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Phoma pedeiae (CBS 124517). A–C. Fourteen-day-old colonies on OA (A), MEA (B) and CHA (C). D. Pycnidia. E. Section of the pycnidial wall. F. Conidia. Scale bars: D = 100 μm; E–F = 10 μm.
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Fungal taxonomists routinely encounter problems when dealing with asexual fungal species due to poly- and paraphyletic generic phylogenies, and unclear species boundaries. These problems are aptly illustrated in the genus Phoma. This phytopathologically significant fungal genus is currently subdivided into nine sections which are mainly based on a...
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... is also considerably faster, as a colony can cover the plate surface within 1 wk. Boerema et al. (2004) hypothesised that Ph. subherbarum is from American origin. In contrast, both strains of Ph. pedeiae were found in the Netherlands. Both species in this clade appear to have a plurivorous nature. The novel species Ph. pedeiae is described below. Fig. ...Citations
... Previous studies have reported that this family included three main genera: Ascochyta, Didymella and Phoma, as well as other allied phoma-like genera which grouped in the Didymellaceae . Besides, Leptosphaerulina and Macroventura were genetically closely similar and classified into Didymellaceae (Silva-Hanlin and Hanlin 1999;Kodsueb et al. 2006;Aveskamp et al. 2010). Aveskamp et al. (2010) divided the family into at least 18 different clusters according to the sequence data obtained from 324 strains, redefining Epicoccum, Peyronellaea and Stagonosporopsis and demonstrating that Ascochyta, Phoma and Didymella were highly polyphyletic. ...
... Besides, Leptosphaerulina and Macroventura were genetically closely similar and classified into Didymellaceae (Silva-Hanlin and Hanlin 1999;Kodsueb et al. 2006;Aveskamp et al. 2010). Aveskamp et al. (2010) divided the family into at least 18 different clusters according to the sequence data obtained from 324 strains, redefining Epicoccum, Peyronellaea and Stagonosporopsis and demonstrating that Ascochyta, Phoma and Didymella were highly polyphyletic. As an extremely species-rich family, more than 5400 species belonging to 44 accepted genera have been recorded in Didymellaceae (Kularathnage et al. 2023). ...
... Epicoccum jingdongense and E. puerense are also phylogenetically distinct from other Epicoccum species with close phylogenetic affinity to E. dendrobii (40 bp difference within the TUB2 sequence and 1 bp difference within the ITS sequence, respectively). Asexual morphs of the three novel species accommodated in Epicoccum were also determined and formed the coelomycetous asexual morphs (Figs 6-8), which is consistent with the characteristics of Epicoccum coelomycetous synasexual stage that is characterised by the formation of doliiform to flask-shaped conidiogenous cells that produce unicellular, hyaline conidia under culture conditions (Aveskamp et al. 2010;Jayasiri et al. 2017). Therefore, these species are introduced, based on the synasexual morphs and phylogenetic data. ...
Tea plant is one of the most important commercial crops worldwide. The Didymellaceae fungi can cause leaf blight disease of tea plant. In this study, 240 isolates were isolated from tea plant leaves of 10 provinces in China. Combined with multi-locus (ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2) phylogenetic analysis and morphological characteristics, these isolates were identified as 25 species of six genera in Didymellaceae, including 19 known species Didymella coffeae-arabicae, D. pomorum, D. segeticola, D. sinensis, Epicoccum catenisporum, E. dendrobii, E. draconis, E. italicum, E. latusicollum, E. mackenziei, E. oryzae, E. poaceicola, E. rosae, E. sorghinum, E. tobaicum, Neoascochyta mortariensis, Paraboeremia litseae, Remotididymella anemophila and Stagonosporopsis caricae, of which 15 species were new record species and six novel species, named D. yunnanensis, E. anhuiense, E. jingdongense, E. puerense, N. yunnanensis and N. zhejiangensis. Amongst all isolates, D. segeticola was the most dominant species. Pathogenicity tests on tea plant leaves showed that E. anhuiense had the strongest virulence, while E. puerense had the weakest virulence. Besides, D. pomorum, D. yunnanensis, E. dendrobii, E. italicum, E. jingdongense, E. mackenziei, E. oryzae, E. rosae, E. tobaicum, N. mortariensis, N. yunnanensis, N. zhejiangensis and R. anemophila were non-pathogenic to the tea plant.
