Fig 2 - uploaded by Rafaela Forzza
Content may be subject to copyright.
Petals, stamens and petal appendages. A-B. Quesnelia quesneliana ( Faria 164 ): A. petal, without lateral folds, stamen filament complanate and petal appendages; B. detail of petal appendages. C-D. Aechmea caesia ( Costa 367 ): C. petal with lateral folds, stamen filament filiform and petal appendages fixed at base; D. petal appendages fixed above base. E-F. Billbergia iridifolia ( Moura s.n. R 205.640 ): E. petal with folds and stamen filament filiform; F. petal appendages fixed at base. G-H. B. porteana ( T 2098 JB 1667/99 ): G. petal; H. petal appendages fixed at base. I. Hohenbergia blanchetti ( Silva 61 ): petal with lateral folds, stamen filament complanate and petal appendages absent. J. Fernseea itatiaiae ( Forzza 3722 ): petal and stamen filament complanate, lateral folds and petal appendages absent. K. A. saxicola ( Almeida 53 ): petal with lateral folds, stamen filament filiform and petal appendages absent.
Source publication
The genus Quesnelia presently includes 18 species, which occur mainly near the east coast of Brazil from the states of Rio de Janeiro to Bahia. The genus has been divided into two subgenera, Quesnelia and Billbergiopsis. However, its generic and subgeneric delimitation is artificial: in several classifications proposed in the family, different inve...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (character 7); scape bracts narrowly ovate (character 12), lepidote (character 17); inflorescence of spadix type (character 18); floral bract blades undulate to crispate (character 32); sepals rose-colored (char- acter 41); petals with white base and lilac, purple or blue apex (character 48); petal appendages spatulate to obovate (charac- ter 52; Fig. 2 B, H ); one layer of extra fascicular fibrous strand close to the abaxial surface (character 83). Only the shape of the scape bracts was not ...
Context 2
... bracts suberect to patent (character 9); apex projection acumi- nate (character 14); floral bracts minute (character 27); sepals oblong (character 38); sepal apex projection acuminate (char- acter 40); petals yellow with blue apex or margin (character 48), recurved (character 50, Fig. 3 D, G ); petal appendages pouch-or sac-like (character 52; Fig. 2 F ); presence of fur- rows on ovary (character 56; Fig. 3 A, F, G ); stamens and pistil exserted (character 61; Fig. 3 F, G ); and pollen grains colpate (character 87). It should be mentioned that the two species of subgenus Helicodea form a well-supported clade (BS = 100). Subgenus Billbergia does not emerge as monophyletic. Clade B1 + ...
Context 3
... posture of petals at anthesis: 0 = straight with apex erect to slightly recurved ( Fig. 3 A-C, E ); 1 = straight and recurved apex ( Fig. 3 D, G ); 2 = revolute ( Fig. 3 F ). 51. Petal appendages: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 I, J, K ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 A, C, E, G ). 52. Petal appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. ...
Context 4
... posture of petals at anthesis: 0 = straight with apex erect to slightly recurved ( Fig. 3 A-C, E ); 1 = straight and recurved apex ( Fig. 3 D, G ); 2 = revolute ( Fig. 3 F ). 51. Petal appendages: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 I, J, K ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 A, C, E, G ). 52. ...
Context 5
... 3 E ). 50. Transverse posture of petals at anthesis: 0 = straight with apex erect to slightly recurved ( Fig. 3 A-C, E ); 1 = straight and recurved apex ( Fig. 3 D, G ); 2 = revolute ( Fig. 3 F ). 51. Petal appendages: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 I, J, K ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 A, C, E, G ). 52. Petal appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. Lateral folds on petals: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 A, G, J ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 C, E; I ; K). 55. Ovary shape in transverse section: 0 = ...
Context 6
... appendages: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 I, J, K ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 A, C, E, G ). 52. Petal appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. Lateral folds on petals: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 A, G, J ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 C, E; I ; K). 55. ...
Context 7
... appendages: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 I, J, K ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 A, C, E, G ). 52. Petal appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. Lateral folds on petals: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 A, G, J ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 C, E; I ; K). 55. ...
Context 8
... appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. Lateral folds on petals: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 A, G, J ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 C, E; I ; K). 55. Ovary shape in transverse section: 0 = circular; 1 = trigonous. ...
Context 9
... appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. ...
