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Photo of a chick embryo CAM at HH stage 36 (10 days of incubation). Transparent CAM with well developed vascular network over the yolk sac. An artery marked with arrows appears darker than vein marked with an asterisk.
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Despite considerable research efforts on the relationship between arterial geometry and cardiovascular pathology, information is lacking on the pulsatile geometrical variation caused by arterial distensibility and cardiomotility because of the lack of suitable in vivo experimental models and the methodological difficulties in examining the arterial...
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... was performed at room temperature (25°C) in a thermostatic room. Fig 1 shows a typical image of the CAM vascular network at HH stage 36 (10 days of incubation). A main artery is bifurcated and further divided into numerous branches. ...
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... that the arterial wall motion in CAM did not consis- tantly showed perfect periodicity because of the bulk movement of the extraembryonic media caused by the aperiodic irregular embryonic movement, additional analysis is required for time-frequency representation. Fig 10 shows the results of a sample analysis using CWT, which is a common approach for time-frequency analysis. The points of interest in Fig 10A, p1 and p2, were selected from the outer walls of the two daughter vessels. ...
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... 10 shows the results of a sample analysis using CWT, which is a common approach for time-frequency analysis. The points of interest in Fig 10A, p1 and p2, were selected from the outer walls of the two daughter vessels. Fig 10B shows the time- amplitude waveforms at p1 and p2. ...
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... points of interest in Fig 10A, p1 and p2, were selected from the outer walls of the two daughter vessels. Fig 10B shows the time- amplitude waveforms at p1 and p2. The CWT analysis results (Fig 10D) showed that the fun- damental component was dominant throughout the whole pulsatile cycles for 3 seconds at p1 and p2. ...
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... 10B shows the time- amplitude waveforms at p1 and p2. The CWT analysis results (Fig 10D) showed that the fun- damental component was dominant throughout the whole pulsatile cycles for 3 seconds at p1 and p2. In Fig 10D, higher frequency components were not noticeable at p1 during the mea- surement period. ...
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... CWT analysis results (Fig 10D) showed that the fun- damental component was dominant throughout the whole pulsatile cycles for 3 seconds at p1 and p2. In Fig 10D, higher frequency components were not noticeable at p1 during the mea- surement period. However, at p2, the second harmonic component was observable and became stronger during the latter part of the measurement period. ...
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... at p2, the second harmonic component was observable and became stronger during the latter part of the measurement period. The pseudo-frequency components observed in the CWT analysis results were in good agreement with the frequency spectra ana- lyzed by the FFT technique ( Fig 10D). ...
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... Region 2 demonstrates the difference in peak velocity for the vessel cross-sections labeled Art and Vein, with a phase delay in the peak velocity estimate time apparent in the heat maps demonstrated, implying that MB flow needed time to cross the capillary space between these two vessels. These observations are consistent with literature investigating pulsatile variation in the CAM model with optical imaging [44]. ...
Ultrasound localization microscopy is a super-resolution imaging technique that exploits the unique characteristics of contrast microbubbles to side-step the fundamental trade-off between imaging resolution and penetration depth. However, the conventional reconstruction technique is confined to low microbubble concentrations to avoid localization and tracking errors. Several research groups have introduced sparsity- and deep learning-based approaches to overcome this constraint to extract useful vascular structural information from overlapping microbubble signals, but these solutions have not been demonstrated to produce blood flow velocity maps of the microcirculation. Here, we introduce Deep-SMV, a localization free super-resolution microbubble velocimetry technique, based on a long short-term memory neural network, that provides high imaging speed and robustness to high microbubble concentrations, and directly outputs blood velocity measurements at a super-resolution. Deep-SMV is trained efficiently using microbubble flow simulation on real in vivo vascular data and demonstrates real-time velocity map reconstruction suitable for functional vascular imaging and pulsatility mapping at super-resolution. The technique is successfully applied to a wide variety of imaging scenarios, include flow channel phantoms, chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes, and mouse brain imaging. An implementation of Deep-SMV is openly available at https://github.com/chenxiptz/SR_microvessel_velocimetry, with two pre-trained models available at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/SECUFD.
