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With increasing ecological and economical concerns, Green Chemistry has become more important for “greening” of various chemical processes. Green chemistry is providing various kinds of “green” solvents that can be employed for the extraction and isolation of various therapeutically important phytoconstituents from plants. As medicinal plants form...
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In traditional system of medicine Centella asiatica has been used to treat various skin ailments. In the present study, two extracts of Centella asiatica were investigated for its effect on normal skin bacterium such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Enterococcus faecalis using agar diffusion assay. The higher...
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... Therefore, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) can be applied as a tool for improving polyphenol release in maceration. The advantages of NADESs, which can extract both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules, include environmentally friendly materials and procedures, easy preparation, fewer hazards, lower energy, and biodegradability (Hikmawanti et al., 2021;Promila and Singh, 2018). ...
Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme) extracts were prepared using 1 g of plant material and three natural deep eutectic solvents (30 mL, malic acid+maltose, lactic acid+menthol, or citric acid+glycerol with 50% of water) in maceration (90 min). The extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenol content (TPC), total protein content, extraction yield, zeta potential, conductivity, pH, density, surface tension, and viscosity. TPC was the highest in citric acid+glycerol extract (35.06±1.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of plant material), whereas malic acid+maltose and lactic acid+menthol extracts possessed similar TPC (29.62±1.11 and 28.94±1.15 mg GAE/g, respectively). Total protein content amounted to 5.55±0.20 mg/g in citric acid+glycerol extract, while significantly lower values were determined in malic acid+maltose and lactic acid+menthol extracts (1.22±0.30 and 1.73±0.18 mg/g, respectively). The extraction yield was the highest for citric acid+glycerol extract, 1.57±0.11%, followed by malic acid+maltose and lactic acid+menthol extracts, 1.28±0.10 and 1.27±0.13%, respectively. Zeta potential (absolute value, as a predictor of potential application in water treatment) was low in all extracts (0.86±0.06 mV for citric acid+glycerol,-0.35±0.09 mV for lactic acid+menthol, and-0.17±0.05 mV for malic acid+maltose extract). The conductivity (as a predictor of antioxidant capacity) was in the range of 2.35±0.21 and 2.71±0.29 mS/cm (citric acid+glycerol and malic acid+maltose extracts) to 5.70±0.23 mS/cm (lactic acid+menthol extract). pH ranged from 1.44 in citric acid+glycerol extract to 1.78 and 1.85 in malic acid+maltose and lactic acid+menthol extracts. Density varied from 1.067±0.003 g/mL for lactic acid+menthol extract to 1.169±0.002 and 1.195±0.005 g/mL for citric acid+glycerol and malic acid+maltose extracts. Surface tension was the highest in citric acid+glycerol extract (38.0±0.4 mN/m), followed by malic acid+maltose and lactic acid+menthol extracts (31.5±0.4 and 25.9±0.1 mN/m, respectively). The viscosity of lactic acid+menthol extract was significantly lower (1.83±0.30 mPa•s) in comparison to malic acid+maltose and citric acid+glycerol extracts (6.64±0.15 and 7.84±0.10 mPa•s, respectively). The highest TPC, total proteins, and extraction yield were measured in citric acid+glycerol extract, while lactic acid+menthol extract possessed the highest conductivity and the lowest density, surface tension, and viscosity. Therefore, the constitution of natural deep eutectic solvent should be optimized depending on the future application of T. serpyllum extract.
... However, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are used with the aim to increase the release of polyphenols from the plant material and overcome the limitations of conventional and toxic organic solvents (Chemat et al., 2019;Hikmawanti et al., 2021). NADESs, as green solvents, are environmentally friendly, relatively safe, less hazardous, and biodegradable (Hikmawanti et al., 2021;Singh & Singh, 2018). Namely, NADESs contain compounds that are primary metabolites, such as sugars, plant acids, organic bases, and amino acids (Dai et al., 2013). ...
Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) is frequently employed in traditional medicine, due to its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. The ultrasound-assisted extraction is frequently used as an extraction technique, due to the increased extraction yield, improved extract quality, fast kinetics, and simple operation. Additionally, in recent times, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are applied as a tool for improving polyphenol recovery from various plant materials. Thus, in the present study, R. canina extracts were prepared using dried rose hips (0.25 g), two types of natural deep eutectic solvents (25 mL, choline chloride+citric acid with 50% of water and betaine+citric acid with 70% of water), and ultrasound probe (40% amplitude for 10 min). The extracts were characterized via analyzing total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant potential (ABTS and DPPH assays), extraction yield, pH, zeta potential, conductivity, density, surface tension, and viscosity. TPC of choline chloride+citric acid and betaine+citric acid extracts were 8.75±0.17 and 7.47±0.04 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of plant material, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity was 3.03±0.62 mmol Trolox/g of plant material (choline chloride+citric acid extract) and 2.82±0.13 mmol Trolox/g (betaine+citric acid extract), whereas, in DPPH assay, IC 50 was 1.02±0.04 mg/mL for choline chloride+citric acid extract and 1.98±0.10 mg/mL for betaine+citric acid extract. The extraction yield was 0.575±0.035% (choline chloride+citric acid extract), and 0.490±0.016% (betaine+citric acid extract). pH values for chloride+citric acid and betaine+citric acid extracts were 0.83±0.03 and 2.68±0.02, while zeta potential was 2.46±0.16 and 0.88±0.09 mV, respectively. Conductivity for choline chloride+citric acid and betaine+citric acid extracts were 35.8±0.4 and 4.3±0.3 mS/cm, density was 1.16±0.01 and 1.54±0.02 g/mL, while surface tension was 35.2±0.8 and 37.2±0.1 mN/m, respectively. Viscosity was 6.52±0.01 mPa•s (choline chloride+citric acid extract) and 5.14±0.12 mPa•s (betaine+citric acid extract). Due to higher TPC and DPPH radical scavenging capacity, R. canina extract prepared using choline chloride and citric acid with 50% water in comparison to betaine+citric acid extract was favored as an ingredient in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.
... Thus, the use of green solvents, such as NADESs that are environmentally friendly and relatively safe, could overcome the limitations of conventional organic solvents. The advantages of NADESs include environmentally friendly materials and procedures, easy preparation, less hazards, lower energy, and biodegradability (Hikmawanti et al., 2021;Promila and Singh, 2018). NADESs can be named natural mixtures due to their constituent components that are primary metabolites, including sugars, plant acids, organic bases, and amino acids (Dai et al., 2013). ...
Rosa canina L. extracts were prepared using water or three natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs: betaine+malic acid, betaine+sucrose, and citric acid+sucrose with 50% of water) and maceration. The extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenol content (TPC), ABTS radical scavenging potential, extraction yield, zeta potential, conductivity, pH, density, surface tension, and viscosity. TPC was the highest in betaine+malic acid extract (10.4 mg gallic acid equivalents, GAE/g), and the lowest in water and citric acid+sucrose extracts (6.5 and 6.4 mg GAE/g, respectively). ABTS radical scavenging potential was the highest in water extract, 5.6 mmol Trolox/g, whereas the lowest was in citric acid+sucrose extract, 2.6 mmol Trolox/g. Extraction yield was the lowest for betaine+malic acid extract, 0.607 %, and statistically significantly higher for betaine+sucrose extract, 1.22 %. Zeta potential (absolute value) was the highest for betaine+sucrose extract (-2.12 mV), and the lowest for citric acid+sucrose extract (0.29 mV). Conductivity was in the range of 0.25 mS/cm (betaine+sucrose extract) to 5.46 mS/cm (betaine+malic acid extract). pH ranged from 3.0 in betaine+malic acid extract to 4.5 in water and betaine+sucrose extracts. Density varied from 1.00 g/mL for water extract to 1.19 g/mL for betaine+sucrose extract, while surface tension varied from 35.0 mN/m for betaine+sucrose extract to 40.6 mN/m for water extract. Viscosity of water extract was 1.52 mPa·s and it was significantly higher for citric acid+sucrose extract, 10.67 mPa·s. The application of NADESs as an extraction medium can improve polyphenol recovery from rose hips, as well as extraction yield and conductivity, but depending on NADES composition. Namely, the highest TPC and conductivity were measured in betaine+malic acid extract, while betaine+sucrose extract possesses the highest extraction yield. Thus, the constitution of NADES should be optimized depending on the future application of the extract.