Context 10
... appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. Lateral folds on petals: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 A, G, J ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 C, E; I ; K). 55. Ovary shape in transverse section: 0 = circular; 1 = trigonous. ...
Context 11
... appendage shape: 0 = tongue-like and fringed apex ( Fig. 2 D ); 1 = spatulate to obovate and apex entire ( Fig. 2 B, H ); 2 = pouch-or sac-like ( Fig. 2 F ). 53. Height of petal appendages fixation: 0 = basal ( Fig. 2 F, H ); 1 = above base ( Fig. 2 D ). 54. Lateral folds on petals: 0 = absent ( Fig. 2 A, G, J ); 1 = present ( Fig. 2 C, E; I ; K). 55. ...
Context 12
... extent of the placenta within the locule: 0 = on entire cavity ( Fig. 4 A); 1 = on middle to upper-middle portion of cavity ( Fig. 4 B ); 2 = on apical portion of cavity ( Fig. 4 C ). 60. Stigma dimension: 0 = as long as broad ( Fig. 5 A-E); 1 = longer than broad ( Fig. 5 F ). 61. Position of stamens and pistil at anthesis: 0 = included ( Fig. 3 A, B, E ); 1 = exserted ( Fig. 3 F, G ). 62. Filament shape: 0 = complanate ( Fig. 2 A, I, J ); 1 = filiform ( Fig. 2 C, E, K ). 63. Antipetal filaments adnation to petals: 0 = free; 1 = adnate. ...
Context 13
... extent of the placenta within the locule: 0 = on entire cavity ( Fig. 4 A); 1 = on middle to upper-middle portion of cavity ( Fig. 4 B ); 2 = on apical portion of cavity ( Fig. 4 C ). 60. Stigma dimension: 0 = as long as broad ( Fig. 5 A-E); 1 = longer than broad ( Fig. 5 F ). 61. Position of stamens and pistil at anthesis: 0 = included ( Fig. 3 A, B, E ); 1 = exserted ( Fig. 3 F, G ). 62. Filament shape: 0 = complanate ( Fig. 2 A, I, J ); 1 = filiform ( Fig. 2 C, E, K ). 63. ...
Similar publications
Leaf anatomical characterization of Guzmania Ruiz & Pav. and Me-zobromelia L.B.Sm. (Tillandsioideae, Bromeliaceae)). Guzmania and Mezobromelia (sensu Smith & Downs 1979) are paraphyletic genera, and the recent transfer of species between them demonstrates an unstable systematics. By using leaf anatomical characters, we expect to contribute to the d...
Dyckia sulcata is described and illustrated here as a new species from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Information on its phenology, ecology, distribution, and conservation status is provided. The species is morphologically compared with D. brachyphylla and D. saxatilis, which are the species considered most similar. Illustrations and descriptions of l...
Bromeliad growers are getting necrosis in the foliage of diverse Aechmea cultivars, mainly under climate conditions characterised by high air humidity during the night period. These necrotic areas both occur in greenhouse cultivation and after transport. Spineless Aechmea hybrids seem to be very sensitive in this respect (Londers, 2001). The leaf d...
Citations
... Billbergia and subg. Helicodea (Lem.) Baker, as recovered in the morphological phylogenetic study (Almeida & al., 2009). Interestingly, Ramirez-Diaz & al. (2019) found Billbergia viridiflora H.Wendl. as part of the enigmatic Central American clade I (see below). ...
... Quesnelia distributed over three clades, see also below). Recent morphological, anatomical and molecular studies in the genus already regarded Quesnelia as polyphyletic and found evidence for discerning three groups (Faria & al., 2004;Almeida & al., 2009;Mantovani & al., 2012). ...
A phylogenomic analysis of the so far phylogenetically unresolved subfamily Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae) was performed to infer species relationships as the basis for future taxonomic treatment, stabilization of generic concept, and further analyses of evolution and biogeography of the subfamily. A target-enrichment approach was chosen, using the Angiosperms353 v.4 kit RNA-baits and including 86 Bromelioideae species representing previously identified major evolutionary lineages. Phylogenetic analyses were based on 125 target nuclear loci, assembled off-target plastome as well as mitogenome reads. A Bromelioideae phylogeny with a mostly well-resolved backbone is provided based on nuclear (194 kbp), plastome (109 kbp), and mitogenome data (34 kbp). For the nuclear markers, a coalescent-based analysis of single-locus gene trees was performed as well as a supermatrix analysis of concatenated gene alignments. Nuclear and plastome datasets provide well-resolved trees, which showed only minor topological in-congruences. The mitogenome tree is not sufficiently resolved. A total of 26 well-supported clades were identified. The genera Aechmea, Canistrum, Hohenbergia, Neoregelia, and Quesnelia were revealed polyphyletic. In core Bromelioideae, Acanthostachys is sister to the remainder. Among the 26 recognized clades, 12 correspond with currently employed taxonomic concepts. Hence, the presented phylogenetic framework will serve as an important basis for future taxonomic revisions as well as to better understand the evolutionary drivers and processes in this exciting subfamily.
