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Phallus cinnabarinus (INPA 255835). A: Expanded basidioma. B: Basidiospores. C: Pseudoparenchymatous hyphae of pseudostipe with pinkish pigment droplets.
Source publication
Recent field trips in the Amazonian rainforest revealed two uncommon phalloid species, Lysurus arachnoideus (new for Brazil) and Phallus cinnabarinus (new for South America). Detailed morphological descriptions, photos, and taxonomic remarks are presented.
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Citations
... In Brazil, 47 species of Phallales fungi are currently recorded, distributed in 18 of the 27 Brazilian states (Möller 1895;Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2009a, 2009bTrierveiler-Pereira and Baseia 2009;Magnago et al. 2013;Cabral et al. 2014;Cabral et al. 2015;Bononi et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2018;Cabral et al. 2019;Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019;Azevedo et al. 2021;Lima et al. 2021;Nascimento et al. 2021). So far, there is no checklist and specific identification key for the species of Phallales from Brazil, only regional works (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019, which have been important for the knowledge of Phallales in the Northeastern and Southern (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019) parts of the country, the latter being the only one to present an identification key. ...
The Phallales order has common names that are used to define groups based on basidiome shapes, such as Clathroid, Phalloid, and Lysuroid. However, up to now, there is no systematic and detailed information to define these and other basidiome shapes. New systematic definitions with notes on generic morphology and new nomenclatures are proposed to standardize the concepts related to the morphology of Phallales fungi, with illustrations for the main genres. In addition to the Clathroid, Laternoid, Lysuroid, and Phalloid forms, we proposed the division of the Clathroid type into two subdivisions (Lattice Clathroid and Columnar Clathroid) and the insertion of three new types of shape: Arachnoid, Floweroid, and Truffoid. We are also proposing a checklist and an identification key for all the species of Phallales in Brazil.
... Known distribution: Australia [31], Brazil [32], China [33], French Guiana [34], India [35,36], Indonesia [37][38][39][40][41][42], Philippines [43], Republic of Trinidad and Tobago [18], Sri Lanka [44][45][46][47][48], Thailand [18]. ...
During the rainy season in Thailand, specimens of Phallus chiangmaiensis sp. nov. and P. merulinus were collected from Chiang Mai and Samut Sakhon Provinces, respectively. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), nuclear ribosomal 5.8S gene including the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS), and the protein-coding gene atp6 (mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate [ATP] synthase subunit 6) support the placement of the new species within Phallus. Phallus chiangmaiensis has a well-developed white indusium and campanulated caps with reticulate surfaces. It differs morphologically from the related species, as supported by the phylogenetic data. Phallus merulinus is reported here as a species that was re-encountered in Thailand. The descriptions of the species are accompanied by illustrations of macro- and micro- morphological features, and a discussion of the related taxa is presented.
... In all of the phylogenetic trees obtained in this study, the Brazilian specimens of Phallus grouped together (ITS: pp = 1, bs = 94%; CONC: pp = 1, bs = 100%). This clade can be divided into six groups, which correspond to the four morphospecies identified and described here (coloured clades on Figures 2, 3), Phallus cinnabarinus (W.S. Lee) Kreisel found in Amazonia (Cabral et al. 2015) and one specimen from southern Brazil (P. indusiatus ICN 176960), for which we do not have morphological information. ...
Studies have demonstrated that many cosmopolitan species actually consist of divergent clades that present high levels of morphological stasis throughout their evolutionary histories. Phallus indusiatus s.l. has been described as a circum-tropical species. However, this distribution may actually reflect the lack of taxonomic resolution due to the small number of diagnostic morphological characters, which leads to the identification of new records as populations of P. indusiatus . Here, we examine the diversity of P. indusiatus -like species in Brazilian Amazonia. We show a clear congruence between detailed morphological data and ITS, nuc-LSU and atp 6 based phylogenetic analyses and three new species are described within the Brazilian indusiate clade. These results highlight the importance of more detailed investigation, with the inclusion of molecular information, in Neotropical fungi.
... Kreisel, 1996) and Brazil (e.g. Cabral et al., 2015) and more recently Australia (Hawkeswood, 2019); such that today it is regarded as almost cosmopolitan! (e.g. ...
