FIGURE 1 - uploaded by Lorelei Norvell
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Phaeocollybia rufotubulina (LLN1921116-01) 1a. Holotype in situ with differentially developed basidiomes in Jackson State Forest, Mendocino County, California (photo by Scott Redhead). 1b. Suprapellis hyphae with refractive septa and dark orange encrustations (phase contrtast). 1c. Tibiiform diverticula on stipitipellis (bright field). Scales = 10 µm.
Source publication
Two new phaeocollybias are described from coastal and coastal montane coniferous forests of California, Oregon, and Washington. Phaeocollybia rufotubulina, closely related to the gregarious, hollow-stiped P. californica and P. scatesiae, differs in pileipellis pigments, pseudorhizal branching pattern, and RFLP profile. P. tibiikauffmanii differs fr...
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Citations
... Redhead & Smith (1986) removed P. perplexa from Phaeocollybia mainly because of its pale smooth spores, a not truly rooting stipe and presence of a tawny tomentum at stipe base, transferring it to the monotypic genus Stagnicola. Subsequent accurate morpho-ecological works by Redhead & Malloch (1986), Norvell (1998a, b, 2000, 2004 and Norvell & Exeter (2008) allowed a better circumscription of Phaeocollybia, which, when additional distinguishing features were discovered, led to a better delimitation of P. stagnicola and the other brown-spored agarics. Noteworthy among the new features are the (pileo)stipitocarpicmonovelangiocarpic development revealed by the presence of a thin pellicular veil (primordial envelope sheath) sheathing the subterranean primordium, but tearing during basidiome elongation and easily overlooked in mature basidiomes (where velar remnants are only observable as fibrillose patches on the aerial stipe); the presence of a rhizomorphic pseudorhiza (a pseudorhiza forming several thread-like myceliar cords that make contact with the plant root tips); tibiiform diverticula on the hyphae of the mycelium, a pellicular veil and sarcodimitic pseudotissues in the pseudorhizal trama, often present also in the stipititrama, pileitrama, and hymenophoral trama. ...
The analysis of a combined dataset including 5.8S (ITS) rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and rpb2 data from species of the Agaricineae (Agaricoid clade) supports a shared monophyletic origin of the monotypic genera Mythicomyces and Stagnicola. The new family Mythicomycetaceae, sister to Psathyrellaceae, is here proposed to name this clade, which is characterised, within the dark-spored agarics, by basidiomata with a mycenoid to phaeocollybioid habit, absence of veils, a cartilaginous-horny, often tapering stipe, which discolours dark brown towards the base, a greyish brown, pale hazel brown spore deposit, smooth or minutely punctate-verruculose spores without a germ pore, cheilocystidia always present, as metuloids (thick-walled inocybe-like elements) or as thin-walled elements, pleurocystidia, when present, as metuloids, pileipellis as a thin ixocutis without cystidioid elements, clamp-connections present everywhere, and growth on wood debris in wet habitats of boreal, subalpine to montane coniferous forests. Simocybe parvispora from Spain (two collections, including the holotype), which clusters with all the sequenced collections of Stagnicola perplexa from Canada, USA, France and Sweden, must be regarded as a later synonym of the latter
... Of the 96 names published in Phaeocollybia (CABI 2010), ~50 species are currently accepted by Kirk et al. (2008). Phaeocollybia species have been mostly documented from North America and Mexico (Smith 1957, Singer 1970, Smith & Trappe 1972, Horak 1977, Redhead & Malloch 1986, Guzmán et al. 1987, Bandala et al. 1989, Norvell 2000, 2002, 2004, Norvell & Redhead 2000, Redhead & Norvell 2004, Norvell & Exeter 2007, Halling & Horak 2008, with some from Europe (Pearson 1952, Horak 1977, Asia (Horak 1974(Horak , 1977(Horak , 1980, South America (Singer 1970, Horak 1977, Horak & Halling 1991, and Oceania (Horak 1973, 1977, Rees & Wood 1996. ...