... According to Almeida et al. (2009), the anatomical characteristics are of great importance in phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation in different genera. In addition, these features have been considered as a taxonomic tool for delimitation of subgenera (Aoyama and Sajo 2003) and infrageneric classification (Proença and Sajo 2004;Shah et al. 2019). ...
Marrubium L., is a problematic genus of Lamiaceae family with approximately 40 taxa that some of its species grow in Iran. In the current study, we studied infrageneric taxonomic relationships among six Iranian Marrubium species using morphological and anatomical traits, and molecular genetic techniques, including inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). We investigated five individuals per each species. Most of the studied qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among these species, and we found five morphotype groups in the PCA plot of morphological traits. Leaf blade anatomical structure was dorsi-ventral in all species. Meanwhile, we observed a significant variation in most of the studied anatomical variables. Based on anatomical features, these species were clustered into three groups. Results of ISSR study revealed that the total genetic diversity at the species level (Ht) was higher than within each species (Hs). These findings were supported by the results of AMOVA test, Gst and Nm values. According to STRUCTURE analysis and Nei's genetic distance, these species were divided into 5 genotype groups. The studied species were clustered separately in cpDNA and ITS trees of phylogenetic studies. We observed a high level of infraspecific divergence in the evaluated species. In addition, the employed taxonomical markers have enough potential to separate the investigated species. However, the clustering patterns of the species based on the examined techniques were not the same, except those for M. parviflorum Fisch. & C.A. Mey., and M. crassidens Bioss., that were clustered closely in most cases. It can be concluded that the evaluated species revealed a taxonomically complex group resulting from high infraspecific variation, polyploidy and hybridization.
... The anatomy and morphology of such organs proved to be useful at providing characters for phylogenetic analyses in Bromeliaceae, as in Bromelia L. (Monteiro et al. 2011) and Quesnelia Gaudich. (Almeida et al. 2009;Mantovani et al. 2012), and also in the Nidularioid complex (Santos- ) and in subfamily Bromelioideae (Horres et al. 2007). Morphological and anatomical characters of vegetative and reproductive organs have also been used to disentangle different species complexes, as Vriesea paraibica ), Vriesea corcovadensis (Gomes-da- Silva et al. 2012), and Neoregelia bahiana (Silva et al. 2018); this latter group also occurs in the rocky fields of the Espinhaço Mountain Range, in sympatry with individuals of the Vriesea oligantha complex (Versieux et al. 2008;BFG 2015). ...
... The wide climatic tolerance of Vriesea is coupled with morphological variation (Costa et al., 2014;Costa, Gomes-da-Silva & Wanderley, 2015). Phenotypic variability occurs also at the intraspecific level, making the delimitation of taxa complicated, and leading to the recognition of several species complexes (Almeida et al., 2009;Gomes-da-Silva & Costa, 2011;Versieux, 2011;Neves et al., 2018). ...
... Some of these problematic species have been recently revised (Costa, Rodrigues & Wanderley, 2009;Kessous, Salgueiro & Costa, 2018;Neves et al., 2018). For instance, the V. paraibica Wawra complex was treated taxonomically by Costa et al. (2009) and is represented in our study by clade I-B comprising V. duvaliana E.Morren, V. carinata Wawra and V. gradata (Baker) Mez. However, the keels formed by two sepals, a synapomorphy for the group (Costa et al., 2015), are missing in the last species. ...
... Many Vriesea spp. show considerable intraspecific morphological variation, and this is often insufficiently documented in morphological descriptions and poorly represented in identification keys (Costa et al., 2009;Neves et al., 2018). To address these complex species delimitations, we included more than one sample per species in our phylogenetic analysis. ...
