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The paper addresses thermal decomposition under oxidative conditions of 16 pesticides. Within the scope of the paper such 16 substances have been divided in four groups:(1)Pesticides with linear molecule belonging to the family of aldoxime carbamates.(2)Benzimidazolylcarbamates.(3)Pyrethroids.(4)Pesticides containing one aromatic (heterocyclic in o...
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... are synthetic substances developed in order to increase the stability of the natural mixtures of pyrethrins (esters derived from dried chrysantemum). The chemical structure and properties of the pyrethroids investigated are reported in Table 3. It can be noted that the structure of Permethrin contains a diphenil ether and a ciclopropane; it is also chlorinated to increase stability. ...Citations
... This may be due to the fact that the highest temperatures commonly used in cooking processes range between 170 • C to 190 • C (Palazoglu et al., 2010). At temperatures approaching 300 • C, PYs start to evaporate as heavy substances form, eventually leading to total structure loss and fragmentation as the temperature exceeds 300 • C (Senneca et al., 2007). However, the structure of plants or food would hamper the pesticide evaporation since some pesticide residues were taken in plants. ...
... The abundance of oxidized species released (e.g., NO) suggests that oxidative reactions facilitate the disintegration of the nitrogen-containing functional groups in carbendazim and simazine (such as the carbamate and benzimidazole group in carbendazim and the amine and triazine group in simazine). The oxidized species are present up to 900 • C for carbendazim ( Fig. 8c and d) and 750 • C for simazine ( Fig. 8e and f) until all residues of decomposition have been completely utilized by oxidative or combustion reactions related to the degradation of zeolite-carbon composite [71]. This study does not present the thermal decomposition of HDTMA-modified zeolite-carbon composite (X-C-H) with adsorbed 2,4-D and MCPA since the thermal regeneration of those adsorbents is not feasible. ...
The presence of pesticides in our environment is a consequence of intensive industrial and civilizational development, necessitating the search for effective and safe methods to remove them. We suggest utilizing zeolite X and a zeolite-carbon composite, obtained through the chemical transformation of fly ash, as pesticide sorbents. To increase the sorption efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), carbendazim, and simazine, we functionalized the zeolite materials with cationic (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) and nonionic (Triton X-100) surfactants. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA)
and point of zero charge (pHpzc) analysis to characterize the functionalized sorbent materials. Our results indicate that cationic surfactants significantly enhance the adsorption of 2,4-D and MCPA. In contrast, carbendazim and simazine exhibit maximum sorption on the unmodified zeolite-carbon composite. The sorption mechanism is intricate, with physical sorption predominating, primarily due to electrostatic interactions between the protonated binding sites of the adsorbents and the negatively charged pesticide molecules. Regeneration tests demonstrated that ethanol is the most effective in regenerating zeolite-carbon composite with adsorbed MCPA and 2,4-D, while thermal regeneration was not possible. Adsorbents with simazine and carbendazim can be regenerated using both thermal and ethanol methods, but the thermal regeneration of zeolite with adsorbed simazine is more efficient. Utilizing functionalized zeolite materials obtained from industrial waste, such as fly ash, could provide an efficient way to remove pesticides from the environment.
... Another method is infrared heating, which uses infrared energy to heat the soil to high temperatures and break down pesticides and other pollutants in the soil. After that, the soil can be used again for crop production [6]. The method using water vapor is that the soil is first heated, after which it is moistened so that the water becomes saturated steam. ...
