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Corn stalks are a major source of agricultural waste in China that have the potential for more efficient utilisation. In this study, we designed substrate formulas with different proportions of corn stalks to cultivate Pholiota microspora. The substrate formula for P. microspora cultivation that could partially or completely replace sawdust with co...
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Four organic substrates; Mahogany Sawdust (MSD), Corn Cobs (CC), Oil Palm Fruit Fibre (OPFF) and Rice Bran (RB) were evaluated for their effects on growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.Fr.) Kumm. The completely randomized experimental design was adopted for the study with 4 treatments replicated 10 times. Results on mean number of days for...
Corn stalks are a major source of agricultural waste in China that have the potential for more efficient utilisation. In this study, we designed substrate formulas with different proportions of corn stalks to cultivate Pholiota microspora. The substrate formula for P. microspora cultivation that could partially or completely replace sawdust with co...
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This study aimed to understand the effect of ultrasound pre-treatment (UP), cellulase pre-treatment (CP) and their combination (UP+CP) pre-treatments on freeze-dried Lentinula edodes chips. The water distribution, microstructure, physical properties (colour, texture and shrinkage) and the main nutritional components (polysaccharides, protein and ph...
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... In addition, the contents of crude protein varied from 52.93 ± 0.07 g 100 g −1 to 57.38 ± 0.08 g 100 g −1 , which exceeded those of Oudemansiella raphanipes [47], Pholiota microspore [48], and Pleurotus spp. mushrooms [30]. ...
Lepista sordida is a type of high-quality rare edible and medicinal mushroom, and its research boom is just beginning. More than 80 million tons of grain crop residues are produced each year in Heilongjiang Province. To realize the exploration and utilization of wild L. sordida mushrooms and also provide a theoretical support for the high-value utilization of these resources in Heilongjiang Province, we evaluated the cultivation of L. sordida mushrooms using rice straw, corncob, and soybean straw as substrates. L. sordida grew on all three substrates, and the biological efficiency and yield of the mushrooms grown on soybean straw and corncob were 32.33 ± 1.78% and 4.20 ± 0.23 kg m−2, and 30.15 ± 0.93% and 3.92 ± 0.12 kg m−2, respectively, which increased by 9.38% and 2.08% compared with that on the rice straw substrate with 3.84 ± 0.12 kg m−2 and 29.56 ± 0.89%. The time it took for the mycelia to colonize and initiate primordia on the soybean straw substrate was 22.33 ± 0.58 d and 19.67 ± 0.58 d, respectively, which was delayed by 2 d and 3 d compared with that on the rice straw substrate with 20.67 ± 2.08 d and 16.33 ± 0.58 d, respectively. The fruiting bodies grown on corncob and soybean straw substrates were relatively larger than those on the rice straw substrate. The highest amount of crude protein was 57.38 ± 0.08 g 100 g−1, and the lowest amount of crude polysaccharide was 6.03 ± 0.01 g 100 g−1. They were observed on mushrooms collected from the corncob substrate. The contents of the heavy metal mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium in the fruiting bodies grown on each substrate were within the national safety range.
... Crop residues are commonly utilized as animal feed [3], but the demand has not exceeded the supply. The primary components of corn stalks are similar to those of wood in that they contain hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose, which render them similar to wood; they serve as nutrients that edible fungi require for cultivation [4]. Edible fungi that have been cultivated on corn stalks include maitake (Grifola frondosa), shiitake (Lentinula edodes), and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) [5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
... However, with the addition of corn stalks, the mycelial growth rate decreased ( Table 3). As shown previously, the growth rate of mycelia correlated with the amount of corn stalks that were supplemented to the substrates used to grow nameko (Pholiota microspore) and L. edodes [4,6]. Therefore, addition of corn stalks within a certain range may have some impact on the growth of mycelia, increase the BE, and shorten the fruiting time of P. eryngii. ...
