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Photograph of facies articularis of the right patella with faciecula accessoria patellae. CP—crista patellae, FA—faciecula accessoria, FM—faciecula lateralis, FM—faciecula medialis
Source publication
Purpose:
The aim of this article is to extend and revise the sections of Terminologia Anatomica (TA) dealing with the lower limb structures and to justify the use of newly proposed anatomical terms in clinical medicine, education, and research.
Methods:
Anatomical terms were gathered during our educational experience from anatomical textbooks an...
Citations
... Nevertheless, many authors argue that certain sections of both TA 1998 and TA 2019 lack the necessary level of detail and precision (Kachlik et al. 2008(Kachlik et al. , 2010(Kachlik et al. , 2016(Kachlik et al. , 2017(Kachlik et al. , 2018(Kachlik et al. , 2021Musil et al. 2019). Most notably, the sections dedicated to the paranasal sinuses and vasculature are considered insufficiently comprehensive (Chmielewski 2023). ...
Since its inception, the International Anatomical Terminology has been an indispensable and widely embraced resource for authors, anatomists, researchers, and medical professionals, ensuring standardized anatomical terminology across various disciplines. Nonetheless, it is widely acknowledged that periodic updates and enhancements are necessary to incorporate the latest scientific knowledge and advancements in imaging techniques. The current version of Terminologia Anatomica includes a section dedicated to the paranasal sinuses, encompassing ethmoidal cells and three sinuses: frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary. However, the anatomical lexicon pertaining to the paranasal sinuses is more extensive. In clinical practice, multiple terms related to clinically significant structures are commonly employed. This article focuses on the clinical terminology associated with the paranasal sinuses, proposing significant extensions to the existing Terminologia Anatomica. These extensions aim to enrich the anatomical nomenclature and facilitate a harmonious convergence between the language of clinicians and the anatomical lexicon. Further endeavors should bridge the gap in anatomical nomenclature and improve communication between anatomists, researchers, and clinicians, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and improving interdisciplinary research collaboration.
... Although the proposals for hundreds of new terms are appreciated (Kachlik et al., 2008(Kachlik et al., , 2010(Kachlik et al., , 2015(Kachlik et al., , 2017a(Kachlik et al., , 2017b(Kachlik et al., , 2018Musil et al., 2018Musil et al., , 2019, their adherence to the principles and rules established by the IFAA is of utmost importance (Chmielewski, 2020(Chmielewski, , 2021(Chmielewski, , 2022Neumann et al., 2020). Nevertheless, the omission of names for gross anatomical structures, particularly those that are didactically and clinically important, necessitates their incorporation into future editions of TA, ensuring both consistency and comprehensiveness (Chmielewski & Strzelec, 2020). ...
Effective communication and precise navigation within the intricacies of the human body rely on robust anatomical terminology. Since its creation by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), the Terminologia Anatomica (TA 1998) has consistently served as the benchmark in the field. However, the constant advancement of anatomical knowledge requires regular revisions, updates, and enhancements of anatomical nomenclature to accommodate the latest scientific discoveries. The recent adoption of the second edition of Terminologia Anatomica (TA 2019) by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) has drawn attention to certain notable omissions. Despite over a century of dedicated work establishing standard anatomical terminology, specific widely recognized gross anatomical structures are still absent from the official listing in the Terminologia Anatomica. There is, however, a consensus that the inclusion of names for trivial or variably present structures should be avoided. Accordingly, this article focuses on a thoughtfully selected group of anatomical structures, which are so important that they are routinely discussed during anatomy courses, despite their exclusion from the official lists of anatomical terms. These basic structures hold fundamental importance for both anatomy education and clinical practice. Consequently, their appropriate nomenclature warrants consideration for inclusion in future editions of TA.
... Since its publication in 1998 [4], the Terminologia Anatomica (TA 1998) has been the golden standard in anatomical terminology and has dominated the field, even though several minor mistakes, inaccuracies, discrepancies, multiplication of terms, synonyms and missing terms were noted [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Nevertheless, TA 1998 was accepted unanimously by all the member societies of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA), and the use of TA 1998 is highly recommended in education, clinical practice and scientific research [2,5]. ...
... Anatomical and medical terminology is subject to scrutiny and revision [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]19]. The second edition of the Terminologia Anatomica [11] was recently published, in which multiple traditional terms were significantly changed. ...
... Human anatomy is one of the oldest scientific disciplines and the first medical field, in which terminology plays a crucial role [1][2][3]. If correctly used, anatomical terminology can be a powerful tool of communication and a guide through the intricacies of the human anatomy [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. It should be remembered that it is also a base for scientific and medical terminology. ...