... Morphological characterization was based on microscopic and macroscopic features using pure fungal colonies grown in PDA medium and incubated at ± 24 °C. For microscopic observations, three-to five-day-old cultures were used, and the diagnostic features such as mycelium type, conidia shape, and size, presence or absence of septa, and other general characteristics were described according to Woudenberg et al. (2013), Marin et al. (2020), and Aveskamp et al. (2010). Conidia size was based on average length and width measurements of 30 randomly selected conidia. ...
... In our study, the genetically related isolates fell into the genera Phoma, Didymella, and Stagonosporopsis, which were previously classified as sections within Phoma. The study by Aveskamp et al. (2010) allowed Stagonosporopsis and Didymella to be placed as genera outside of Phoma. Currently, the genus Phoma (Didymellaceae) is typified by P. herbarum (Chen et al. 2015). ...
Ipomoea hederifolia L. is a weed that is considered problematic in several tropical crops. Phytopathogenic mycobiota could provide an alternative approach to biological weed management in agriculture. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify phytopathogenic fungi against I. hederifolia, under the inundative approach to biological control. The isolated fungi were subjected to pathogenicity tests in the laboratory through bioassays on detached leaves. The response variables recorded were incubation period, disease incidence, and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The fungi of interest were characterized morphologically and identified by molecular studies. The most aggressive pathogen was evaluated in a greenhouse by bioassays on whole I. hederifolia seedlings, using two inoculation methods: (1) agar disks with mycelium and (2) conidial suspension. Three of the eight fungi obtained were found to have pathogenic potential against the weed and were identified as Alternaria longipes, Cochliobolus geniculatus and Phoma herbarum. In the detached leaf bioassays, the incidence of the disease was greater than 81% in all cases and the average incubation period was between 3.4 and 4.5 days. A. longipes was significantly the most aggressive isolate (AUDPC = 9.1). In the bioassays on whole seedlings, 83% and 33% of the seedlings were infected by A. longipes using methods (1) and (2), respectively, after 10 days. We conclude that our isolate of A. longipes could be useful as a possible biocontrol agent for this weed; however, it is important to continue the next research steps of the inundative approach to confirm its suitability.
... For the morphological characterization, the Phoma Identification Manual was used [21] . All isolates were inoculated on oat agar (OA) and malt extract agar (MEA) and incubated in complete darkness at 22 °C for 7 d. ...
... The OA medium contained rolled oats (65 g·L −1 ) and purified agar (20 g·L −1 ), while the MEA medium contained the following components: malt extract (20 g·L −1 ), peptone (10 g·L −1 ), dextrose (20 g·L −1 ) and purified agar (20 g·L −1 ). Subsequently, the plates were kept for an additional 7 d at 22 °C with a day-night regime of approximately 13 h of UV light and 11 h of darkness to stimulate the pigmentation of the colonies and the formation of pycnidia [21] . The diameter and the descriptions of the colony were made after 7 d of incubation from the isolates grown in MEA whereas the micromorphological structures were studied from the isolates from OA cultures as Aveskamp et al. [22] suggest. ...
Sorghum has numerous agronomic advantages, a great economic importance in food production and various industrial applications. Its consumption has increased in the last ten years and probably its importance may even increase in the future, considering its relationship with global warming since this plant is less demanding with water. However, its productivity is affected by various fungal diseases with the production of mycotoxins that cause great economic losses. Alternaria, Epicoccum and Pyricularia genera are the main fungal contaminants in sorghum grains, and recognized producers of tenuazonic acid, a mycotoxin previously found in assayed sorghum samples in the Mycology and Mycotoxicology laboratory belonging to the Center for Research and Development in Industrial Fermentations. Fungal isolates obtained from these sorghum grains from the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA, Manfredi, Córdoba, Argentina) were characterized using a polyphasic approach based on morphological and genetic characteristics and in the ability to produce mycotoxins. Morphological analysis suggested the identity of Epicoccum sorghinum, which was later confirmed by molecular analysis. The ability of these isolates to produce tenuazonic acid was evaluated and it was determined that 65% of the studied isolates produced tenuazonic acid at variable levels. This is the first study that provides a molecular approach to E. sorghinum isolates in Argentina and clearly confirms the wide genetic and phenotypic variability previously reported for this species in other countries. The presence of these tenuazonic acid-producing isolates in sorghum grains represent an economic and health problem for Argentina that it is considered one of the main exporters worldwide.
... Colony colours were recorded based on the colour charts of Rayner [19]. The micromorphological structures of mature conidiomata, conidia, and conidiogenous cells were studied on PDA, OA, and MEA [20,21]. Observations were conducted with an Axio-Cam 506 colour Imager Z2 photographic microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Oberkochen, Germany). ...