Vriesea is the second largest genus in Tillandsioideae, the most diverse subfamily of Bromeliaceae. Although recent studies focusing on Tillandsioideae have improved the systematics of Vriesea, no consensus has been reached regarding the circumscription of the genus. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of core Tillandsioideae using the nuclear gene phyC and plastid data obtained from genome skimming. We investigate evolutionary relationships at the intergeneric level in Vrieseeae and at the intrageneric level in Vriesea s.s. We sampled a comprehensive dataset, including 11 genera of Tillandsioideae and nearly 50% of all known Vriesea spp. Using a genome skimming approach, we obtained a 78 483-bp plastome alignment containing 35 complete and 55 partial protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum-likelihood based on three datasets: (1) the 78 483 bp plastome alignment; (2) the nuclear gene phyC and (3) a concatenated alignment of 18 subselected plastid genes + phyC. Additionally, a Bayesian inference was performed on the second and third datasets. These analyses revealed that Vriesea s.s. forms a well-supported clade encompassing most of the species of the genus. However, our results also identified several remaining issues in the systematics of Vriesea, including a few species nested in Tillandsia and Stigmatodon. Finally, we recognize some putative groups within Vriesea s.s., which we discuss in the light of their morphological and ecological characteristics.
... We attempted to cover all clades that were represented in a recent revision of the Tillandsioideae subfamily [39], as well as all clades recovered in recent studies of Bromelioideae [23,25,32,[34][35][36]56]. Of the subfamilies Brocchinioideae, Hechtioideae, Navioideae, Pitcairnioideae and Puyoideae we added as many different species as we could obtain from any of the collections mentioned above. ...
Background
The angiosperm family Bromeliaceae comprises over 3.500 species characterized by exceptionally high morphological and ecological diversity, but a very low genetic variation. In many genera, plants are vegetatively very similar which makes determination of non flowering bromeliads difficult. This is particularly problematic with living collections where plants are often cultivated over decades without flowering. DNA barcoding is therefore a very promising approach to provide reliable and convenient assistance in species determination. However, the observed low genetic variation of canonical barcoding markers in bromeliads causes problems.
Result
In this study the low-copy nuclear gene Agt1 is identified as a novel DNA barcoding marker suitable for molecular identification of closely related bromeliad species. Combining a comparatively slowly evolving exon sequence with an adjacent, genetically highly variable intron, correctly matching MegaBLAST based species identification rate was found to be approximately double the highest rate yet reported for bromeliads using other barcode markers.
Conclusion
In the present work, we characterize Agt1 as a novel plant DNA barcoding marker to be used for barcoding of bromeliads, a plant group with low genetic variation. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive marker sequence dataset for further use in the bromeliad research community.
... This is the first record of this zone being present in Bromeliaceae, and it could represent a potential character for taxonomical delimitation distinguishing Aechmea and Quesnelia from other Bromelioideae species. In images provided by Oliveira et al. (2016), this character can also be seen in Aechmea distichantha, corroborating the proximity between Aechmea and Quesnelia, as demonstrated through phylogenetic studies (Faria et al., 2004;Almeida et al., 2009;Schulte et al., 2009). According to Hufford and Edress (1989), the interlocular zone is a region between the pollen sacs of a theca that becomes disrupted prior to dehiscence. ...
In this study, we performed a detailed anatomical analysis of the androecium and gynoecium in 16 species belonging to three out of the eight Bromeliaceae subfamilies, with a first-time description of the interlocular zone in anthers, a diagnostic character for Quesnelia and Aechmea species. Other potential taxonomic characters were observed: protuberances formed by growth in the connective region of anthers, which only occurs in species belonging to the Nidularioid complex; and an endothecium-like tissue in the anthers, near to the connective region, characterizing Dyckia species. Besides these characters, the vascularization of filaments and style are discussed from a phylogenetic perspective. In that sense, the vascularization of style is supplied by three vascular bundles that may represent a synapomorphy for Pitcairnoideae and should be further investigated in the family. In addition, the vertical zonality of carpels is described for analyzed inferior and superior ovaries and the position of the nectaries is discussed in this context. Regarding the secretory structures present on the gynoecium we provided novel data for future evolutionary studies on this group. Furthermore, characters presented in this study are discussed from an ecological point of view.