... (35) The veins and arteries of the CAM are easily distinguished from each other by the different blood color and vessel motility. 41 The arteries are darker, and their size is larger compared to the veins. Also, the movement of the arteries is more active, and their walls are thicker, making them difficult to rupture during cell grafting. ...
Preclinical cancer research increasingly demands sophisticated models for the development and translation of efficient and safe cancer treatments to clinical practice. In this regard, tumor-grafted chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models are biological platforms that account for the dynamic roles of the tumor microenvironment and cancer physiopathology, allowing straightforward investigations in agreement to the 3Rs concept (the concept of reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal models). CAM models are the next advanced model for tumor biological explorations as well as for reliable assessment regarding initial efficacy, toxicity, and systemic biokinetics of conventional and emerging neoplasm treatment modalities. Here we report a standardized and optimized protocol for the production and biocharacterization of human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck chick chorioallantoic membrane models from a commercial cell line (SCC-25). Oral malignancies continue to have severe morbidity with less than 50% long-term survival despite the advancement in the available therapies. Thus, there is a persisting demand for new management approaches to establish more efficient strategies toward their treatment. Remarkably, the inclusion of CAM models in the preclinical research workflow is crucial to ethically foster both the basic and translational oncological research on oral malignancies as well as for the advancement of efficient cancer treatment approaches.
... From the anatomical aspect, the CAM artery and vein were distinguishable by their color. In contrast to the internal circulation, in the extraembryonic circulatory system the arterial blood is deoxygenated and therefore the artery looks darker than the vein [68]. In both control (Supplementary video 1) and NO-releasing (Supplementary video 2) groups, as expected, the wall motion of the vein is negligible while the arterial motion was remarkable being in line with earlier reports [68]. ...
... In contrast to the internal circulation, in the extraembryonic circulatory system the arterial blood is deoxygenated and therefore the artery looks darker than the vein [68]. In both control (Supplementary video 1) and NO-releasing (Supplementary video 2) groups, as expected, the wall motion of the vein is negligible while the arterial motion was remarkable being in line with earlier reports [68]. ...
... In contrast to the internal circulation, in the extra-embryonic circulatory system the arterial blood is deoxygenated and therefore the artery looks darker than the vein [68]. In both NOreleasing and control groups, as expected, the wall motion of the vein is negligible while the arterial motion was remarkable being in line with earlier reports [68]. ...
... In contrast to the internal circulation, in the extra-embryonic circulatory system the arterial blood is deoxygenated and therefore the artery looks darker than the vein [68]. In both NOreleasing and control groups, as expected, the wall motion of the vein is negligible while the arterial motion was remarkable being in line with earlier reports [68]. and 72h of incubation with leachates of NO-releasing and control grafts. ...
Small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) are associated with a high incidence of failure due to infection and obstruction. Although several vascular grafts are commercially available, specific anatomical differences of defect sites require patient-based design and fabrication of grafts. Design and fabrication of such custom-tailored grafts are possible with 3d-printing technology. The aim of this study is to develop 3d-printed SDVGs with a NO-releasing coating to improve the success rate of implantation. The SDVGs were printed from polylactic acid and coated with blending of 10 wt% S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine into the polymeric substrate consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) and polycaprolactone. Our results show that nitric oxide (NO) is released in the physiological range (0.5-4 × 10-10 mol.cm-2 .min-1) for 14 days and NO-releasing coating showed significant antibacterial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. It was shown that both NO-releasing and control grafts are biocompatible in-vitro and in-vivo. Interestingly, the NO-releasing SDVGs dramatically enhanced ECs proliferation and significantly enhanced ECs migration in-vitro compared to control grafts. In addition, the NO-releasing SDVGs showed angiogenic potential in-vivo which can further prove the results of our in-vitro study. These findings are expected to facilitate tissue regeneration and integration of custom-made vascular implants with enhanced clinical success.
