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Photograph of the right testicular vein (RTV), at arrow, draining into the right renal vein (RRV), an anatomical variant, and the left testicular vein (LTV) draining into the left renal vein (LRV), a normal finding.
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Routine dissection was carried out on a 75-year-old male cadaver and the drainage pattern of the testicular veins was identified and photographed. Dissection showed that the right testicular vein demonstrated an abnormal drainage pattern by terminating into the right renal vein. The left testicular vein demonstrated a normal drainage pattern by ter...
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Introduction:
Varicocele disease is well-known cause of infertility in men. The presence of spermatic varices veins create a hostile environment to spermatogenesis. It results in reduced quality of the sperm production and in some cases can determine a total absence of sperm. The varicocelectomy procedure in patients with non-obstructive azoospermi...
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Citations
... During renal transplant surgeries the donor gonadal vein is often utilized for vascular reconstruction [5][6][7]. It is suspected that some variations of the gonadal venous drainage pattern could induce hemodynamic differences causing gonadal venous congestion [8]; reflux in incompetent and dilated ovarian vein may cause pelvic congestion [1,9]. ...
... Available literature showing evidence of variation of ovarian vein is very limited, whereas, variant drainage pattern of testicular vein has been reported relatively frequently in literature [4,8,10,[12][13][14][15][16]. The diagnosis of testicular venous insufficiency in form of varicocele is relatively less complicated with advent of testicular color Doppler ultrasonography in addition to clinical examination of testis [17]. ...
The literature showing information regarding ovarian venous variation, its diameter and termination distance from respective renal venous origin are limited. This information is important in various surgical and clinical procedures including venous embolization, vascular reconstruction during renal transplantation and localizing the source of origin of a pelvic mass. We examined 94 sides of 47 formalin fixed female cadavers and noted the course and termination of ovarian veins. We measured the diameter of ovarian veins at their termination point and the termination distance in respect to the termination point of renal veins at inferior vena cava (IVC) on respective sides. We found two cases of variations related to right ovarian vein -one, right ovarian vein joined the right renal vein; two, right ovarian vein duplicated and joined with IVC at two different points. We found one case of variation related to left ovarian vein-a partially duplicated left ovarian vein. All the variations were unilateral. The mean diameters of right and left ovarian veins were 3.66±1.18 and 4.20±0.96 mm, respectively. The distance of termination of ovarian veins ranged from 19-40 mm and 13-41 mm, respectively from termination points of right and left renal veins at IVC on respective sides. Our study presents a set of data regarding variation of ovarian veins, diameters and termination distances which could be useful for gynecologists, surgeons and radiologists.
... ,Jetti et al. (2008),Yang et al. (2008),Sharma and Salwan (2011),Anjamrooz et al. (2012),Kara et al. (2012),Paraskevas et al. (2012),Phalgunan et al. (2012),Abraham et al. (2015),Gardner (2015),Gupta et al. (2015),Abraham (2016), Malar (2016), Singla et al. (2016), Zumstein (Tubbs et al., 2016), Lalwani et al. (2017), Thangaraj and Vishali (2017) Right Confluence of Right RV and Inferior Venacava (IVC) Mirapeix et al. (1996), Comhaire et al. (1981), Itoh et al. (2001), Xue et al. (2005), Favorito et al. (2007), Xue et al. (2007), Nallikuzhy et al. (2017) Right Accessory RV Verma et al. (2005), Nayak (2006), Singh et al. (2011), Park et al. et al. (1981), Sofikitis et al. (1993), Asala et al. (2001), Malcic-Grubuz et al. (2002), Paraskevas et al. (2012), Lalwani et al. (2017) Left Accessory RV Comhaire et al. (1981), Bensussan and Huguet (1984), Asala et al. (2001), Verma et al. (2005), Kayalvizhi et al. (2011), Uzmansel et al. (2014), Shetty and Nayak (2017) Left Subcostal vein Tubbs et al. (2005) Left ...
Introduction: Variations of testicular vessels are more common than supposed. The testicular artery varies because of abnormal regression of the lateral mesonephric arteries in the fetus, whereas variations in the testicular vein are due to abnormalities in the involution of the intersubcardinal anastomosis. Such variations are usually found incidentally during surgical procedures around the renal pedicle and they often lead to complications. Several authors have attempted to classify them. However, these attempts have not been comprehensive. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a simple yet comprehensive classification of variations of the testicular vessels.
Materials and Methods: The PubMed database was searched using keywords pertaining to the testicular vessels. The results were subjected to the Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA) tool analysis and were screened for appropriateness for inclusion in this study. The screening procedure yielded 31 original articles, 83 case reports and one review article.
Results: Both testicular arterial and venous variations were more common on the left side (20.73% and 24.61%) than the right (12.69% and 18.4%, respectively). We classified the testicular arteries on the basis of their number (N), site of origin (O) and course (C). Similarly, the testicular veins were classified on the basis of their number (N) and site of drainage (D).
Conclusion: The proposed classification facilitates identification, understanding and reporting of variations of the testicular vessels by radiologists. It will also help surgeons to enhance the quality of their treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Surgical occlusion of the testicular veins, particularly the left testicular vein, is the most popular treatment for varicocele. 18 It is therefore imperative for surgeons and andrologists to be aware of such anomalous variations for accurate diagnosis and proper surgical planning. Additionally, this unusual bifurcation of the left testicular vein with abnormal communications could lead to a condition which has rarely been described in the literature, known as testicular vein compression syndrome; in which the vein is enlarged and usually thrombosed. ...
Variations of the testicular veins are relevant in clinical cases of varicocele and in other therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. We report herein on a unique variation of the left testicular vein observed in an adult male cadaver. The left testicular vein bifurcated to give rise to left and right branches which terminated by joining the left renal vein. There was also an oblique communication between the two branches of the left testicular vein. A slender communicating vein arose from the left branch of the left testicular vein and ascended upwards in front of the left renal vein and terminated into the left suprarenal vein. The right branch of the testicular vein received an unnamed adipose tributary from the side of the abdominal aorta. Awareness of these venous anomalies can help surgeons accurately ligate abnormal venous communications and avoid iatrogenic injuries and it is important for proper surgical management.
We hereby report a case with multiple reno-testicular vascular anomalies. This work was performed in Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. A 60 years old embalmed Indian male cadaver hosted double renal arteries bilaterally, double renal veins on the right and bilaterally testicular vein was replaced by anastomotic plexus of veins which received a tributary from perinephric fat. On the right, a vein from this venous plexus draining testis terminated into right renal vein and other drained into inferior vena cava. On the left side multiple renal veins emerged from the renal hilum, they joined to form a single renal vein. The pre-operative knowledge of anomalous renal vasculature is the key for the surgeon to avoid intra-operative vascular accidents and associated post-operative complications.