In this note, the stinkhorn fungus, Phallus cinnabarinus (W.S. Lee) Kreisel (1996) (Basidiomycota: Phallaceae) is first recorded from Thailand. On 29 May 2018, after two days of heavy rain, three basidiocarps of P. cinnabarinus were detected and photographed in a rubber plantation near the town of Kantharalak, Sisaket Province, northeastern Thailand.
... Kreisel, 1996) and Brazil (e.g. Cabral et al., 2015); such that today it is regarded as almost cosmopolitan! (e.g. ...
... Para la Amazonia, hasta hace poco apenas un registro de P. indusiatus había sido descrito, específicamente para el estado de Rondônia (Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2011). En el estado de Pará, solamente nueve registros de la especie fueron documentados entre 2013 y 2014, y en 2015 se informó de la ocurrencia de Phallus cinnabarinus (W.S. Lee) Kreisel en el estado (Cabral et al., 2015). Todos los registros se encuentran depositados en el Herbario INPA (Herbário do Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia), en la ciudad de Manaus, estado de Amazonas (CRIA, 2018). ...
Antecedentes y Objetivos:
Los estudios acerca de Phallus (Phallaceae, Basidiomycota) en la Amazonia son escasos teniendo en cuenta las lagunas existentes en el conocimiento del taxon. En la Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns, estado de Pará, Brasil, se desconocía la ocurrencia de P. indusiatus, y sus nombres locales. Por lo tanto, se presenta el primer registro de esta especie en la zona, incluyendo dos nombres locales usados por los ribereños de esta localidad; y un sistema taxonómico popular para reconocer los hongos macroscópicos.
Métodos:
Durante mayo de 2016, se realizaron expediciones en Vila Franca y Maripá, comunidades tradicionales de la Reserva Extrativista (RESEX) Tapajós-Arapiuns, ubicada al oeste del estado de Pará, así como entrevistas abiertas con los ribereños de estas comunidades.
Resultados clave:
En las dos comunidades, el prefijo Urupê fue utilizado para designar hongos macroscópicos. Para el reconocimiento de P. indusiatus entre los demás hongos, los ribereños de cada comunidad atribuyeron un segundo término derivado al prefijo, siendo identificado como Urupê-tajá-de-cobra en Vila Franca y Urupê-véu-de-noiva en Maripá.
Conclusiones:
El sistema taxonómico popular de los ribereños es útil en el estudio de la diversidad de hongos, y su conservación es necesaria principalmente en áreas poco o aún no estudiadas. El etnoconocimiento sobre Phallus constituye información importante a la luz de las lagunas de conocimiento existentes para el taxon, y amplía los horizontes a nuevos estudios etnomicológicos en la Amazonia.
... More recently, studies have been published from semi-arid regions ( Ottoni et al. 2010, Silva et al. 2011) and the Amazonian Rainforest ( Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2009, 2012 *Corresponding author: lt_pereira@yahoo.com.br eschweizerbart_xxx Leite et al. 2011, Alfredo et al. 2012a, 2012b, Cruz et al. 2012, Silva et al. 2013a, Cabral et al. 2014, 2015). However, there is little knowledge about the diversity of gasteroid fungi from the Brazilian Pampa Biome, which is restricted to the southern half of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil). ...
The Pampa Biome is characterized by natural grassland vegetation and in Brazil it is found exclusively in the southern half of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Region). Twenty-seven species of gasteroid fungi (Basidiomycota) were identified during a survey in this biome from 2010 to 2012. The species are distributed among nine families and fifteen genera, viz. Arachnion, Bovista, Calvatia, Clathrus, Cyathus, Geastrum, Lycoperdon, Lysurus, Morganella, Myrisotoma, Podaxis, Sclerogaster, Sphaerobolus, Tulostoma, and Vascellum. Lycoperdaceae is the better represented family, with six genera e fifteen species. Arachnion setosum and Bovista kreiselii are described as new species. Bovista cunninghamii is recorded for the first time from Brazil. © 2017 J. Cramer in Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
... So far, only around 1000 species of macrofungi have been described for the Amazon forests [3]. For gasteroid fungi, 20 species have been described distributed in the states of Amazônia, Pará and Rondônia [15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. ...