... The wide climatic tolerance of Vriesea is coupled with morphological variation (Costa et al., 2014;Costa, Gomes-da-Silva & Wanderley, 2015). Phenotypic variability occurs also at the intraspecific level, making the delimitation of taxa complicated, and leading to the recognition of several species complexes (Almeida et al., 2009;Gomes-da-Silva & Costa, 2011;Versieux, 2011;Neves et al., 2018). ...
... Some of these problematic species have been recently revised (Costa, Rodrigues & Wanderley, 2009;Kessous, Salgueiro & Costa, 2018;Neves et al., 2018). For instance, the V. paraibica Wawra complex was treated taxonomically by Costa et al. (2009) and is represented in our study by clade I-B comprising V. duvaliana E.Morren, V. carinata Wawra and V. gradata (Baker) Mez. However, the keels formed by two sepals, a synapomorphy for the group (Costa et al., 2015), are missing in the last species. ...
... Many Vriesea spp. show considerable intraspecific morphological variation, and this is often insufficiently documented in morphological descriptions and poorly represented in identification keys (Costa et al., 2009;Neves et al., 2018). To address these complex species delimitations, we included more than one sample per species in our phylogenetic analysis. ...
Vriesea is the second largest genus in Tillandsioideae, the most diverse subfamily of Bromeliaceae. Although recent studies focusing on Tillandsioideae have improved the systematics of Vriesea, no consensus has been reached regarding the circumscription of the genus. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of core Tillandsioideae using the nuclear gene phyC and plastid data obtained from genome skimming. We investigate evolutionary relationships at the intergeneric level in Vrieseeae and at the intrageneric level in Vriesea s.s. We sampled a comprehensive dataset, including 11 genera of Tillandsioideae and nearly 50% of all known Vriesea spp. Using a genome skimming approach, we obtained a 78 483-bp plastome alignment containing 35 complete and 55 partial protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum-likelihood based on three datasets: (1) the 78 483 bp plastome alignment; (2) the nuclear gene phyC and (3) a concatenated alignment of 18 subselected plastid genes + phyC. Additionally, a Bayesian inference was performed on the second and third datasets. These analyses revealed that Vriesea s.s. forms a well-supported clade encompassing most of the species of the genus. However, our results also identified several remaining issues in the systematics of Vriesea, including a few species nested in Tillandsia and Stigmatodon. Finally, we recognize some putative groups within Vriesea s.s., which we discuss in the light of their morphological and ecological characteristics.
... Botanical affinity. Monocolpate reticulate pollen grains are present in several extant families such as Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Iridaceae (Jarzen and Norris, 1975;Meerow, 1987;Halbritter, 1992;Oybak D€ onmez and Isik, 2008;Almeida et al., 2009). ...
The critical climatic changes that occurred during the Albian–Turonian Cretaceous interval led to a major biotic turnover, both in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Several large-scale palynological works have been conducted in the Northern Hemisphere, but information for the Southern Hemisphere remains scarce. Particularly for southern South America, there are only a few palynological works focused on this important time interval. We report here, a diverse palynoflora recovered from the Cenomanian Mata Amarilla Formation, southern Patagonia, Argentina. The palynological assemblage is composed of 64 species within 47 genera. Three new species are here defined: Polycingulatisporites multiverrucata sp. nov., Clavatisporites cenomaniana sp. nov. and Collarisporites minor sp. nov., and 18 species are first recorded for southern South America. Cluster analysis including several Albian–Turonian palynofloras of middle and high latitudes of eastern and western Gondwana show that Patagonian palynofloras are clustered together, sharing a great compositional similarity, but with features common to those of the Antarctic Peninsula and New Zealand. The Mata Amarilla Formation palynofloras here presented show characteristics of the Cyclusphaera psilata-Classopollis Sub-province, extending its stratigraphic range into the Cenomanian. This palynoflora fits well with the evolutionary scheme of angiosperms previously proposed for Argentina, and adds a new characteristic taxon (cf. Dichastopollenites sp.). The presence of Albian–Cenomanian megaspore species (Arcellites disciformis and Balmeisporites sp. cf. B. holodictyus), the abundance of common elements of the Early Cretaceous Patagonian assemblages (e.g. Classopollis and Cyclusphaera), and the relative scarcity of angiosperm pollen grains support a Cenomanian age for the Mata Amarilla Formation.