Corn is widely planted in China, but corn stalks have not been adequately utilized for a long time. Here, the potential of corn stalks to serve as an ingredient in the composition of substrates to cultivate king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) was studied. Corn stalks were added to the matrix at a ratio of 10.5%, 21%, or 42% to replace sawdust or sugarcane bagasse in the typical matrix. Analysis of the mycelia growth rate, production days, agronomic traits, and nutrient content confirmed the feasibility of using corn stalk instead of sawdust and bagasse for the cultivation of P. eryngii. The samples grown on Y5 (without sawdust and bagasse) has more crude fiber (8.3%) and polysaccharide (5.05%) content compared to those of the control substrate (7.1% and 4.16%, respectively), moreover, it also conteined more zinc and calcium than others. Therefore, these findings indicate that corn stalks could be used as an alternative to sawdust and sugarcane bagasse for P. eryngii production, which would not only reduce costs and improve food quality, but also improve waste utilisation.
... This mucus is thought to be useful for energizing human brain's cognitive functions (Li et al., 2010). P. nameko, besides being delicious, contains crude protein, fat and carbohydrates, crude fibre, calcium, phosphorus, iron, multivitamins, and various amino acids (Meng et al. 2019). Cultivation of P. nameko, also known as P. microspora, was first performed in Japan (Zhu et al, 2016). ...
... However, new environmental protection policies and their implementations safeguard and limit the use of forest products. This situation pushes mushroom producers to find alternative substrate materials to wood (Meng et al. 2019). ...
... mm/g. Pholiota microspora was cultured in five different growing mixtures including poplar sawdust, corn stalk, wheat bran, corn flour, soybean, gypsum and lime by Meng et al. (2019). The highest mycelial development was observed in T2 (38% poplar sawdust, 38% corn stalk, 15% wheat bran, 5% corn flour, 2% soy flour, 1% gypsum-lime) and T3 (19% poplar sawdust, 57% corn stalk, 15% wheat bran, 5% corn flour, 2% soy flour, 1% gypsum-lime) mixtures. ...
Pholiota nameko is commonly consumed in the Far East but not yet known or grown in Türkiye. Therefore, in this study, the determination of the cultivation conditions of P. nameko in different substrate mixtures and the effect of these substrates on yield and quality were investigated. In this research, six different substrate mixtures were used: 2 oak sawdust + 1 wheat bran(C), 2 peanut waste + 1 wheat bran (O1), 1 oak sawdust + 1 peanut waste +1 wheat bran (O2), 2 almond shell + 1 wheat bran (O3), 1 oak sawdust + 1almond shell + 1 wheat bran (O4), 2 wheat straw + 1 wheat bran (O5) and 1oak sawdust + 1 wheat stalk + 1 wheat bran (O6). During the study, mycelia development time, biological efficiency rate (BE), total yield, mushroom weight, cap diameter, cap thickness, stipe diameter, stipe length, dry matter, pH and moisture content (in growing mixtures) were determined. pHand moisture content were recorded in three different periods; after sterilization, after mycelial development time and after harvest. As a result of the study, the fastest mycelial growth was obtained from the control group, with 14.25 days. The highest total yield and biological efficiency were obtained from O1 medium with 216.26 g kg-1 and 49.11%, respectively. The highest amount of dry matter was recorded in O4 with 12.23%.
... Valine and serine have strong inhibitory effects on the growth of mycelia (Kalac, 2009), and similar results were obtained here, with the valine and serine contents increasing from M1 to M4 (Figure 4). Alanine can effectively improve the absorption of nitrogen by mycelia and promote the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies (Meng et al., 2019). In this study, alanine showed a decreasing trend from M1 to M6, which may explain why V. volvacea could not produce fruiting bodies after 12 months of continuous mycelial subculturing. ...