A new species in Phaeocollybia, P. purpurea, is described in this paper based on collections from Wuyishan, Fujian Province, China. The new taxon is distinct within the genus for its persistently purple basidiomata, non-viscid pileus, and small basidiospores. The morphological
characters used to distinguish the new species from its related species are also provided and discussed in this paper.
... Other mycologists in the region also made significant contributions to improving the knowledge base for SMP fungi. These included treatises on Bridgeoporus (Burdsall et al. 1996; Redberg et al. 2003), Albetrellus (Ginns 1997), Phaeocollybia (Norvell 2000Norvell , 2002Norvell , 2004 Norvell & Redhead 2000a), Ramaria (Exeter et al. 2006), Stropharia (Norvell & Redhead 2000b), and Cantharellus (Redhead et al. 1997). Norvell & Exeter (2004) examined effects of forest thinning and stand age on fungal communities in the Oregon Coast Range. ...
In 1994, 234 fungal species were listed for protection under the Survey and Manage Programme (SMP) guidelines of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), an area encompassing 9.7 Mha of federal land in the states of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. The fungal species were presumed rare, associated with late-successional old-growth forests, and in need of protection not afforded by the major elements of the NWFP, including a vast system of forest reserves. The SMP guidelines thus called for protecting known sites while gathering information through surveys to learn more about species rarity, distribution, habitat requirements, and persistence concerns. If new information revealed that a species was not rare, not associated with late-successional old-growth forests, or that other aspects of the NWFP guidelines provided for their persistence (e.g. adequate protection provided by forest reserves), the species could be removed from the programme. The first assemblage of known site records from fungal herbaria yielded approximately 3500 records for all listed species. After 12 y of survey the total number of records increased four-fold to approximately 14,400 records. Fifty-five percent of species were found at 20 or fewer sites and considered rare; 42% were found at ten or fewer sites. Over the life of the programme, 39 species were removed from the programme primarily because they were no longer considered rare; many were found at several hundred sites throughout the NWFP area. Mapped distributions of known sites varied among species. When viewed across species, however, known sites were well distributed throughout the NWFP area, thus indicating the importance of the entire NWFP area in maintaining this diverse array of fungi. The NWFP relies on a system of late-successional forest reserves to act as a coarse-filter conservation approach to provide protection for late-successional species. Ninety percent of fungal species had some portion of their known sites within reserves, but only 34% of total sites occurred within reserves. Thus, for the rarest species, applying a fine-filter conservation approach that protects known sites outside of reserves becomes an important aspect of species protection. The SMP became a costly and controversial aspect of the NWFP and underwent several administrative revisions including attempts to end the programme in 2004 and 2007. Regardless of costs and controversy, this conservation programme represents an unprecedented attempt to conserve rare fungal species at a regional scale. One of the more important lessons learned is the absolute need for professional mycologists to develop long-term partnerships with resource managers and other scientists, and apply mycological expertise to complex species and habitat conservation issues in an interdisciplinary setting.
... Gordon 2009, unpubl.) challenge earlier RFLP-based analyses (Norvell , 2004 showing P. californica separate from P. rufotubulina but not P. scatesiae. Th ese preliminary new data support P. scatesiae as independent from both P. californica and P. rufotubulina and suggest that the later two taxa may well be conspecifi c. ...
... Norvell's subsequent microscopical examination using oil immersion and Nomarski optics showed that although numerous capitulate appendages did occur in one type specimen, they were developmental outgrowths on thin-walled clavate cheilocystidia, not thick-walled capitulate cheilocystidia characteristic of Section Versicolores. Norvell (2004) concluded that P. olivacea properly belongs in Section Phaeocollybia as originally proposed by . ...
... gy and ecology in Phaeocollybia californica, P. rufotubulina and P. scatesiaeDuring 2007During -2008, the gill and pseudorhizal cord tissues from diff erent collections representing one Oregon population turned magenta in Syringaldazine. Results from other populations (from specimens held over several days aft er collection) were variably reactive.Norvell LL. 2004. Phaeocollybia in western North America 4: Two new species with tibiiform cheilocystidia and Section Versicolores ...