In science and medicine, terminology is a precise system of terms that are generally accepted in a given discipline. In anatomy, it is important to distinguish between terminology and nomenclature, which is an officially accepted set of terms arranged according to certain rules and principles. The Terminologia Anatomica (1998) has been the golden standard in the field of terminology, even though it contains minor errors, inaccuracies, discrepancies, multiplication of terms, inconvenient terms as well as synonyms and identical names for different structures. All of these problems need to be solved in the future, which is a key challenge in the field. Another major challenge is to create a clear, precise, logical, flawless and worldwide accepted list of anatomical terms that would cover all the names that are used in education and clinical practice. Many researchers and clinicians assert that this task is still ahead of us. The aim of this article is to explain why the longstanding tradition of medical terminology should be respected and why major and rapid changes should never be endorsed. Anatomical terminology, if correctly used, is a basic tool of communication both within and outside the field. It is also a guide through the intricacies of the human anatomy.
... 51 Last but not the least, proper anatomical terminology has to be applied to both normal (textbook) and variant structures to avoid any confusion in communication. 52 ...
Saphenopopliteal junction classification has been developing, but still the precise knowledge of junction type is crucial for proper surgical treatment. We examined the saphenopopliteal junction by duplex venous scanning in 244 extremities in healthy volunteers (median age: 23.0 years, 83 females, 39 male) and performed a meta-analysis of 13 studies focusing on structural types of the junction. According to Schweighoffer's classification we distinguished 5 types of the junction and we subdivided type A according to Cavezzi's classification of gastrocnemial veins termination into two. We added type F (small saphenous vein-SSV terminates into popliteal vein-PV), described especially in cadaveric studies. In our study, the most frequent type was A1 (96 cases), followed by C (70), B (48), A2 (20), E (6), D (3) and F (0). The pooled prevalence estimate for types A + B + D + E was 54.7% (95% CI 40.9-69.6%) and for type C 24.4% (95% CI 19.3-29.5%), whereas in 17.1% (95% CI 6.3-27.9%) of cases, the SSV terminated in the PV with no cranial extension present. The knowledge of the saphenopopliteal junction and its variations prevalence can help clinicians to quickly identify the real type of the junction during routine examination. In mid-European population, the main type is A1 and worldwide type A.
... We have also repetitively stressed the importance of anatomical nomenclature in enabling clear, unanimous, and unambiguous communication among specialists. All revised or newly proposed terms to be potentially incorporated into the only official valid version of the anatomical nomenclature called Terminologia Anatomica (TA) are summarized in these articles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... In case the extent of the venous drainage is different from arterial supply of the angiosoma, the anatomical unit is termed phlebosoma* [25]. The anatomical unit drained by superficial lymphatic vessels is then termed lymphosoma [13,26]. • Some organs (lungs, liver) feature two types of circulation -nutritive and functional. ...
... • Arteria medullaris segmentalis is a term of the TA replacing the clinically used arteria radiculospinalis; another vessel, arteria radiculopialis, is important in clinical medicine and gives off the pial vasocoronae, encompassing the spinal cord horizontally and emanating the rami perforantes to supply the white matter; finally, the arteria spinalis anterior branches off the arteriae sulcocommissurales into the fissura mediana anterior to supply the grey matter [48,49]. • Arteria radicularis magna (listed in TNA [21]) or the "artery of Adamkiewicz" is the largest and clinically the most important ramus spinalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris and thus it should be termed the ramus spinalis magnus (arteriae intercostalis posterioris [4][5][6]13,54], which can be agreed to. • Three branches of the arteria profunda femoris, supplying the posterior and medial groups of the thigh muscles are called the arteriae perforantes and classified using numbers according to the level of their origin as the arteria perforans prima*, arteria perforans secunda*, and arteria perforans tertia*. ...
This article is the fourth and last part of a series aimed at extending and correcting the anatomical nomenclature. Because of the rapid development of internet and the use of electronic formats in communication in anatomy, embryology, histology, medical education and clinical medicine, an appropriate, precise and concise anatomical nomenclature is required. Such tool enables to avoid any potential confusion and possible scientific/medical mistakes. The up-to-date official anatomical terminology, Terminologia Anatomica, is available longer than 20 years and needs to be refined and extended. The authors have collected and listed 210 terms and completed them with definitions and/or explanations. We aimed to start a discussion about their potential incorporation into the new revised version of the Terminologia Anatomica. This article is primarily focused on the vessels of the human body (arteries, veins and lymphatic system).