Volvariella volvacea is a typical edible Basidiomycete with a high-temperature tolerance. It has a strong fibrinolysis capability and consumes abundant agricultural wastes. In agricultural cultivation, mycelial subculturing has been adopted, leading to serious strain degeneration. In this study, continuous mycelial subculturing of the common V. volvacea strain V971 (original strain recorded as M0) was performed in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. One generation of the strain was preserved every 3 months (90 days); thus, six generations of degenerated strains (M1–M6) were obtained after 18 months of mycelial subculturing. The original and degenerated strains were preserved in sterile paraffin liquid at room temperature (18–25°C). The biological traits and nutrients of M0 and M1–M6 were studied. The mycelial growth rate and biomass initially increased and then decreased as the degeneration progressed, reaching minimum levels of 0.041 ± 0.001 cm/h and 1.82 ± 0.25 g, respectively, at M6. Additionally, the polysaccharide, protein, polyphenol, flavone, total amino acid, and total mineral element contents of the strains decreased continuously, reaching minimum levels of 30.12 ± 3.12 g/100 g, 26.42 ± 2.1 g/100 g, 1.08 ± 0.05 g/100 g, 4.23 ± 0.21 g/100 g, 12.51 mg/g, and 398.05 mg/kg, respectively, at M6. The decolorization capability of V. volvacea in liquid medium supplemented with bromothymol blue and lactose reflected the degree of strain degeneration, with the capability weakening as the degeneration intensified. These results are highly significant for V. volvacea production. The mycelial characteristics during subculture-associated degeneration were described and provide an early identification method for V. volvacea’s degeneration.
Ginkgo biloba is widely planted as a colorful foliage tree, and its leaf can be used as a biomass energy source, but it has been underutilized for a long time. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of garden waste as a substrate component in the cultivation process of the king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), with the goal of enhancing both the yield of P. eryngii and the efficiency of energy use. The percentages of G. biloba leaf powder in the substrate were 10.5% and 21% to replace sawdust or sugarcane bagasse in a typical substrate. A substrate formulation that could completely replace sawdust and sugarcane bagasse was selected by analyzing mycelial growth rate, days of production, fruiting body length, biological efficiency, yield, stipe thickness, pileus diameter and laccase activity. The results showed that Y1 (treatment with 21% G. biloba leaf powder and sugarcane bagasse) had the highest yield (303.1 ± 31.9 g), which was higher than that of CK (control) (259.3 ± 37.4 g). The crude fiber content of the samples grown on substrate Y1 (as 7.43%) was higher than CK (7.37%). In addition, P. eryngii grown on substrate Y1 had the highest laccase activity for the complete colonization of the mycelium. Thus, these findings suggest that G. biloba leaf powder represents a viable and economical supplement for enhancing both the yield and quality of P. eryngii.
The use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) residue as a crop culture substrate has unique advantages in alleviating the obstacles associated with continuous monocropping, such as increasing production, improving quality and alleviating pests and diseases. However, the effect of TCM residue application on substrates in continuous monocropping practices has not been determined. In this study, the cucumber variety “Jinyou No. 10” was used as the material, and fermented TCM residue, vermiculite and perlite were used as organic substrates (3:1:1). The cucumbers were cultivated on substrates for different durations of continuous monocropping, which were the first cropping cycle (A1), second cropping cycle (A2), third cropping cycle (A3) and fourth cropping cycle (A4). The control (A0) was the substrate sample without any crop planted in it. After the cucumbers were harvested, substrate samples (areas around the cucumber roots) were collected. The physiochemical properties of the cultivated substrates were determined, and the microbial community structures were analyzed through 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. The physiochemical indices of the substrates with different durations of continuous monocropping (A1–A4) were significantly different than those of the control (A0) substrate. Moreover, the continuous cropping of cucumber had greater effects on fungal communities than on bacterial communities. Bacterial community structure analysis revealed a greater proportion of important bacterial taxa (Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Nitrospirae) in the continuous monocropping substrates than in the A0 substrate. For the fungal community, Ascomycota accounted for the largest percentage of the fungal community in all the samples. The diversity of the microbial community was found to be influenced primarily by electrical conductivity, organic matter content, pH and total potassium content according to the correlation analysis of physicochemical properties and relative abundance of the microbial community. Our study would provide a basis for addressing persistent challenges in continuous cropping and for obtaining the utmost benefit from using TCM organic residue waste.