... In Modern times green chemistry has advanced for a great variety of research providing pioneering research and practical applications for a wide spectrum of chemical products. Among other things, the reduction of global warming and the use of green solvents (10). ...
Ficus subincisa Buch-Ham.Ex Sm. is considered an endemic medicinal plant. The current researchbased on the antioxidant potential of four different green solvent extracts obtained by the successive solventextraction method from the unexplored F.subincisa leaves was evaluated. Various in vitro assays wereperformed to achieve the aim and variation in scavenging potential of the four green extracts, showed thehighest total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), and free radical scavenging potentialagainst DPPH, ABTS, FRAP Phosphomolybdate, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay as compared toother extracts.The extraction of Ficus subincisa with different green solvents namely: d-limonene, isopropylalcohol, ethyl lactate, and hydroalcohol.Extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using differentassays namely, DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging. The Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3 colorimetricmethods were measured the content of total phenolics and total flavonoids respectively. Reducing power wasdetermined by phosphomolybdate and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods.Considerableamount of phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in the hydroalcohol extract. Although hydroalcoholfractions exhibited good antioxidant activities, the most distinguished radical scavenging potential.Hydroalcohol sowed equivalent to standard in radical scavenging activity by DPPH. Hydroalcohol showedthe higher radical scavenging activity by DPPH (92.03%), Nitric oxide (89.21%) and by ABTS (89.45%),antioxidant activity, the highest total phenols content (78.67 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g fraction), the highest totalflavonoids content (195.58 ± 3.31 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract fraction). The hydroalcohol extractshowed a reducing power of (93.2%) and (1373.91 ± 4.35 µM/ml Ascorbic acid equivalent) using thephosphomolybdate and FRAP assays, respectively.Hydroalcohol shows the strongest antioxidant activity, andit can be attributed to its high content in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It can be concluded that leavesof Ficus subincisa can be used as an effective natural source of antioxidant, and as a commercial basis for theevolution of nutraceuticals
... In Modern times green chemistry has advanced for a great variety of research providing pioneering research and practical applications for a wide spectrum of chemical products. Among other things, the reduction of global warming and the use of green solvents (10). ...
Ficus subincisa Buch-Ham.Ex Sm. is considered an endemic medicinal plant. The current research based on the antioxidant potential of four different green solvent extracts obtained by the successive solvent extraction method from the unexplored F.subincisa leaves was evaluated. Various in vitro assays were performed to achieve the aim and variation in scavenging potential of the four green extracts, showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), and free radical scavenging potential against DPPH, ABTS, FRAP Phosphomolybdate, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay as compared to other extracts.The extraction of Ficus subincisa with different green solvents namely: d-limonene, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, and hydroalcohol.Extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using different assays namely, DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging. The Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3 colorimetric methods were measured the content of total phenolics and total flavonoids respectively. Reducing power was determined by phosphomolybdate and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods.Considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in the hydroalcohol extract. Although hydroalcohol fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities, the most distinguished radical scavenging potential. Hydroalcohol sowed equivalent to standard in radical scavenging activity by DPPH. Hydroalcohol showed the higher radical scavenging activity by DPPH (92.03%), Nitric oxide (89.21%) and by ABTS (89.45%), antioxidant activity, the highest total phenols content (78.67 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g fraction), the highest total flavonoids content (195.58 ± 3.31 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract fraction). The hydroalcohol extract showed a reducing power of (93.2%) and (1373.91 ± 4.35 µM/ml Ascorbic acid equivalent) using the phosphomolybdate and FRAP assays, respectively.Hydroalcohol shows the strongest antioxidant activity, and it can be attributed to its high content in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It can be concluded that leaves of Ficus subincisa can be used as an effective natural source of antioxidant, and as a commercial basis for the evolution of nutraceuticals
... It provides an alternative to conventional solvents to improve the extraction efficiency, and for efficient extraction of different types of phytochemicals, including the heat-labile components. Use of less or nontoxic solvents could make the chemical processes more economically and environmentally sustainable [4]. Among the most studied green solvents are water, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids [5]. ...