This 2008 publication (no longer available in print and now in revision) offers a key to all described 25 Phaeocollybia species from Pacific Northwest United States (California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon) and Canada (British Columbia). Detailed summary descriptions are accompanied by color photos depicting each species in the field, in the lab, and under the microscope. Discussions of global distribution, ecology, development, biology, taxonomy, and suspected phylogenetic relationships offer essential background information to those working within and outside the Pacific Northwest region.
The original images have been downsized and the book divided into three parts for easy downloading on ResearchGate. Part 2 (presented here) provides 6–8-page treatments of Phaeocollybia ammiratii, P. attenuata, P. benzokauffmanii, P. californica, P. dissiliens, P. fallax, P. gregaria, P. kauffmanii, P. lilacifolia, P. luteosquamulosa, P. ochraceocana, P. olivacea, and P. oregonensis. Part 3 treats the remaining PNW species, and Part 1 covers the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the genus as well as keys to PNW species, a complete glossary, and references. A list of errata (part 4), still in preparation, will be uploaded to ResearchGate when completed.
... Perception of rarity prompted the United States government -the USDI-Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and USDA-Forest Service (FS) -to cite fourteen phaeocollybias (among 234 potentially endangered or threatened fungi in oldgrowth Pacific coast temperate rainforests) as species of concern in the Federal Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) report on Northern Spotted Owl habitats (USDA-USDI 1993). All fourteen were included in the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) and Record of Decision (ROD, USDA-USDI 1994; see also Castellano & al. 1999Castellano & al. , 2003Norvell 2000Norvell , 2002Norvell , 2004Norvell & Exeter 2004, 2007aNorvell & Redhead 2000) that contained the Resource Management Plan (RMP) to implement the NWFP (Molina 2008) and governed the survey and management of organisms on BLM and FS lands within the range of the Northern Spotted Owl. ...
... Phaeocollybias were found at both sites, and the information gained from the unusually large number of species (eleven in all) found in the 150-200 year old chronosequence stand (nicknamed 'Oz' by the authors) proved invaluable. The relatively small area (two 50× 4 m transects) provided abundant collections of six species of concern as well as of five recently named species, additionally serving as the type locality for P. tibiikauffmanii (Norvell 2004) and P. ochraceocana (Norvell & Exeter 2007a). ...
... Both Phaeocollybia californica and P. rufotubulina are characterized by short fleshy pseudorhizas (continuous with the lower stipe) arising from much longer rhizomorphic cords (Norvell 1998b(Norvell , 2004. Mature fruitbodies are borne on tall tubular stipes that arise either from branching subterrancean lateral 1-mm diam cords originating from the soil mycelium or from buried 'nurse' pseudorhizas of older fruitbodies. ...
This 2008 publication (no longer available in print and now in revision) offers a key to all described 25 Phaeocollybia species from Pacific Northwest United States (California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon) and Canada (British Columbia). Detailed summary descriptions are accompanied by color photos depicting each species in the field, in the lab, and under the microscope. Discussions of global distribution, ecology, development, biology, taxonomy, and suspected phylogenetic relationships offer essential background information to those working within and outside the Pacific Northwest region.
The original images have been downsized and the book divided into three parts for easy downloading on ResearchGate. Part 1 (presented here) contains the covers and introductory matter, sections on distribution & ecology, development & biology, taxonomy & phylogeny, diagnostics, and the conspectus and keys to species. The acknowledgments, bibliography, and glossary conclude Part 1. Individual species descriptions are included in parts 2 & 3. A list of errata (part 4), still in preparation, will be uploaded to ResearchGate when completed.
... Telamonia, and Norvell (1998a) and Norvell & Redhead (2000) found P. carmanahensis conspecific with P. oregonensis. During the past seven years, Norvell (2000 Norvell ( , 2002 Norvell ( , 2004) and Norvell & Redhead (2000) described nine additional phaeocollybias from British Columbia in western Canada and California, Oregon, and Washington in the Pacific Northwest United States (Table 1). Phaeocollybia has come to be regarded as an old-growth indicator for the region (Ammirati & al. 1993 Norvell 1992 Norvell , 1995 Norvell & Exeter 2004). ...
