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Photographs and photomicrographs of representative hydrothermal alteration features in the Fukeshan Cu (Mo) deposit. (A) Pervasive potassic alteration assemblages are mainly composed of secondary K-feldspar and biotite. (B) Intensive silicic alteration, associated with dense disseminated chalcopyrite. (C) Silicic alteration in the granodiorite. (D) Potassic alteration locally overprinted by chlorite alteration in the granodiorite. (E) Pervasive illite/sericite replaced feldspars and mafic minerals, showing a yellow-green color. (F) Phyllic alteration in the granodiorite, with sericite replace feldspar. Abbreviations: Qz, quartz; Kfs, K-feldspar; Bt, Biotite; Chl, Chlorite; Ser, sericite; and Ccp, chalcopyrite.
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![Figure 1. (A) Location of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt [1]. (B)...](publication/342577089/figure/fig1/AS:908301051117571@1593567254868/A-Location-of-the-Central-Asian-Orogenic-Belt-1-B-Geological-map-of-northeastern_Q320.jpg)
The Fukeshan Cu (Mo) deposit is a newfound porphyry deposit in the northern Great Xing’an Range (GXR), northeast China. In this paper, we present results of chalcopyrite Re–Os geochronology, microthermometry of the fluid inclusions (FIs), and isotopic (H–O–S–Pb) compositions of the Fukeshan Cu (Mo) deposit. Its ore-forming process can be divided in...
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Context 1
... the alteration zonation is not obvious due to superposition of multiple post-metallogenic magmatism. Potassic and silicic alterations are mainly distributed in the quartz diorite porphyry and its surrounding rocks ( Figure 3A-C). Potassic alteration are characterized by the mineral assemblage of secondary K-feldspar and biotite, irregular secondary K-feldspar was intensively developed in the quartz diorite porphyry, with fuzzy boundary between the crystals ( Figure 3A). ...
Context 2
... and silicic alterations are mainly distributed in the quartz diorite porphyry and its surrounding rocks ( Figure 3A-C). Potassic alteration are characterized by the mineral assemblage of secondary K-feldspar and biotite, irregular secondary K-feldspar was intensively developed in the quartz diorite porphyry, with fuzzy boundary between the crystals ( Figure 3A). Metallic minerals that coexist with potassic and silicic alterations are mainly composed of magnetite, chalcopyrite, and minor molybdenite (Figures 3B and 4A-C). ...
Context 3
... minerals that coexist with potassic and silicic alterations are mainly composed of magnetite, chalcopyrite, and minor molybdenite (Figures 3B and 4A-C). Chlorite-illite/sericite alteration contains chlorite, illite/sericite, and minor epidote, it only locally overprints the potassic and silicic alteration ( Figure 3D,E). The main Cu mineralization is closely associated with potassic, silicic, and chlorite-illite/sericite alterations. ...
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The paper reviews and summarizes data on the physicochemical parameters and chemical features of mineralizing fluids at porphyry deposits of the Cu–Mo–Au system. The calculated average values and ranges of parameters of the fluids in mineral-hosted fluid inclusions at porphyry deposits are as follows: temperature 90–957 °C, average 388 °C; salinity...
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Citations
... 148 Ma; [2]), the Fukeshan Cu (Mo) (ca. 149 Ma; [3,4]), and the Xiaokele Cu (Mo) (ca. 150 Ma; [5]) deposits. ...
... The δ 34 S V-CDT values (0.2‰ to 3.7‰) of the seven sulfides from the Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit overlap those of typical porphyry deposits in the NGXR, such as the Badaguan (-2.4‰ to 3.5‰; [45]), the Chalukou (-1.9‰ to 3.6‰; [43]), the Xiaokele (-1.2‰ to 2.4‰; [5]), and the Fukeshan (-2.3‰ to 3.4‰; [4]) deposits ( Figure 10). These values are also consistent with the δ 34 S V-CDT values of typical porphyry deposits elsewhere in the world (−5‰ to 5‰; [39]). ...
