outcome. It was found that citric acid at the concentration of (10 mg/L), acetic acid (120 ml/L,) and KMn04 (24 mg/L) detached all metacercariae after 10 minutes of exposure. They were recommended as vegetable leaves as they were not softened and remained fresh. NaOCl Fasciola metacercariae Citric acid Acetic acid KMno4
... Official Journal Issued by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine environment and passively infect animals and humans that eat contaminated plants (Hussein et al., 2010). ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords Fasciola spp. is one of the most causes of liver diseases in the world. Infection with Fasciola is important from a veterinary and medical standpoint, particularly in areas with high densities of sheep and cattle production. The infection by fascioliasis takes place through ingestion of metacercariae attached to vegetables or drinking of contaminated water. Prevention of human fascioliasis could depend on cleaning of the leafy salads from the metacercariae and control of Lymnaea snails. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of NaOCl on Fasciola intermediate snail host (Lymnaea), as method of control Fasciola spp. and the effect of some acids as well as KMno4 on encysted metacercariae to find the best method(s) to clear the salads from metacercariae, while keeping the leaves as fresh as possible so that they become safe and acceptable for human consumption. It was observed that washing of vegetables in running water for 10 minutes could detach some of the metacercariae. The intermediate hosts (Lymnaea spp. snails) were exposed to a range of NaOCl concentrations, which resulted in an increase cercariae mortality and caused damage to specific parts of the snail's foot. The duration and concentration of the exposure also had an impact on the outcome. It was found that citric acid at the concentration of (10 mg/L), acetic acid (120 ml/L,) and KMn04 (24 mg/L) detached all metacercariae after 10 minutes of exposure. They were recommended as vegetable leaves as they were not softened and remained fresh. NaOCl Fasciola metacercariae Citric acid Acetic acid KMno4
... F. gigantica, referred to as the tropical liver fluke due to its wide distribution throughout Asia, Africa and the Middle East [39], is more tolerant of higher temperatures and exposure to direct sunlight compared to the temperate liver fluke F. hepatica, which is found in cooler climes (reviewed by [3]). The inclination for higher temperatures has also had a direct influence on F. gigantica development; for example, egg embryonation occurs more rapidly [40] and the F. gigantica intra-snail stages develop at higher temperature thresholds (16 • C compared with 10 • C for F. hepatica development; [41,42]), which allows multiple rounds of clonal expansion resulting in five redial generations rather than that observed for F. hepatica where a maximum of four generations have been reported [41,43,44]. ...
The helminth parasites, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, are the causative agents of fasciolosis, a global and economically important disease of people and their livestock. Proteases are pivotal to an array of biological processes related to parasitism (development, feeding, immune evasion, virulence) and therefore their action requires strict regulation by parasite anti-proteases (protease inhibitors). By interrogating the current publicly available Fasciola spp. large sequencing datasets, including several genome assemblies and life cycle stage-specific transcriptome and proteome datasets, we reveal the complex profile and structure of proteases and anti-proteases families operating at various stages of the parasite’s life cycle. Moreover, we have discovered distinct profiles of peptidases and their cognate inhibitors expressed by the parasite stages in the intermediate snail host, reflecting the different environmental niches in which they move, develop and extract nutrients. Comparative genomics revealed a similar cohort of peptidase inhibitors in F. hepatica and F. gigantica but a surprisingly reduced number of cathepsin peptidases genes in the F. gigantica genome assemblies. Chromosomal location of the F. gigantica genes provides new insights into the evolution of these gene families, and critical data for the future analysis and interrogation of Fasciola spp. hybrids spreading throughout the Asian and African continents.
... Studying various parasite life cycle stages can open new ground for control and prevention programs to reduce the final host's infection risk [15]. Some reports have indicated the impact of environmental factors on the hatching Fasciola spp eggs [12,16]; however, the data on the host role in larva development and egg hatching is limited. Ashrafi et al. (2006) showed that the age of the host, helminth, and method of preparing the specimens affect the adult Fasciola eggs morphological characteristics [17]. ...
... In the current study, the hatching rates of F. gigantica and F. hepatica originated from cattle were higher than those from sheep, while there was no change in the percentage of developed eggs in the two hosts. Miracidia maturation occurs within 12-16 days in eggs of both F. hepatica and F. gigantica regardless of the host species [16]. Several reports showed that the chemical Downloaded from jommid.pasteur.ac.ir at 17:04 IRDT on Thursday April 1st 2021 composition of various plant extracts [19] could penetrate the eggshell and inhibit the egg hatching depending on the solubility in lipids [20]. ...
... In the current study, the hatching rates of F. gigantica and F. hepatica originated from cattle were higher than those from sheep, while there was no change in the percentage of developed eggs in the two hosts. Miracidia maturation occurs within 12-16 days in eggs of both F. hepatica and F. gigantica regardless of the host species [16]. Several reports showed that the chemical composition of various plant extracts [19] could penetrate the eggshell and inhibit the egg hatching depending on the solubility in lipids [20]. ...
Introduction: Successful development of free-living stages of parasitic helminths depends on larva ability to survive, develop, and hatch. In this study, we aimed to study the host role in the hatching process of Fasciola species. Methods: Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica eggs were collected from adult worms that originated from naturally infected sheep and cattle livers and were incubated at 26±1°C for 15 days. The percentage of hatched and developed eggs were obtained for each isolate under a light microscope. A polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to identify the F. hepatica and F. gigantica species. Results: Our findings showed no significant differences in the development rates of F. gigantica and F. hepatica eggs in sheep (69.32% and 72.71%) and cattle (73.56% and74.69%). However, the rates of hatched eggs of F. gigantica and F. hepatica originated from cattle (69.19% and 62.36%) were almost twice the rates in sheep (31.69% and 32.59%), indicating a significant difference. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that host species significantly affect the hatching of Fasciola eggs as the hatching rates of F. gigantica and F. hepatica originated from cattle were higher than those taken from sheep did not affect their larval development. Thus, in addition to environmental factors, the hatching phenomenon is influenced by host species.