... ' Other species (such as P. oregonensis, P. spadicea, and P. tibiikauffmanii) that possess only the first four characters belong to the complex in the broad sense. The following artificial key andTable 2 cover eleven species that share similar field characters but represent two different subgenera (Bandala & Muñoz 1994) and four different sections (Singer 1970Singer , 1986 Bandala & Muñoz 1994, Norvell 2004). While currently a term of convenience only for Pacific Northwest species, the complex name could easily accommodate other species from Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, and Australasia. ...
A new phaeocollybia is described from Oregon and California temperate coniferous rainforests that shares with P. luteosquamulosa a trilaminate suprapellis, a feature unusual in the genus. Phaeocollybia ochraceocana differs in its orange to tawny coloration, more abundant pileus squamules, more extensive suprapellis, a mediopellis lacking in roughened gel-encrusted hyphae, cheilocystidia that rarely produce apical extensions and lack gel incrustations, and much smaller basidiospores. Both species belong to the P. kauffmanii complex, a morphologically defined group characterized by robust stature, vertical-monopodial pseudorhizae, stuffed stipes with cartilaginous rinds surrounding firm pith, brown verruculose limoniform basidiospores, and thin-walled, clavate cheilocystidia. A revised key to the complex incorporates the new and four morphologically similar species.
An unpublished report submitted in 2008 summarized the outcomes of a seven-year study evaluating the short-term response of epigeous ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes to five different density treatments in a 65-year old Douglas-fir forest in the Oregon coast range. That report supplemented information provided in Norvell & Exeter’s 2004 publication, “Ectomycorrhizal epigeous basidiomycete diversity in Oregon’s coastal montane Pseudotsuga menziesii forests – preliminary observations.” This revision includes illustrations and analyses of the 2008 summary and provides new taxonomic reports, a complete bibliography, and a nomenclaturally refined species list.
This 2008 publication (no longer available in print and now in revision) offers a key to all described 25 Phaeocollybia species from Pacific Northwest United States (California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon) and Canada (British Columbia). Detailed summary descriptions are accompanied by color photos depicting each species in the field, in the lab, and under the microscope. Discussions of global distribution, ecology, development, biology, taxonomy, and suspected phylogenetic relationships offer essential background information to those working within and outside the Pacific Northwest region.
The original images have been downsized and the book divided into three parts for easy downloading on ResearchGate. Part 3 (presented here) provides 6–8-page treatments of Phaeocollybia phaeogaleroides, P. piceae, P. pleurocystidiata, P. pseudofestiva, P radicate, P. redheadii, P rifflipes, P. rufotubulina, P. scatesiae, P. sipei, P. spadicea, and P. tibiikauffmanii. Part 2 treats the remaining PNW species, and Part 1 covers the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the genus as well as keys to PNW species, a complete glossary, and references. A list of errata (part 4), still in preparation, will be uploaded to ResearchGate when completed.
Phaeocollybia megalospora var. tetraspora was described from Amazonas State, and is reported now from Pará State, Brazil, as a second record. Phaeocollybia megalospora var. tetraspora is characterized by a conic pileus with the surface strongly viscid, and stipe with pseudorhiza. It differs from P. megalospora var. megalospora by the presence of four-spored basidia instead of two-spored. The present work provides macro- and micromorphological descriptions, illustrations and ITS and LSU sequences
Observation of a population of Chlamydopus meyenianus over a fifteen-year period provides insights into the development of an infrequently collected woody stalked gasteromycete. Color photographs of Chlamydopus collections from an Oregon site along Interstate Highway 84 from 1993-2008 illustrate for the first time its complete development from late spring emergence (with all external tissues intact) to the more commonly encountered 'bones' of specimens dried in situ during the summer. Other desert puffballs are also briefly discussed.