... Morphological features such as conidial length, width, and size were measured (at least 30/40 per isolate) with a ZEN Pro 2012 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy). The structure of the mature pycnidial wall was observed using microtome sections of 6-10 µm in thickness, which were prepared with a Leica CM 1950 freezing microtome (Leica Biosystems, Nussloch, Germany) and mounted in lactic acid [20][21][22]. All pure cultures obtained in this study were deposited in the culture collection of the Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (JZB), China. ...
Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important and oldest stone fruits grown in China. Even though P. persica is one of the most commonly grown stone fruits in China, little is known about the biodiversity of microfungi associated with peach branch diseases. In the present study, samples were collected from a wide range of peach growing areas in China, and fungal pathogens associated with peach branch diseases were isolated. In total, 85 isolates were obtained and further classified into nine genera and 10 species. Most of the isolates belonged to Botryosphaeriaceae (46), including Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Neofusicoccum, Phaeobotryon, and Lasiodiplodia species; Ascochyta, Didymella, and Nothophoma species representing Didymellaceae were also identified. Herein, we introduce Ascochyta prunus and Lasiodiplodia pruni as novel species. In addition, we report the first records of Nothophoma pruni, Neofusicoccum occulatum, and Phaeobotryon rhois on peach worldwide, and Didymella glomerata, Nothophoma quercina, and Phaeoacremonium scolyti are the first records from China. This research is the first comprehensive investigation to explore the microfungi associated with peach branch disease in China. Future studies are necessary to understand the pathogenicity and disease epidemiology of these identified species.
... Species belonging to Didymellaceae are cosmopolitan and often plant pathogens on a wide range of hosts, mainly causing leaf and stem lesions (de Gruyter et al. 2009, Chen et al. 2017b. They are also endophytic, saprobic, fungicolous and lichenicolous (Aveskamp et al. 2010). The family comprises 44 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). ...
Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include
approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and
Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis,
Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics.
Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.
... The asexual morphs of Didymella are mainly characterized by solitary or confluent, ostiolate or poroid, pycnidial conidiomata with multi-layered, pseudoparenchymatous conidiomatal walls, and phialidic, hyaline conidiogenous cells that produce smooth conidia, which are generally aseptate, variable in shape, hyaline or occasionally pigmented, and larger or septate in at least one species in older cultures. Unicellular chlamydospores are often present in pure culture [2][3][4][5][6][7]. To date, 438 records of Didymella are listed in Species Fungorum [8], and most of them are usually found as saprobes from herbaceous and woody plants, but many are also important plant pathogens [3,4,9]. ...
... De Gruyter et al. [2] introduced a new family Didymellaceae with Didymella as the type genus to J. Fungi 2024, 10, 75 2 of 18 accommodate Ascochyta, Didymella, Phoma, and several related phoma-like genera based on evidence from phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU and SSU sequence data. Aveskamp et al. [5] indicated that Didymella appears to be polyphyletic, with some members mixed with other taxa of Leptosphaerulina, Macroventuria, Microsphaeropsis, Peyronellaea, and suggested that Didymella is in urgent need of taxonomic revision. Chen et al. [3] further clarified the generic delimitation in Didymellaceae using a morpho-molecular approach; Didymella was restricted to a monophyletic group and encompassed 37 species. ...
Didymella contains numerous plant pathogenic and saprobic species associated with a wide range of hosts. Over the course of our mycological surveys of plant pathogens from terrestrial plants in Jiangxi Province, China, eight strains isolated from diseased leaves of four host genera represented three new species of Didymella, D. bischofiae sp. nov., D. clerodendri sp. nov., and D. pittospori sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TUB2 sequence data, using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI), revealed their taxonomic placement within Didymella. Both morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses supported D. bischofiae, D. clerodendri, and D. pittospori as three new taxa within Didymella. Illustrations and descriptions of these three taxa were provided, along with comparisons with closely related taxa in the genus.
... [5]. It has been reported that the genus Didymella produces 8 hyaline or brown didymospores with 1 to multi-septa in cylindrical, clavate or saccate bitunicate asci within a pseudothecium in the teleomorphic state, and aseptate, ellipsoidal to allantoid hyaline conidia within a pycnidium in the anamorphic state [6,7]. Later, many Didymella species have been reported based on phylogenetic studies [7][8][9]. ...
