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![16 Phoracantha semipunctata adult collected in Gibraltar from timber imported from Spain. (Courtesy of Charles Perez at The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society [www.gonhs.org].)](profile/Robert-Haack/publication/318921098/figure/fig19/AS:660717715877896@1534538787168/Phoracantha-semipunctata-adult-collected-in-Gibraltar-from-timber-imported-from-Spain.png)
16 Phoracantha semipunctata adult collected in Gibraltar from timber imported from Spain. (Courtesy of Charles Perez at The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society [www.gonhs.org].)
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Simple mathematical expressions are given for the betweenness centrality of nodes in trees, forests and cycles. As application, a centrality test is given for when a network might be a forest.
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... Invasive longhorn beetles are significant pests of tree stands worldwide, leading to ecological and economic damage by causing tree mortality in forests, agricultural lands, and urban areas (Haack et al. 2010;Iwata 2018;Sarto i Monteys et al. 2021). The rusty-spotted longhorn beetle, Apriona swainsoni (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is native to India, China, the Korean Peninsula, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia (Haack 2017a;Liu et al. 2006). It has long been a serious pest of the Chinese scholar tree, Styphnolobium japonicum (Fabales: Fabaceae), in China (Haack 2017a;Liu et al. 2006). ...
... The rusty-spotted longhorn beetle, Apriona swainsoni (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is native to India, China, the Korean Peninsula, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia (Haack 2017a;Liu et al. 2006). It has long been a serious pest of the Chinese scholar tree, Styphnolobium japonicum (Fabales: Fabaceae), in China (Haack 2017a;Liu et al. 2006). While its distribution had been limited to its native range until recently, its invasion into non-native range was first reported from Koriyama City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, in 2021 (Anzai 2021). ...
... In the native range of China, the biology of A. swainsoni is known as follows: Adult emergence starts in early June and peaks in mid-to late June in Shandong, Henan, and Anhui Provinces, although the period may somewhat differ among regions (Duan 2001;Li 2016;Wang 2003;Xiao 1992). The adult life span is 65-80 days and their body length ranges from 28 to 33 mm in males to 33 to 39 mm in females (Xiao 1992 (Haack 2017a;Liu and Tang 2002;Liu et al. 2006;Xiao 1992), with S. japonicum being the most susceptible (Liu and Tang 2002). After emergence, the adults move upward to the canopy, where they feed on the twigs for 5-10 days to achieve sexual maturation and then mate during the daytime (Duan 2001;Li 2016). ...
Invasive longhorn beetles are serious pests of tree stands worldwide. The rusty-spotted longhorn beetle, Apriona swainsoni (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is native to continental Asia, where it is a significant pest of legume trees. Its invasion into non-native ranges and damage to the local legume tree, Maackia amurensis, were first reported from Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, in 2021. This study investigated the biology of A. swainsoni in relation to adult emergence in Japan. Preliminary observations confirmed that A. swainsoni larvae create planned emergence holes on the host surface in late May. By exploiting these planned emergence holes, the adult emergence period was investigated in a field promenade of M. amurensis during the summer of 2022 and 2023. The researchers plugged the holes and recorded plug removal, resulting in the observation of 60 and 227 putative emergence events in respective years, with the majority occurring in early to mid-July. Further, during the summer of 2022, a periodic field survey of adult emergence was conducted, obtaining eight adults. Furthermore, a supplementary survey using infested logs maintained in a field cage demonstrated that the emergence period does not differ between sexes and the male-to-female ratio is one:one. Our results suggest that control efforts to suppress A. swainsoni adults in the field, such as insecticide spraying, should be prioritized in the relatively short, peak emergence period. This work indicates that the plug survey is useful for detecting the emergence period.
... Longhorn beetles, comprising over 36,000 recognized species worldwide, are an immensely prevalent insect family within the order Coleoptera (Allison et al., 2004;Wang, 2017). Notably, despite the implementation of a variety of chemical and cultural control strategies, cerambycids are acknowledged for their substantial impact on agricultural crops and forest trees (Robert, 2017;Wang, 2017). The extensive harm inflicted by CWSB is a pivotal factor driving the shift from arabica to robusta coffee cultivation (Gana, 2016). ...