The Amazon Forest is a hotspot of biodiversity harboring an unknown number of undescribed taxa. Inventory studies are urgent, mainly in the areas most endangered by human activities such as extensive dam construction, where species could be in risk of extinction before being described and named. In 2015, intensive studies performed in a few locations in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest revealed three new species of the genus Scleroderma: S. anomalosporum, S. camassuense and S. duckei. The two first species were located in one of the many areas flooded by construction of hydroelectric dams throughout the Amazon; and the third in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, a protected reverse by the INPA. The species were identified through morphology and molecular analyses of barcoding sequences (Internal Transcribed Spacer nrDNA). Scleroderma anomalosporum is characterized mainly by the smooth spores under LM in mature basidiomata (under SEM with small, unevenly distributed granules, a characteristic not observed in other species of the genus), the large size of the basidiomata, up to 120 mm diameter, and the stelliform dehiscence; S. camassuense mainly by the irregular to stellate dehiscence, the subreticulated spores and the bright sulfur-yellow colour, and Scleroderma duckei mainly by the verrucose exoperidium, stelliform dehiscence, and verrucose spores. Description, illustration and affinities with other species of the genus are provided.
The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world, with high biodiversity of organisms. Despite the increasing knowledge about fungal diversity in the last few years, many fungal taxa, including gasteroid clades, are still poorly known. Gasteroid fungi are recognized by the maturation of basidiospores inside the basidiomata and by the passive release of spores. We conducted a detailed survey of published data on the species that occur in Amazon forests. We confirmed the occurrence of 83 species distributed in 22 genera, eight families and four orders. The most representative genera was Geastrum, followed by Cyathus, Lycoperdon and Phallus. We present an identification key for Amazonian gasteroid genera and a map of record distribution. This review is expected to contribute to identify distribution gaps for further research on gasteroid fungi and to subsidize policies for the conservation of fungi in the Amazon region.
The order Phallales (Basidiomycota) is represented by gasteroid fungi with expanded and sequestrate basidiomata, known as stinkhorns and false truffles. In phalloids, the first DNA sequence was published in 1997, and after that, some studies aimed to resolve phylogenetic conflicts and propose new species based on DNA markers; however, the number of families and genera in the order still generates controversies among researchers. Thus, this work aims to provide an overview of Phallales diversity represented by selected DNA markers available in public databases. We retrieved Phallales sequences from DNA databases (GenBank and UNITE) of seven markers: ITS (internal transcribed spacer), nuc-LSU (nuclear large subunit rDNA), nuc-SSU (nuclear small subunit rDNA), mt-SSU (mitochondrial small subunit rDNA), ATP6 (ATPase subunit 6), RPB2 (nuclear protein-coding second largest subunit of RNA polymerase), and TEF1-α (translation elongation factor subunit 1α). To compose our final dataset, all ITS sequences retrieved were subjected to BLASTn searches to identify additional ITS sequences not classified as Phallales. Phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches using single and combined markers were conducted. All ITS sequences were clustered with a cutoff of 98% in order to maximize the number of species hypotheses. The geographic origin of sequences was retrieved, as well as additional information on species lifestyle and edibility. We obtained a total of 1,149 sequences, representing 664 individuals. Sequences of 41 individuals were unidentified at genus level and were assigned to five distinct families. We recognize seven families Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 689374 Melanda et al. Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in Phallales and 22 genera in Phallales, although the delimitation of some genera must be further revisited in order to recognize only monophyletic groups. Many inconsistencies in species identification are discussed, and the positioning of genera in each family is shown. The clustering revealed 118 species hypotheses, meaning that approximately 20% of all described species in Phallales have DNA sequences available. Information related to geographic distribution represents 462 individuals distributed in 46 countries on all continents, except Antarctica. Most genera are saprotrophic with only one putative ectomycorrhizal genus, and 2.1% of the legitimate specific names recognized in Phallales are confirmed edible species. Great progress in the molecular analyses of phalloids has already been made over these years, but it is still necessary to solve some taxonomic inconsistencies, mainly at genus level, and generate new data to expand knowledge of the group.