... Based on the above-stated definitions, hypotheses, and facts, it is necessary to continue research concerning the prevalence and classification of anatomical variants and refine the associated nomenclature. Without unanimous and simple variant nomenclature, communication among anatomists, clinicians, students, and teachers will continue to be confused [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141]. ...
Variant anatomy, which is an integral part of anatomical science, is related to abnormalities in the human body structure. Our understanding of variant anatomy is based on thousand years of anatomical experience. These abnormalities generally do not interfere with the function of the human body and do not typically manifest as pathological nosological units. However, under certain conditions, these abnormalities can worsen existing pathological states or even evoke new ones. Understanding variant anatomy is a basic skill not only of mere anatomists, but also of clinicians who work in fields involving both diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions. To gain and retain a good knowledge of the most frequent and clinically relevant anatomical variations, a simple, clear, and exactly defined nomenclature of variant structures is needed. A list of items comprising variant anatomy, which have been incorporated into the internationally accepted nomenclatures Terminologia Anatomica (1998) and Terminologia Neuroanatomica (2017), is described and analyzed. Examples of the most common anatomical variations related to terminology are mentioned, and variant anatomy as a whole and its role in understanding current anatomy are discussed.
... Second, such as status of terminology hampers communication both within the discipline and between anatomists and other researchers, leading to misunderstandings and mistakes in scientific writing. Further, many authors were inspired by the idea that a revised and extended version of terminology could be a powerful tool in communication between anatomists and other specialists [1,4,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Thus, this concept seems reasonable. ...
... fascia iliopsoas should be termed fascia iliopsoae seu iliopsoica) [8]. At the same time, other useful terms [9][10][11][12] have not been endorsed. On balance, it can be argued that the recent version of Terminologia Anatomica has both strengths and limitations, which warrants further refinement. ...
Although not all authors agree that Terminologia Anatomica merits special attention, any type of scientific terminology should be clear, exact, logical, coherent and worldwide accepted. A precise definition of every anatomical term is also crucial. New changes have recently been approved by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology as the previous version of terminology required minor revisions. This situation offers an opportunity to take a closer look at these new and interesting modifications. It turns out that selected traditional terms have been excluded from the list of official anatomical names. Furthermore, many changes have been introduced to modernise the Terminologia Anatomica. Nevertheless, the new version of anatomical terminology has both strengths and limitations, which warrants further refinement.
... Thus, the Nomina Anatomica Parisiensia (NAP) was replaced by the Terminologia Anatomica [20], which is an extended and modern version of the anatomical terminology, and its use is strongly recommended. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that many important terms have been omitted or excluded from it, so several segments of this publication are particularly neglected and they should be extended to cover also those terms whose importance is beyond dispute [1,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Therefore, many attempts have been made to revise and extend the last edition of the anatomical terminology [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][16][17][18][19]. ...
... Nevertheless, it should be stressed that many important terms have been omitted or excluded from it, so several segments of this publication are particularly neglected and they should be extended to cover also those terms whose importance is beyond dispute [1,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Therefore, many attempts have been made to revise and extend the last edition of the anatomical terminology [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][16][17][18][19]. There are hopes that some of these proposals will be incorporated into the next version of the Terminologia Anatomica. ...
... This space contains the axillary vessels, the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus, lymphatic vessels and nodes and fatty tissue. Foramen axillare laterale seu foramen quadrangulare seu foramen quadrilaterum (quadrangular space) is defined laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus, medially by the long head of the Table 3. Abridged list of Latin terms and their English equivalents that might be considered for incorporation into the sections concerning the lower limb in the next version of the Terminologia Anatomica, based largely on [14]; new proposals are given in bold type (see text for details) ...
The first edition of the Terminologia Anatomica was published in 1998 by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, whereas the second edition was issued in 2011 by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminologies. Since then many attempts have been made to revise and extend the official terminology as several inconsistencies have been noted. Moreover, numerous crucial terms were either omitted or deliberately excluded from the official terminology, like sulcus popliteus and diaphragma urogenitale, respectively. Furthermore, several synonyms are to be discarded. Notwithstanding the criticism, the use of the current version of terminology is strongly recommended. Although the Terminologia Anatomica is open to future expansion and revision, every change should be made after a thorough discussion of the historical context and scientific legitimacy of a given term. The anatomical nomenclature must be as simple as possible but also precise and coherent. It is generally accepted that hasty innovation ought not to be endorsed. Therefore, there is a need to take a closer look at these new proposals as they have been presented in numerous dispersed papers. This article provides an overview of these issues and concentrates on selected revisions and extensions that are didactically and clinically useful, thereby summarising the salient aspects of these new and compelling proposals.