... In polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments, partial large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer regions 1 & 2 including 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB2), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene regions were investigated with the primer sets of LR0R [11] and LR7 [12] for LSU, V9G [13] and ITS4 [14] for ITS, Btub2Fd and Btub4Rd [15] for TUB2, and RPB2-5f2 [16] and fRPB2-7cR [17] for RPB2. Conditions of PCR amplification for all the genes were followed as in the previous studies [6,7]. Takara Ex Taq (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) was used to prepare PCR products of the two isolates following the manufacturer's instruction. ...
... The sequences of the isolates obtained from Korean angelica and the relevant sequences of Didymella spp. from the previous studies [6][7][8]18] (Table 1) were aligned together using MUSCLE [19]. Coniothyrium palmarum (CBS 400.71) was used as an outgroup taxon. ...
During a disease survey in October 2019, leaf spot symptoms with a yellow halo were observed on Korean angelica (Anglica gigas) plants grown in fields in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province, Korea. Incidence of diseased leaves of the plants in the investigated fields ranged from 10% to 60%. Morphological and cultural characteristics of two single-spore isolates from the leaf lesions indicated that they belonged to the genus Didymella. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using combined sequences of LSU, ITS, TUB2, and RPB2 regions showed distinct clustering of the isolates from other Didymella species. In addition, the morphological and cultural characteristics of the isolates were somewhat different from those of closely related Didymella spp. Therefore, the novelty of the isolates was proved based on the investigations. Pathogenicity of the novel Didymella species isolates was confirmed on leaves of Korean angelica plants via artificial inoculation. This study reveals that Didymella gigantis sp. nov. causes leaf spot in Korean angelica.
... The disease is also caused by three genetically different species but having same morphology which includes Stagonosporopsis species, S. cucurbitacearum (D. bryoniae), S. citrulli and S. caricae. These species have comparable plant symptoms and mycelial communities (Aveskamp et al., 2010). ...
... These morphological features are similar to those of Epicoccum sp. previously described by Aveskamp et al. (2010); Taguiam et al. (2020Taguiam et al. ( , 2021. ...
Chilli (Capsicum spp.), is a vegetable widely consumed all over the world. It is a crucial ingredient in many culinary dishes and a significant source of income for farmers across various countries. Unfortunately, the cultivation of this crop is not without its challenges, as it can be affected by pathogenic fungi, which can lead to a decrease in yield and quality. To identify the pathogen causing the disease, this study used combined methods, including analyzing morphological features, DNA sequences, and conducting a phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes. The infected samples were randomly harvested from the chilli fields in three provinces of Vietnam: Thua Thien Hue, Quang Binh, and Quang Tri. This study recovered a total of ten isolates from diseased chilli peppers, and based on the phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset, these isolates were identified as six species, including Colletotrichum scovillei, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. brevisporum, Fusarium sulawesiense, and Epicoccum latusicollum. These pathogens were found to be the causative agents of chilli disease. In addition to identifying the pathogen species responsible for chilli disease, this research provides valuable insights into the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and diversity of fungal pathogens affecting chilli crops. These findings contribute to the development of effective management strategies to control these diseases and improve chilli production.
... After 3-7 days, the slips were gently removed using tweezers for microscopic observation (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The isolates were preliminarily identified based on their morphological characteristics of the colonies and conidia (n = 6) (Aveskamp et al. 2010;Woudenberg et al. 2015;Chen et al. 2017;Nasehi et al. 2019). ...
Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li is one of the biological sources for Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus. Its bulbs are widely used for treating respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Cultivated F. taipaiensis suffers from many diseases during its growing season. Leaf spot is a destructive disease that is increasingly affecting F. taipaiensis and can cause an incidence of up to 30% in severe cases. Leaf spot inhibits the growth of F. taipaiensis by causing disease spots on the surface of leaves. In severe cases, these spots can result in leaf desiccation and blackspot formation at the lesion site, leading to a decrease in photosynthesis. Leaf spot has shown little benefit, and it can even result in a reduced yield of bulbs and the death of plants. According to previous studies, Alternaria alternata has been identified as the pathogen of leaf spot in many medicinal plants, but the main pathogens of the leaf spot of F. taipeiensis remains uncertain. In this paper, five isolates from diseased leaves of F. taipaiensis were isolated and purified and the pathogenicity test showed that isolates B-5 and B-7 induced leaf spot symptoms on healthy F. taipaiensis leaves. Integrating multiple phylogenetic analyses of rDNA using Internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), Beta-tubulin (TUB2), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) and Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-a) primers, strain B-5 and strain B-7 were eventually identified as Didymella segeticola and A. alternata. This is also the first report on the pathogens that cause leaf spot in F. taipaiensis in China.
