Figure 1 - available via license: CC BY-NC
Content may be subject to copyright.
Photograph showing lateral root of median nerve piercing coracobrachialis muscle. (CB: coracobrachialis muscle; MC: Medial cord; LC: Lateral cord; MCN: Musculocutaneous nerve; LRM: Lateral root of median nerve; MRM: Medial root of median nerve; MN: Median nerve; AA: Axillary artery; AV: Axillary vein).
Source publication
During routine dissection of the right arm of 50 year old male cadaver, we observed that the lateral root of median nerve was piercing the coracobrachialis muscle before joining the medial root of median to form the median nerve. The lateral root of median nerve did not give any branch within the muscle and no communication was observed between mus...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... part of the nerve which was traversing the muscle was approximately 5cm in length. After emerging out from the muscle on its medial side, it joined the medial root of median nerve to form the median nerve lateral to the axillary artery (Fig 1 & 2). The lateral root of median nerve did not give any branch within the muscle and no communication was observed between musculocutaneous and lateral root of median nerve within the coracobrachialis muscle or in the later course of these two nerves. ...
Similar publications
During routine dissection of the right arm of 50 year old male cadaver, we observed that the lateral root of median nerve was piercing the coracobrachialis muscle before joining the medial root of median to form the median nerve. The lateral root of median nerve did not give any branch within the muscle and no communication was observed between mus...
During routine educational gross anatomy dissections of the upper extremities, one right upper limb was observed to have an unusual branch from the lateral cord that pierced coracobrachialis towards its origin. This variant branch emerged from the lateral cord before it branched to give its contribution to the median nerve and musculocutaneous nerv...
Variations of the arrangement and distribution of the lateral cord and its branches in the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus are common and are of significance to the neurologists, surgeons, anesthetists and the anatomists. The present report describes a rare variation of the musculocutaneous nerve having a bilaterally symmetrical dual or...
Citations
... Keywords: median nerve -anatomical variants its fibers coming from the anterior branches of the cervical rachis, nerves C6, C7, C8) and the first thoracic (T1) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The lateral root is formed of nerve fibers from the C5, C6, C7 nerves, and the fiber mesh root from the C8 and T1 nerves [5]. ...
... Keywords: median nerve -anatomical variants its fibers coming from the anterior branches of the cervical rachis, nerves C6, C7, C8) and the first thoracic (T1) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The lateral root is formed of nerve fibers from the C5, C6, C7 nerves, and the fiber mesh root from the C8 and T1 nerves [5]. The median nerve passes the lower part of the axillary region, being laterally disposed on the axillary artery, which it crosses before, and descends on the medial face of the arm, crosses the elbow, descends vertically on the median line of the forearm, passes below the flexor retinas reaching the hand, which is divided into its terminal branches [1,2,3,8]. ...
... The lateral root was found to be more bulky in 16.66% of cases in relation to medial root, but the two roots are formed in similar percentages of one or two nerve bundles, the lateral one being formed by two bundles with just 0.87 percent more than the medial root. For [1], the lateral root is more bulky, like us [1,2,3,4,5,6,12] assess that the median nerve is formed by two roots. [14,15] find that the median nerve consists of three branches. ...
Our study was performed by dissection on a number of 54 nervous trunks of the median nerve of the fetus. We found that the median nerve is always formed from two roots, their joining being at different levels of the upper limb, between the axilla and the elbow. The axilla nerve trunk was formed at the level of the axillary region, in 38.89% of the cases, in 22.22% of the cases the union was made at the middle part of the arm, and in 38.89% of the cases in the elbow. The lateral root of the medial nerve was formed in 55.56% of cases from a single nerve fascicle, in 44.44% of cases consisting of two nerve fascicles. The medial root was formed in 61.11% of cases from a single nerve fascicle, in 38.89% of the cases being made up of two nerve fascicles. In 27.78% of cases, the medial root passed behind the axillary artery. Regarding the volume of the two roots, we found that in 44.44% of the cases, the lateral root was more voluminous, in 27.78% of cases, the median root was larger and in 27.78% of cases, the two roots were approximately equal. We have encountered situations where a ramification for the forearms muscles emerged from the lateral root. Occasionally, a ram for the brachial muscle was detached from the medial root, and from the lateral root a ram for the biceps muscle, both muscles receiving branches also from the musculocutaneous nerve. We have encountered a single case where the median nerve inches the anterior muscles of the arm, missing the musculocutaneous nerve. In cases of low joining of the roots, we have encountered cases where a lateral root formed a ram for forearm muscles. The anastomoses between the two median nerve roots can sometimes be located just above their union or anterior to the lower portion of the axillary artery. In one case, we encountered between the two roots, above their union, the existence of three oblique anastomoses, the two upper ones from the lateral to the medial root, and the third from the medial root to the lateral root. Common are anastomoses between the roots of the roots and the root on the opposite side. The most common are the anastomosis between the medial fascicle of the lateral root and the medial root of the median nerve. In one case, we encountered a double overlap between the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral nerve root. In one case, we encountered a strong anastomosis between the medial nerve fascicle of the medial root and the radial nerve. Common and at all levels of the upper limb are the anastomoses between the median and ulnar nerves. In the case of a low union of the two median roots, we encountered anastomoses between a root of the root and the ulnar nerve, or between a root and the ulnar nerve. I encountered a single case with an anastomosis, Martin- Gruber, which was previously passing through the ulnar and interos-like arteries and from which the anterior forearm muscles were detached.
Introduction. Imaging has a decisive role in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer, the most used imaging methods being computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasonography. Material and method. They were studied retrospectively over a 3 years period, 140 patients with pancreatic cancer. Aim of the study: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of CT, MRI and EUS in diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Results. CT showed a diagnostic accuracy of 83.3%, with sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 43% respectively. MRI showed superior diagnostic accuracy compared to CT (89.1%). However, EUS demonstrated the best diagnostic value in PC (accuracy of 92.7%). Concerning the locoregional staging, the 3 diagnostic methods showed similar result. There were no significant differences concerning the diagnosis of intra-abdominal metastases. Differences have appeared in the case of extra-abdominal. Thus, there were 4 cases of lung metastases which have been identified only on CT and MRI. Conclusion. EUS is the most effective technique used in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, the present study demonstrating an accuracy of 92.7%. Moreover, EUS offers the possibility to collect samples for cytological examination by EUS guided fine needle aspiration. However, there are some limitations of EUS in identifying extra-abdominal metastases. Thus, the assessment of tumor extension must be completing by performing CT or MRI.