The study revealed a significant difference in host preference between male and female Coffee white stem borer (CWSB) beetles in response to arabica and robusta coffee varieties. When arabica was positioned in the W-N and E-S directions and robusta in the N-E and S-W directions, both male and female beetles distinctly favored arabica coffee, as indicated by χ2 values of 21.49 and 22.01, respectively. Altering the spatial orientation of host plants, with arabica in the W-N and N-E direction and robusta in the S-W and E-S direction, led to a significant difference in female preference (χ2=11.58), while no significant difference was observed in male preference (χ2=2.56). In Y-tube olfactometer experiments, female CWSB beetles displayed a significantly higher response to Cauvery bark volatile (66.67) compared to the control (33.33) (χ2=11.11). Additionally, a higher response to (E)-2-hexenal (79.33) compared to (Z)-3-hexenol (17.33) was noted (χ2=39.76). These findings shed light on the preferences and responses of female CWSB beetles to various volatile compounds, offering insights for pest management strategies. Overall, the results emphasize the stronger inclination of CWSB towards arabica coffee compared to robusta. This preference may contribute to the higher incidence of CWSB infestation in arabica coffee plantations.
... These beetles are typically secondary colonizers of stressed, damaged, and dying trees following bark beetle primary colonization (Evans et al. 2007). Adults lay their eggs on trees, and hatched larvae tunnel under the bark and feed on the phloem and xylem layers (Haack et al. 2017). The tunneling activities girdle the tree, contributing to its death and eventual decomposition (Ethington et al. 2018;Gandhi et al. 2007). ...
In October 2018, catastrophic Hurricane Michael caused $1.7 billion in damage to standing timber in Florida, USA. To inform recovery efforts, varying levels of damaged (low, moderate, and high) slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm) stands were sampled for woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae; Cerambycidae). These beetles generally colonize stressed and damaged trees, and their larval tunneling activities reduce the value of timber salvaged post disturbance. From 2019 to 2020, 3,810 adults of 32 species were trapped. Acanthocinus obsoletus Olivier and Monochamus sp. complex (M. titillator Fabricius; M. carolinensis Olivier) comprised 86% of all catches. Approximately 50% and 60% more woodborers, especially Monochamus sp., were trapped in moderate-damage stands in 2019 than in high- and low-damage stands, respectively. This trend was not present in 2020. From 2019 to 2020, total catches increased by ~29%, reflected by increases in Monochamus sp. and Xylotrechus sagittatus Germar. In 2019, high-damage stands had the greatest species richness, followed by low- and moderate-damage stands. Species composition in 2019 did not differ among variously damaged stands, but was more heterogeneous in low-damage than high-damage stands in 2020. Results indicate that timely salvage harvesting of moderate- and high-damage stands after catastrophic wind disturbances may lower the economic impacts by subcortical woodboring beetles.
... Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are mainly xylophagous insects, developing in living or dead wood of numerous trees and shrubs and thus assisting in the natural recycling of woody biomass (Švácha & Lawrence, 2014). Due to their taxonomic diversity (>36,000 described species), global distribution and association with woody plants, cerambycids are economically and biologically important insects (Haack, 2017;Linsley, 1959;Nearns, 2013). It is now known that many longhorn beetle species produce long-distance sex or aggregation-sex pheromones to facilitate mate finding (Hanks & Millar, 2016). ...
Longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) are a diverse family of beetles that can cause considerable damage as forest pests and vectors of pathogens, as well as being important components of forest food webs and ecosystem functionality. In recent years, numerous cerambycid pheromones have been identified, revealing some broad general patterns in functionality in terms of sex or aggregation‐sex pheromones in different subfamilies and different types of compounds characterizing the pheromones of various cerambycid taxa. Here, we describe the identification of the aggregation‐sex pheromones of the Eurasian longhorn beetle Aromia moschata moschata (L.) (Cerambycinae; tribe Callichromatini) and the North American species Holopleura marginata LeConte (Cerambycinae; Holopleurini), as part of an ongoing effort to extend the taxonomic coverage of identified cerambycid pheromones and to expand the prospects for cerambycid monitoring into the study of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Both species were found to use the novel pheromone compound p‐mentha‐1,3‐dien‐9‐ol, which also attracted significant numbers of the longhorn beetle Xestoleptura crassipes (LeConte) (Lepturinae; Lepturini) in trials in California. p‐Mentha‐1,3‐dien‐9‐ol represents a class of pheromone compounds novel to both tribes (Callichromatini and Holopleurini), further increasing the chemical space of identified pheromones within the subfamily Cerambycinae. This compound is also noteworthy because it represents an entirely different chemical class of pheromones than the monoepoxide (E)‐2‐cis‐6,7‐epoxynonenal, previously reported as an aggregation‐sex pheromone for the invasive Asian congener Aromia bungii (Faldermann).
... It is uncertain whether this feature represents some form of expanded pupation chamber or simply a failed deviation of a feeding tunnel. We suggest that this feature is probably a pupation chamber given that some Cerambycidae excavate equivalent ellipsoidal pockets that are about twice the diameter of regular galleries, that some taxa plug their chambers with compacted frass and, in a few cases, even line these cavities with a calcareous solution (Meng et al., 2015, Haack, 2017bCABI, 2021), which might account for the X-ray-dense wall in the fossil (Fig. 4A, B). ...
Longitudinally aligned borings attributed to the ichnotaxon Dekosichnus meniscatus in the inner secondary wood of a silicified Middle–Late Jurassic conifer from Argentina contain finely granular frass particles arranged in meniscoid laminae. Synchrotron X-ray computed tomographic reconstruction of the borings reveals new characters of this ichnotaxon, such as opposing orientations of menisci in some adjacent borings, regular spacing of minor and major meniscoid laminae, a scarcity of tunnel branching, and rare occurrences of cylindrical–spherical terminal chambers on excavations. Architectural and distributional features of the galleries suggest excavation by cerambycid beetle larvae, thus representing one of the earliest potential fossil records of this group. The borings are confined to the inner wood of a young tree that experienced a moderately seasonal climate in a volcanically influenced landscape. By detecting subtle heterogeneities in composition, this study demonstrates that high-energy synchrotron X-ray tomography can characterize anatomical features and complex ecological interactions within even densely permineralized (silicified) plant fossils.
... Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are one of the most widespread insect families with 36,000 identified species across the world (Allison et al., 2004;Wang, 2017). The cerambycidae are also known for severely damaging forest trees as well as agricultural crops (Robert, 2017) even though several cultural and chemical control measures have been taken (Wang, 2017). One reason that farmers are shifting from arabica to robusta is the heavy damage caused by CWSB (Gana, 2016). ...
India is the seventh largest producer of coffee with 395,000 tons of coffee exports that earn 10 billion US dollars annually. Two varieties of coffee are grown in India, Coffea arabica (arabica) and Coffea canephora (robusta). Xylotrechus quadripes, commonly known as Coffee White Stem Borer (CWSB), is a major pest of arabica, causing yearly crop damage of 17–40 million dollars. Management strategies, over 100 years in development, have provided successful, yet inconsistent solutions due to differences in local climate, elevation, natural enemies, grower diligence, and other factors. In addition, increased pesticide use affects both pests as well as their natural enemies, which has severe negative impacts on the biodiverse regions where coffee is grown. As a result, our goal is to develop an ecology-based solution for long term management of CWSB that reduces the use of pesticides and focuses on the importance of natural enemies and native hosts. In situ behavioral experiments were performed to examine the preferences of CWSB for various local species under field conditions. We found that CWSB beetles were attracted to both healthy arabica and robusta plants, and host plant volatiles played a key role in host selection. In addition, the beetles were attracted to the leaves of these coffee plants and also two species of cut stems from common shade trees; Spathodea campanulata (nandi flame) and Grevillea robusta (silver oak). Beetles were not attracted toward cut stems of Tectona grandis (teak) or Coffea arabica. GC-EAD and EAG experiments were then performed to identify host plant volatiles for these species, and these compounds were tested in field conditions to assess their effectiveness against the known chemical attractant pheromone. We found that the CWSB was attracted to our identified host volatile blend as much as the pheromone lure, although trap catches in general were very low. Having an understanding of the behavioral ecology of this pest can form the basis for new methods that use natural attractant and repellent plants to control the pests, reduce the cost of plantation pest management, and avoid the extensive use of insecticides.