... Previous studies have shown that the relatively depleted isotopic values of fluids could have been caused by water-rock interactions or magma degassing [57,58]. The depleted δ 18 O H 2 O and δD isotopic characteristics were extensively recorded by fluids from an early stage in porphyry deposits of the NGXR [59], such as the Xiaokele Cu (Mo) (-1.2‰ to 2.4‰; [5]), the Fukeshan Cu (Mo) (-2.3‰ to 3.4‰; [4]), and the Chalukou Mo (-1.9‰ to 3.6‰; [43]) deposits, which were interpreted to be predominantly of magmatic origin. The δD and δ 18 O H 2 O values for stages II, III, and IV were relatively lower than those for stage I and plotted in the region between the meteoric water line and the magmatic water field (close to the magmatic water field) (Figure 8), suggesting the involvement of some meteoric water but still dominated by magmatic water. ...
The Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit is a recently discovered porphyry Cu deposit in the northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China. Fluid inclusion (FI) micro-thermometry results and the C–H–O–S–Pb isotope compositions of the Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit are presented in this study. The ore-forming process consists of the sulfide-barren quartz stage (I), the quartz + chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± molybdenite stage (II), the quartz + polymetallic sulfide stage (III), and the quartz + calcite ± pyrite ± fluorite stage (IV). Cu mineralization occurred mainly in stage II. Four types of FIs were recognized: liquid-rich two-phase FIs (L-type), vapor-rich two-phase FIs (V-type), daughter-mineral-bearing three-phase FIs (S-type), and CO2-bearing FIs (C-type). In stage I, the ore-forming fluids belong to an H2O−NaCl−CO2 system. In stages II, III, and IV, the ore-forming fluids belong to an H2O−NaCl system. The results of the FI micro-thermometry and H–O isotope analysis show that the ore-forming fluids originated from a magmatic origin in stage I and mixed with meteoric water from stages II to IV. The S–Pb isotope results suggest that the source of the ore-forming materials has the characteristics of a crust–mantle-mixing origin. Fluid boiling occurred in stages I and II. The FI micro-thermometric data further show that Cu was mainly deposited below 400 °C in stage II, suggesting that fluid boiling occurring below 400 °C may be the primary factor for Cu precipitation in the Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit.
... Moreover, the mixing of magmatic water with meteoric water occurred during stage III (as discussed in Section 7.2.3). Incursions of cooler meteoric water into the magmatic fluids may have also assisted in the temperature decrease and further promoted Cu precipitation ( Fig. 15C; Hezarkhani et al., 1999;Sun et al., 2020a). ...
The Xiaokele Cu (–Mo) deposit is a newly discovered porphyry deposit in the northern Great Xing’an Range (GXR) of northeast China. The multiphase hydrothermal superposition on the Xiaokele Cu (–Mo) deposit obscures temporal relationships between quartz veins/veinlets in different mineralization stages, and consequently limits the understanding of the origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids and metal precipitation mechanism. In this study, we document detailed descriptions of alteration and vein mineral paragenesis in the Xiaokele Cu (–Mo) deposit, present LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology, the microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy of the fluid inclusions (FIs), and H–O–S–Pb isotope compositions. Four mineralization stages are identified, with stage II being the main Cu mineralization stage. The molybdenite Re–Os dating yielded a weighted average age of 148.7 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.52), which is similar to the LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb age of 149.3 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.15) yielded by the granodiorite porphyry. The δ³⁴SV–CDT values of the sulfides (–1.2 to 2.4‰) conform the recognized magmatic sulfur values, indicating that the sulfur may have a magmatic origin. The Pb isotope compositions of the sulfides (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.280–18.386, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.549–15.588, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.153–38.359) coincide well with those of the Xiaokele granodiorite porphyry. These results indicate that the Xiaokele Cu (–Mo) deposit has a close genetic relationship with the granodiorite porphyry, and the ore-forming materials likely originated from the granodiorite porphyry. Petrographic/compositional characteristics of FI assemblages suggest that the ore-forming fluids belong to an H2O−NaCl−CO2 system in stage I and an H2O−NaCl system from stages II to IV, and fluid boiling occurred from stages I to III. The FI homogenization temperatures show a decreasing trend from stages I to IV. The δ¹⁸OH2O values (6.4 to 7.7‰) of quartz in stages I and II are similar to typical magmatic water values, but the δD (–142.5 to –125‰) and δ¹⁸OH2O (–1.1 to 3.4‰) of quartz in stages III and IV are significantly lower than magmatic water values, indicating that ore-forming fluids were magmatic in origin and gradually mixed with meteoric water from stages III to IV. Microthermometric data show that Cu-bearing sulfides in stage II were mainly deposited at a temperature below 400℃, indicating that fluid cooling was the primary factor that controlled Cu precipitation in the Xiaokele Cu (–Mo) deposit. Our research on the Xiaokele porphyry Cu (–Mo) deposit will help to provide a scientific basis for future prospecting of this deposit and even the Late Jurassic porphyry deposits in the northern GXR.