... EL has a high flash point and is nonflammable, noncorrosive, nontoxic, nonozone-reducing, noncarcinogenic, with low volatility, low viscosity, besides being completely biodegradable to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (Table 9.2) [5,7]. As compared to solvents produced based on crude oil processing, which can be toxic for human consumption, EL is a novel and sustainable solvent that has been shown to exhibit low toxicity on humans and animals, even at high concentrations [4,11]. ...
... The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved EL because of its relatively low toxicity, for use in food preparation, for the dispersion of bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical products but without the destruction of its pharmacological activity, and for cosmetic and beauty products [7]. Compounds such as carotenoids and vitamin E, which are heat and photosensitive, are more stable in EL than other organic solvents [4]. ...
Ethyl lactate (EL) has an important role as a green solvent, not only to put into practice the 12 principles of green chemistry, but also to achieve a long-term Sustainable Development Goal for a more economical and environmentally benign solvent for use in different industries and in food preparations. EL is produced from the esterification reaction of lactic acid and ethanol, especially from the fermentation of agro-based materials. In this chapter, an overview of EL properties, production, and the pharmaceutical applications is highlighted. The other areas discussed are the advantages and disadvantages as a solvent for dissolving/dispersing bioactive compounds, isolation of phytochemical constituents from natural sources, and practical applications in topical therapy for dry skin disorders and cosmetics, chiral synthesis, and controlled drug delivery.
Ficus subincisa belongs to the Moraceae family comprising approximately 850 species. Many Ficus species have been used ethnopharmacologically for the treatment of many health-promoting effects. With increasing economical and ecological concerns for several chemical processes, green chemistry is providing various kinds of “green” solvents that can be a recruit for the extraction and isolation of numerous alleviative and important phytoconstituents from plants. The present study was undertaken to prepare crude extracts of F. subincisa fruits with different polarities of green solvents (d-limonene, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, and hydroalcohol) by using a modified magnetic stirrer extraction method and assessing in vitro anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory activities by the spectrophotometric method. Among all, ethyl lactate and hydroalcohol fraction of F. subincisa have shown the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 166.91±2.73 and 118.73±0.67 µg/mL, respectively, which were comparable with that of acarbose. At a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, the hydroalcohol and ethyl lactate of fruit produced 134.53±1.23 and 114.67±4.23 µg/mL inhibition of HRBC hemolysis and bovine serum albumin, respectively, as compared with standard drug aspirin and sodium diclofenac. However, there has been no report on the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity of F. subincisa fruit. Therefore this study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity of F. subincisa fruit extracts of different green solvents. Our study validated the traditional claim with pharmacological data of the Ficus genus. Taken together, these findings imply that the F. subincisa could be useful therapeutic agents to attenuate muscle insulin resistance due to diet-induced obesity and its associated inflammation.
Natural products from plants were extracted and widely studied for their activities against many disease conditions. The selection of the extracting solvent is crucial to develop selective and effective methods for the extraction and isolation of target compounds in the plant matrices. Pharmacological properties of plant extracts and their bioactive principles are related to their excellent solubility, stability, and bioavailability when administered by different routes. This review aims to critically analyze natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as green solvents in their application to improve the extraction performance of plant metabolites in terms of their extractability besides the stability, bioactivity, solubility, and bioavailability. Herein, the opportunities for NADES to be used in pharmaceutical formulations development including plant metabolites-based nutraceuticals are discussed.