... La familia Cerambycidae habita principalmente en ambientes boscosos y selvas, en los cuales, las fases larvarias favorecen la descomposición y reciclaje del material vegetal, mientras que los adultos participan en la polinización de las especies vegetales (Haack 2017, Meng et al. 2013. Presentan gran diversidad de hábitos alimenticios, que incluyen una amplia variedad de plantas leñosas, si bien algunas especies se alimentan de plantas herbáceas (Haack 2017). ...
... La familia Cerambycidae habita principalmente en ambientes boscosos y selvas, en los cuales, las fases larvarias favorecen la descomposición y reciclaje del material vegetal, mientras que los adultos participan en la polinización de las especies vegetales (Haack 2017, Meng et al. 2013. Presentan gran diversidad de hábitos alimenticios, que incluyen una amplia variedad de plantas leñosas, si bien algunas especies se alimentan de plantas herbáceas (Haack 2017). Sus especies, son exclusivamente fitófagas, tanto en estado adulto como larval. ...
... The damage traces produced by the various groups of modern insect borers are not always diagnostic to species, genus or family; however, some general patterns are discernible. Cerambycid (longhorn) beetle larvae commonly produce long, simple chambers that can be either empty or filled with frass (Monné et al. 2017;Haack 2017;Baker 2019). Ptinid (furniture) beetles have larvae that tend to produce frassfilled tunnels semi-randomly through wood, excavating a small chamber immediately beneath the wood surface at the time of pupation (Leary 2002;Noldt & Noldt 2013). ...
An assemblage of permineralized conifer and angiosperm woods collected from Paleogene marine strata on Seymour Island during the Swedish Antarctic expedition of 1901–1903 includes many specimens with internal damage caused by an array of xylophagous organisms. Short, broad, clavate borings referable to Gastrochaenolites clavatus are attributed to pholadid bivalves. Elongate borings with carbonate linings referable to Apectoichnus longissimus were produced by teredinid bivalves. Slender, cylindrical tunnels cross-cutting growth rings and backfilled in meniscoid fashion by frass composed of angular tracheid fragments were probably produced by a terrestrial beetle borer. They are most similar to tunnels generated by modern cerambycid and ptinid coleopterans. Less regular, spindle-shaped cavities and degraded zones flanking growth rings are similar to fungi-generated modern white pocket rot. Larger chambers in the heartwood referable to the ichnotaxon Asthenopodichnium lignorum were produced by an alternative mode of fungal degradation. The biological interactions evident in the fossil woods illustrate additional terrestrial trophic levels enhancing the known complexity of ecosystems on and around the Antarctic Peninsula shortly before the initial pulse of mid-Cenozoic glaciation in Antarctica that caused extirpation of the majority of plants and animals in that region.
... ALB was first discovered in North America on urban shade trees in New York in 1996 (Cavey et al., 1998;Haack et al., 1996Haack et al., , 1997. Since then, additional infestations were found in Illinois (1998), New Jersey (2002, Ontario (2003), Massachusetts (2008), and Ohio (2011) (CFIA, 2016;Dodds and Orwig, 2011;Haack, 2006Haack, , 2016Hu et al., 2009;Meng et al., 2015;Poland et al., 1998;USDA-APHIS, 2016a). ALB also found its way to Europe, with the first record from Austria in 2001, and is now also known in Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (EPPO, 2013;Eyre and Haack, 2016;Meng et al., 2015). ...