... Yong-gang Sun, Bi-le Li, Zhong-hai Zhao et al. Geoscience Frontiers 13 (2022) 101344 The Great Xing'an Range (GXR) is an important polymetallic mineralization belt in China Chen et al., 2017), and is characterized by a number of epithermal and orogenic Au, porphyry, hydrothermal vein Ag-Pb-Zn, and skarn deposits (Sun et al., 2020). Some latest Jurassic porphyry deposits are located in the northern segment of the Great Xing'an Range (NSGXR; Fig. 1C), including the Daheishan Mo (147 Hu et al., 2014), Chalukou Mo (148 Liu et al., 2014), Xiaokelehe Cu-(Mo) (150 Deng et al., 2019a), and Fukeshan Cu-(Mo) (148.7 Deng et al., 2019b) deposits, from southeast to northwest, which form a porphyry mineralization belt (Fig. 1C). ...
Multi-stage igneous rocks developed in the recently discovered Huoluotai Cu-(Mo) deposit can provide new insights into the controversial late Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the northern segment of the Great Xing’an Range (NSGXR). Zircon U-Pb dating suggests that the monzogranite, ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry, diorite porphyry, and granite porphyry in the deposit were emplaced at 179.5 ± 1.6, 148.9 ± 0.9, 146.1 ± 1.3, and 142.2 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively. The Re-Os dating of molybdenite yielded an isochron age of 146.9 ± 2.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.27). The Jurassic adakitic monzogranite and granodiorite porphyry are characterized by high SiO2 and Na2O contents, low K2O/Na2O ratios, low MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, low zircon εHf(t) values relative to depleted mantle, and relatively high Th contents. They were produced by partial melting of a subducted oceanic slab, with involvement of marine sediments in the magma source and limited interaction with mantle peridotites during magma ascent. The Late Jurassic diorite porphyry is characterized by moderate SiO2 contents, high MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, and positive dominated εHf(t) values, indicating it was produced by partial melting of a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle wedge and underwent limited crustal contamination during magma ascent. The early Early Cretaceous adakitic granite porphyry shows high SiO2 and K2O contents and K2O/Na2O ratios, low MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, enriched Sr–Nd isotopic compositions, and slightly positive zircon εHf(t) values, suggesting it was produced by partial melting of thickened mafic lower crust. The NSGXR experienced a tectonic history that involved flat-slab subduction (200–160 Ma), and tearing and collapse (150–145 Ma) of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic lithosphere. The period of magmatic quiescence from ca. 160 to 150 Ma was a response to flat-slab subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic lithosphere. Crustal thickening in the NSGXR (145–133 Ma) was due to the collision between the Amuria Block and the Siberian Craton.