... Moreover, Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) gave a synthesis of previous works and their own investigations of several families. Almeida et al. (2009) have suggested the phylogenetic use of anatomical characteristics in the delimitation of different genera. Furthermore, anatomical traits have been studied in descriptive works (Braga 1977;Benzing 2000), using an ecophysiological approach (Scarano et al. 2002), or used as a tool for taxonomic delimitations of the subgenera (Aoyama and Sajo 2003) and also for species of the genus (Proença and Sajo 2004). ...
Talebi SM, Sheidai M, Ariyanejad F, Matsyura A. 2019. Stem anatomical study of some Iranian Marrubium L. species. Biodiversitas 20: 2589-2595. Marrubium is one of problematic genera of Lamiaceae family which distributed in different parts of Iran with 11 species. These species have been used in folk medicine for treatment of different disorders. In the present study, we used stem anatomical characteristics of six Marrubium species for taxonomical treatment of the genus and delimitation of these species. Based on the geographical distribution, one to three populations were selected from each species. Stem hand transverses were double-stained and studied using Light Microscopy. In total, sixteen qualitative and quantitative anatomical traits were studied. Anatomical data were analyzed using MVSP and SPSS software. Stems in transverse section were quadrangle, with a continuous ring of vascular tissue. The anatomical characteristics varied among the species, while the ANOVA test revealed significant variations for some of them. The studied species and their populations were divided into two groups in the UPGMA dendrogram of anatomical data. Populations of each species did not cluster together and were scattered in these groups, except those for M. cuneatum, which were clustered in only one group. Furthermore, these groups were clearly observed in PCA plot. According to CA-joined plot, each group or population had distinct anatomical feature (s) which was useful in identification of them. In some cases, the clustering pattern agreed with previous molecular and morphological studies, while in several times populations clustering did not agree with traditional classification of species as Flora of Iran and Flora Iranica. It seems that some infraspecific ranks must be redefined.
... A schematic and simplified phylogenetic tree of all analyzed Bromeliaceae species combining molecular and morphological findings was established. The schematic tree was created using Mesquite 3.51; it is based on 23 different phylogenetic investigations of different molecular findings (Faria et al., 2004;Barfuss et al., 2005Barfuss et al., , 2016Givnish, 2007;Horres et al., 2007;Hornung-Leoni et al., 2008;Almeida et al., 2009;Rex et al., 2009;Schulte et al., 2009;Chew et al., 2010;Jabaily and Sytsma, 2010;Sass and Specht, 2010;Givnish et al., 2011Givnish et al., , 2014Gomes-da-Silva et al., 2012;Versieux et al., 2012;Escobedo-Sarti et al., 2013;Costa et al., 2015;Evans et al., 2015;Pinzón et al., 2016;Schütz et al., 2016;Gomes-da-Silva and Souza-Chies, 2018;Moura et al., 2018). The pollinator type and the nectar composition (sugar ratio, amino acid concentration, concentration of inorganic ions) were mapped on the species level in order to visualize the phylogenetic distribution of bat-pollination. ...
Floral nectar is the most important reward for pollinators and an integral component of the pollination syndrome. Nectar research has mainly focused on sugars or amino acids, whereas more comprehensive studies on the nectar composition of closely related plant species with different pollination types are rather limited. Nectar composition as well as concentrations of sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, and organic acids were analyzed for 147 species of Bromeliaceae. This plant family shows a high diversity in terms of floral morphology, flowering time, and predominant pollination types (trochilophilous, trochilophilous/entomophilous, psychophilous, sphingophilous, chiropterophilous). Based on the analyses, we examined the relationship between nectar traits and pollination type in this family. Nectar of all analyzed species contained high amounts of sugars with different proportions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total concentrations of amino acids, inorganic cations, and anions, or organic acids were much lower. The analyses revealed that the sugar composition, the concentrations of inorganic cations and anions as well as the concentration of malate in nectar of bat-pollinated species differed significantly from nectar of species with other pollination types. Flowers of bat-pollinated species contained a higher volume of nectar, which results in a total of about 25-fold higher amounts of sugar in bat-pollinated species than in insect-pollinated species. This difference was even higher for amino acids, inorganic anions and cations, and organic acids (between 50 and 100-fold). In general, bat-pollinated plant species invest large amounts of organic and inorganic compounds for their pollinators. Furthermore, statistical analyses reveal that the characteristics of nectar in Bromeliaceae are more strongly determined by the pollinator type rather than by taxonomic groups or phylogenetic relations. However, a considerable part of the variance cannot be explained by either of the variables, which means that additional factors must be responsible for the differences in the nectar composition.