... Both infestations are found near continuous hardwood forests with numerous host tree species. A total of 24,404 infested trees were cut so far in MA and 16,446 tress in OH (OALBCEP, 2016;USDA APHIS, 2016b;Haack, 2016). An integrated pest management option is needed should eradication and containment measures fail. ...
Seasonal abundance and population development of the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and prevalence of its natural enemies were studied on Hankow willow (Salix matsudana Koidz.) at an urban forest site (Anci) and a rural forest site (Tangerli) in Hebei province in northern China from June to October, 2002. Overall, ALB abundance was significantly lower in the urban forest in Anci than in the rural forest in Tangerli. Population density ranged from 0-1.0 pupae/branch, 0.1-0.7 adults/tree, 0.1-9.2 eggs/branch, and 5.9 to 18.4 larvae/branch at Anci, and 0.1-0.9 pupae/branch, 0.1-1.6 adults/tree, 0-22.9 eggs/branch, and 5.0 to 34.1 larvae/branch at Tangerli, respectively. A significant effect of sampling date was observed for all ALB life stages. Significantly fewer 3rd and 4th size class larvae were found in the urban forest at Anci compared to the rural forest at Tangerli. Prevalence of the gregarious larval-pupal ectoparasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (= D. longulus) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) did not differ between Anci and Tangerli, but percent parasitism differed among sampling dates and peaked in June at 32.8 ± 7.4% at Anci and 12.0 ± 3.5% at Tangerli. Parasitism was lowest in August in Tangerli and September in Anci when most ALB larvae were at an early stage of development. The mean D. helophoroides clutch size was 5.67 ± 0.37 parasitoids per ALB larva or pupa and did not differ between the two sites or among sample dates. Similar ALB population densities and D. helophoroides parasitism were also found at two supplemental study sites in Tianjin city (Yangcun and Xiaoxitian) where samples were only taken in June 2002. A localized epizootic of B. bassiana was observed on immature stages of ALB at Tangerli in July, resulting in an average infection rate of 2.4%. Differences in ALB population development and natural enemy prevalence between urban and rural forest site, and the potential of D. helophoroides and other natural enemies in the management of A. glabripennis are discussed.
3-Hydroxyhexan-2-one (3-C6-ketol) has emerged as the most conserved pheromone structure within the beetle family Cerambycidae. In this study, we report the sex-specific production of this compound by males of 12 species of South American cerambycid beetles. Males of Chrysoprasis chalybea Redtenbacher and Mallosoma zonatum (Sahlberg) (Tribe Dichophyiini), and Ambonus lippus (Germar), Eurysthea hirta (Kirby), Pantonyssus nigriceps Bates, Stizocera plicicollis (Germar), and Stizocera tristis (Guérin-Méneville) (Elaphidiini) produced 3R-C6-ketol as a single component, whereas males of Neoclytus pusillus (Laporte & Gory) (Clytini), Aglaoschema concolor (Gounelle), Orthostoma abdominale (Gyllenhal) (Compsocerini), Dorcacerus barbatus (Olivier), and Retrachydes thoracicus thoracicus (Olivier) (Trachyderini) produced 3R-C6-ketol, along with lesser amounts of other compounds. In field trials testing 8 known cerambycid pheromone compounds, C. chalybea, E. hirta, and R. t. thoracicus were attracted in significant numbers to traps baited with 3-C6-ketol. A second field experiment provided support for the strategy of using the attraction of cerambycid species to test lures as a method of providing leads to their likely pheromone components. Because both sexes are attracted to these aggregation-sex pheromones, live beetles can be obtained from baited traps to verify they produce the compound(s) to which they were attracted, that is, that the compounds are indeed pheromone components.