... [2] Under room temperature, in distilled water, miracidium developed in 12-15 days in F. hepatica eggs. [7] OBSERVATION 4 ...
... Life span of the released F. hepatica miracidium was 10 h in the environment and might be similar for F. buski miracidium. [7] OBSERVATION 5 ...
... According to our unpublished measurements and published data of other authors they vary in size from 10 µm (Microphallidae) to 40 µm (Heterophylidae); P. squamatum size (25 µm) falls within this range. Miracidia with active strategy of infection are generally larger: e.g. in Fasciola and Schistosoma they are between 100-200 µm in length (Southgate, Knowles, 1977;Hussein et al., 2010), and in Cyclocoelidae may be up to 340 µm (Ginetsinskaya, 1954). However, in several other groups "active" miracidia are as small as 50-70 µm (Allocreadiidae (Peters, LaBonte, 1965;Cannon, 1971), Zoogonidae (our unpublished data), Gorgoderidae (Goodchild, 1948)). ...
... The miracidia show positive photo tactic and negative geotropic behavior and enters the intermediate host in which it transforms into sporocyst, rediae and cercariae successively by asexual multiplication. Cercariae emerge out from snails into surrounding aquatic environment, attach to a substratum and start encystation process to transform into metacercarial cyst, preferably on the vegetation (FAO 2006;Raman et al., 2012;Dawes, 1960;Carmona, 2013;Hussein et al., 2010). The metacercariae are usually found encysted on the paddy crops (Prasad, 1989;Phalee et al., 2015). ...
The parasitic disease, fasciolosis, in tropical and subtropical regions is caused by Fasciola gigantica, while in temperate regions the other species, Fasciola hepatica, is mainly responsible for this disease. It is one of the major food borne trematodiasis incurring huge economic losses to the livestock industry and exhibit significant threat to humans because of the zoonotic potential. Being the digenetic trematode, the life cycle of tropical liver fluke involves an intermediate host, Lymnaea auricularia, in Aligarh region. Due to the restricted access to the local private abattoirs and limited availability of the intermediate host from the field, it was decided to establish the life cycle of F. gigantica, involving experimental infection of the intermediate host with in vitro developed miracidia and collection of metacercariae following cercarial shedding from the snail host. Under optimal conditions the metacercarial cysts were successfully in vitro excysted. The newly emerged juvenile worms were assessed for the integrity of fine tegumental ultrastructures by scanning electron microscopy. The water temperature in the snail culture pots, which were kept under natural light and temperature conditions in different seasons, was found to be an important factor in the establishment of infection. The optimum temperature was found to be 25±2 °C for the successful establishment of infection in snails of about 8mm in size exposed to 10 miracidia per snail. Variation in the temperature significantly affected the 4 duration of cercarial shedding from the infected snails. The temperature changes negatively influence the cercarial output, thus affecting the metacercarial availability as well as the survival period of infected snails. Following in vitro excystation it was observed that 42 % metacercariae were viable as reflected by the emergence of juvenile worms (NEJs). Further, during the in vitro excystation the structural integrity of the tegumental surface of the NEJs remain intact as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Thus, the invertebrate phase of the lifecycle of F. gigantica was successfully established to obtain an uninterrupted supply of normal and active larval stages of the tropical liver fluke for various studies.
... The eggs were stored in the refrigerator in distilled water till use after addition of penicillin G Sodium (100U) and dihydrostreptomycin (100 lg) (Sigma) per ml. Miracidia were developed in the eggs after their incubation as thin layer in Petri-dish in dark in the incubator at 28ºC (Hussein et al, 2010). ...
With increasing the incidence of human Fasciola infection in Egypt, there had been speculations about an adoption of Schistosoma snail to transmit Fasciola infection, but the previous knowledge demonstrated more data about snail-trematode specification. For this reason the present study was designed to follow up the reaction of domestic and foreign snails for exposure to adapt or non-adapted miracidia on the tissue and cellular level. The data revealed failure of Fasciola gigantica and Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to complete their development in hosts other than Lymnaea natalensis (L. cailliaudi) or Biomphalaria alexandrina snails after exposure to low or high dose of miracidia. The foreign miracidia were able to penetrate the snail but the sporocysts were unable to migrate deeply in the sub-epithelial tissue of the foot. As marked specific tissue reaction was develop by the snail, trying to capsu-late them. The degree and thickness of tissue reaction was increased with the increase in time post exposure till complete disappearance of the invading sporocysts. Besides, no tissue reaction and successful infection was recorded when the miracidia penetrate their specific snail host. On the cellular level, B. alexandrina snail haemolymph contained two types of cells as hyalinocytes (H) which related mainly to humeral type of defense and phagocytic cell called granulocyte (G), The cells were in different forms and structures related to time elapsed post exposure to infection. G-3 was actively divided cell detected in infected snail only. L. na-talensis and Physa acuta contained granulocytes (amoebocyte) in HL and 3 connective tissue related cells as C.T. amebocytes, pore cell and granular cell. Amoebocyte is phagocytic cell showing morphological and numeral changes in relation to exposure of the snail for infection by different miracidia. Granulocytes in P. acuta were trapped close to foot epithelium and between C.T. matrix and playing a role in early destruction of the foreign invading miracidia.