Maodeng deposit is a large-sized Mo-Bi-Sn-Cu deposit located in the Xinlinhot of Inner Mongolia in the southern segment of the Great Xing’an Range. The ore-forming elements in the deposit are found in the volcanic breccia of Lower–Middle Permian Dashizhai Formation and granite porphyry of the Alubaogeshan complex, constituting distinct regional mineralization zones such as hydrothermal vein-type of Sn-Cu orebodies in the upper parts and stockworks, veinlets and disseminated-type of Mo-Bi orebodies in the lower parts. This paper has conducted an integrated study using a comprehensive field survey, molybdenite Re-Os age, fluid inclusion, and isotopic (O, H, S, and Pb) analyses. The mineralization in the deposit can be divided into four stages, which are molybdenite-native bismuth-quartz (stage I), cassiterite-wolframite-topaz-quartz (stage II), chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galena-fluorite-sericite-quartz (stage III) and stibnite-pyrite-quartz-fluorite (stage IV). The Re-Os isochron age of four molybdenite samples was estimated as 139.2 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit was formed during the Early Cretaceous. The Maodeng deposit is characterized by three kinds of fluid inclusions (FIs): liquid-rich two-phase, vapor-rich two-phase, and daughter mineral-bearing three-phase FIs. The homogenization temperatures for the FIs of stages I through IV are 292–387 °C, 222–333 °C, 172–252 °C, and 122–197 °C, with calculated salinities of 4.2–43.6 wt%, 2.1–38.9 wt%, 1.9–33.6 wt% and 0.7–5.1 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively, showing the gradual reduction in temperature and salinity of hydrothermal fluids. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data of quartz indicate that the dominant origin of the ore-forming solutions from deep granitic intrusions followed by their dilution by limited meteoric water. The sulfides have δ³⁴S values ranging from − 6 ‰ to − 0.49 ‰, and have ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios similar to those of K-feldspars from the Alubaogeshan pluton, suggesting the primary origin of ore-forming materials of the Maodeng deposit are magmatic. Molybdenite and native bismuth may precipitate primarily by fluid boiling, chalcopyrite could deposit mainly by fluid mixing, and cassiterite precipitate mainly through fluid boiling and mixing.
The Saibo copper polymetallic deposit, located in the West Tianshan Sailimu-Sitaihaiquan copper lead and zinc ore belt, is a new breakthrough in medium-large copper mine. Through the thin section authentication and the thermometric analysis of fluid inclusion, it is concluded that skarnization was developed in this deposit, the mineralization stage can be divided into retrograde skarn stage (S1), quartz-sulfide stage (S2) and quartz-carbonate stage (S3). Fluid inclusions (FIs) were distinguished as liquid-rich aqueous FIs (LV-type), vapor-rich aqueous FIs (VL-type), and NaCl daughter mineral-bearing three phase FIs (S-type). The mineralization fluids indicate that the initial stage (S1 stage) is of high temperature and high salinity, with a handful of metallic matters. During the main metallogenic stage (S2 stage), the meteoric water is mixed, the temperature and salinity gradually decrease, the fluid is distinctly boiling, and a large amount of metallic matters are precipitated, and then to the S3 stage, when the temperature and salinity decrease along with the carbonation. Chalcopyrite Re−Os dating yielded a mineralization age of 379.2 ± 7.7 Ma, which corresponds well with the zircon U−Pb age (385.9 ± 1.3 Ma) of the granite porphyry. The C−H−O isotopes indicate that the ore-forming fluid was dominated by initial mixed magmatic water in the early stage and by meteoric water in the late stage, and C is derived from limestone strata metasomatized by magmatic fluids. The S and Pb isotopes indicate that the ore-forming materials are derived from the mixed crust-mantle source, of which S is almost entirely derived from the mantle, while Pb is mainly derived from the crustal material of the orogenic belt. On the whole, the Saibo copper deposit is a typical calcium skarn type deposit, which formed in the shallower setting at active continental margin in the Late Devonian period.