... It has been stated that the IC may be helpful during anterolateral or direct lateral approach to identify the IP tendon [7]. Similarly, an ideal T capsular incision is performed between the fibers of the IC and gluteus minimus muscle to prevent iatrogenic injury to surrounding structures including the vessels to hip joint [2,3,13]. ...
... The present study evaluated the IC muscle incidence in fetuses and provided morphological data for the first time in the literature. Although it has been mentioned not separate but as a part of iliacus muscle in some reports [13,22] or has been noted only as a variational muscle in some textbooks [25], we determined IC as a separate muscle in 39 out of 42 fetuses (92%). In a single fetus, it was bilaterally absent, and in another fetus, it was absent on the right side; so we consider it as a constant muscle. ...
... We believe that the term "iliocapsularis" specifies best its In the present study, iliacus and the IC mostly had their particular fascia which enabled us to perform a clear dissection. However, in some cases, there was no fascia which prominently separated the two muscles; such cases may be the reason for previous studies recognizing the IC as a part of the IL [13,22]. ...
Purpose
To determine the incidence of the iliocapsularis muscle in fetal period and its relationship with the hip joint capsule.
Methods
Twenty-one formalin-fixed fetuses (12 female and 9 male) with a mean gestational age of 29 ± 3.89 weeks (range 25–36) were dissected to reveal morphological properties of iliocapsularis muscle.
Results
Iliocapsularis muscle was observed in 39 out of 42 sides (92%). Its proximal attachment was detected either below the proximal attachment of rectus femoris muscle in 21 out of 39 sides (54%), or it was forming a common tendon with rectus femoris on the anterior inferior iliac spine in 10 out of 39 sides (26%), or it was forming an arch along the superior–medial–inferior sides of the proximal attachment of rectus femoris muscle in 8 out of 39 sides (20%). Muscle fibers originating from the anteromedial part of hip joint capsule were also constant in all sides. Distal attachment of iliocapsularis muscle was distal to the lesser trochanter in all specimens. Its form was as a broad muscle in 32 out of 39 sides (82%) and as a thin rectangular muscular slip in 7 out of 39 sides (18%). Iliopsoas and iliocapsularis muscles had their particular fascia in 34 out of 39 sides (87%), and in the other 5 sides, there was no fascia which prominently separated the two muscles. Its length was longer in females than males (p = 0.031) and it was wider on the right side (p = 0.029). Linear functions were y = 0.49 + 0.17 × weeks and y = 6.94 + 0.89 × weeks for width and length, respectively.
Conclusion
Data obtained with the present study about iliocapsularis muscle in fetal period revealed that it is an individual and constant muscle. Its dimension, location, and course over the hip joint capsule support the idea that it tightens the hip capsule and stabilizes the femoral head.
... It is described in Novotny (1981) and Bruzek (2002). 9. InfP2: Development of the phallic ridge or phallic crest (crista phallica) is a sexually dimorphic crest on the caudal aspect of the ramus inferior ossis pubis, serving for the insertion of crus penis/clitoridis (Kachlik, Musil, & Baca, 2018). This ridge is defined as the hill where the cruses of the penis hold at the T A B L E 1 Description of the reference meta-population sample outer part of the ischiopubic ramus (Ulucam, Alicioglu, Cikmaz, Yilmaz, & Sut, 2009 E. Ischiopubic proportion (IsPu). ...
Objectives
This study aims at proposing a visual method for sexing the human os coxae based on a statistical approach, using a scoring system of traits described by Bruzek (2002). This method is evaluated on a meta‐population sample, where the data were acquired by direct observation of dry bones as well as computed tomography (CT) scans. A comparison with the original Bruzek's (2002) method is performed.
Materials and methods
Five hundred and ninety two ossa coxae of modern humans are included in the reference dataset. Two other samples, composed respectively of 518 ossa coxae and 99 CT‐scan images, are both used for validation purposes. The individuals come from five European or North American population samples. Eleven trichotomic traits (expressing female, male, or intermediate forms) were observed on each os coxae. The new approach employs statistical processing based on logistic regressions. An R package freely available online, PELVIS, implements both methods.
Results
Both methods provide highly reliable sex estimates. The new statistical method has a slightly better accuracy rate (99.2%) than the former method (98.2%) but has also a higher rate of indeterminate individuals (12.9% vs. 3% for complete bones).
Conclusion
The efficiency of both methods is compared. Low error rates were preferred over high ability of reaching the classification threshold. The impact of lateralization and the asymmetry of observed traits are discussed. Finally, it is shown that this visual method of sex estimation is reliable and easy to use through the graphical user interface of the R package.