In recent years, short-term composting techniques have been widely applied in oyster mushroom cultivation, but there is still a lack of systematic research on their impact on the nutritional and functional properties of fruiting bodies. In this study, the microbial inoculant Streptomyces thermoviolaceus BUA-FM01 (ST) was applied in the short-term composting process for oyster mushroom cultivation. The agronomic traits, nutritional composition, flavor compounds, and antioxidant activity of fruiting bodies from the first three flushes were evaluated. The results show that microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total carbon content and C/N ratio of the composted substrates and, furthermore, increased the total yield of the fruiting bodies. Moreover, microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the crude protein, crude polysaccharide, total amino acid, and essential amino acid contents of the fruiting bodies. The fruiting bodies of the first flush of ST treatment possessed the highest umami amino acid content and equivalent umami concentration value. Furthermore, microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the scavenging ability of crude polysaccharides toward free radicals. The results indicate that microbial inoculation has many benefits for the composting cultivating process of oyster mushrooms and good application prospects.
Introduction
The depolymerization of lignocellulose biomass by white-rot fungi has been an important research topic. However, few simulated in-situ analyses have been conducted to uncover the decay.
Methods
In this study, the white-rot Lentinula edodes was used to colonize the wood and non-wood substrates, and then hyphal transcriptional response and substrate degradation were analyzed during the spatial-temporal colonization on different type substrates to better understand the depolymerization of lignocellulose.
Results and discussion
Faster growth and thicker mat of hyphae on corn stalk were observed in comparison to oak wafer. Coincide with the higher levels of gene transcripts related to protein synthesis on corn stalk. The higher lignin oxidase activity of hyphae was detected on oak wafer, and the higher cellulase activity was observed on corn stalk containing a much higher content of soluble sugars. A large number of carbohydrate-binding module (CBM1 and CBM20)-containing enzyme genes, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (AA9), cellobiohydrolase (GH6 and GH7), glucanase (GH5), xylanase (GH10 and GH11), glucoamylase (GH15), and alpha-amylase (GH13), were significantly upregulated in the back-distal hyphae colonized on corn stalk. The hyphae tended to colonize and degrade the secondary cell wall, and the deposited oxalate crystal suggested that oxalate may play an important role during lignocellulose degradation. In addition, lignin was degraded in priority in oak wafer. Of note, three lignin monomers were degraded simultaneously in oak wafer but sequentially in corn stalk. This growth Our results indicated that the white-rot degradation pattern of lignocellulose is determined by the chemical composition and structure of the colonized biomass.
The present study confirmed the identity of two Iraqi mushrooms by using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence; the genomic DNA of two isolates was amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers, and the data analyzed through Basic Local Alignment Tool( BLAST) search was achieved using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The result shows that the nucleotide sequence of two mushrooms blasted against the sequence from the Gene Bank database that Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii matched 99% and 100%, respectively. The second stage of the current study was the comparison of different agro-waste, including wheat straw(WS), corncob(CC) and sawdust(SD) supplemented with 25% wheat bran(W) and 2% calcium carbonate (CaCo3) on mycelium growth, yield and biological efficiency (BE) of local oyster mushroom which comparison with Chinese strain pleurotus ostreatus121 and pleurotus eryngii 080. The highest growth average of local P. ostretus on the SD substrate was 1.50 cm, and P.eryngii was recorded at 1.18 cm. The substrate CC was the most suitable for the yield of mushroom local P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus121(485.40 and 418.50 g/bag, respectively), while local P. eryngii recorded 470.40 in the same substrate. It was also found that the WS substrate recorded the highest BE for each local isolate and Chinese strain. Keywords: Iraqi strains, Pleurotus spp., agricultural wastes, wild agricultural mushrooms