Thermal treatment of pesticide-contaminated soil is one of the effective methods of purifying soil from harmful pollution. Since pesticides have a harmful effect on humans and the environment, especially if they enter the body through food, there is a need to reduce their amount in the soil. Thermal treatment of soil contaminated with pesticides consists in raising the temperature of the soil to a certain level, which allows the destruction of pesticides and other harmful substances. The purpose of this work is to analyze the results of previously conducted studies using high-temperature processing and their conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the method. The review of research was conducted on the basis of the criteria for the effectiveness of thermal treatment and its potential use for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils. Recent research shows that thermal treatment of pesticide-contaminated soil can be a self- sufficient and simple method of soil purification. However, further research is needed in this area to improve methodology, techniques and environmental safety development regarding post-procedural soil behavior and waste disposal. All this can help in further work on solving the problems of soil pollution and help preserve the health of people and ecosystems. It has been established that heat treatment is one of the most effective methods of remediation of soil contaminated with pesticides. It allows you to reduce the level of pollution by a significant amount after just one application of this method. However, before using the treatment, it is necessary to study in detail all possible factors affecting the effectiveness of the method, including temperature, duration of treatment, type of soil and others. Various methods of heat treatment, their effectiveness and possibilities of use in real conditions were analyzed. The main factors affecting the effectiveness of the method, as well as various options for the application of heat treatment, depending on the type of soil and the level of contamination, were also investigated.
... The studies were conducted according to OECD guidelines and met the OECD requirements of good laboratory practice. Some quoted publications were also included by snowballing from those initially selected in the review, such as Amvrazi (2011) or Senneca, Scherillo, and Nunziata (2007). population (P): chemical, pesticide, contaminant, substance, molecul*, " plant protection product", food (with food as a required word, i.e., preceded by the Boolean operator AND) ...
... Oxidation also depends on the complexity of the pesticide molecule (Senneca et al., 2007). ...
Characterising pesticide residues from a qualitative and quantitative point of view is key to both risk assessment in the framework of pesticide approval and risk management. In the European Union (EU), these concerns are addressed during the evaluation of active substances at the European level prior to marketing authorisation. In the framework of this review, we will focus on one specific item of the residue section, namely the effect of process (industrial or domestic transformation of the raw commodities) on the nature of the residue in food. A limited number of hydrolysis conditions defined by three parameters (temperature, pH and time) are set to be “representative of the most widely used industrial and domestic food processing technologies”. These hydrolysis conditions, however, do not cover processes at temperatures higher than 120 °C, such as cooking with a conventional oven or in a pan, frying or using a microwave oven.
... As the temperature rises, chlorinated organic pesticides evaporate and undergo chemical changes before decomposition (Albaseer, 2019). Pyrethroids are thermally resilient below 300 C and began to disappear with the development of heavy materials at 300 C, leading to structure damage and destruction as the temperature increased above 300 C (Senneca et al., 2007). Neither permethrin nor cypermethrin were found in roasted coffee throughout the brewing process (Pan et al., 2017). ...
... Many chemical, biological [3][4][5][6][7][8], and thermal [9][10][11][12][13] methods of pesticide neutralization have been devised. Numerous studies have shown that not all technologies are universally effective, and many of them are designed to only work for a specified group of substances (for example, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, etc.). ...
The decomposition of seven herbicides (atrazine, linuron, lenacil, chloridazon, dinoseb acetate, prometryn, and diuron) was carried out by detonative combustion. The investigated blasting material was produced on the basis of porous ammonium nitrate, which served as an oxidizer, while the pesticides played the role of the fuel. Detonative decomposition of the mixtures was carried out in blast-holes in soil. The efficiency of the decomposition process was assessed using the techniques of gas chromatography, high-efficiency liquid chromatography, and additionally by biological tests according to the grading of the European Weed Research Council. The results demonstrate an efficient decomposition of the tested herbicides. In the tested soil samples taken after the detonation decomposition of the herbicide, no symptoms of phytotoxic effects on the plants were found. This was confirmed by the lack (or at most negligible amounts) of residual herbicides in the soil samples. Only for the samples of chloradizine and diuron were large amounts of residual biologically active substance found.
... There has been little quantitative analysis describing the degradation pathway of pyrethroids. However, these studies were conducted in organic solutions under a designed laboratory system (Senneca, Scherillo, & Nunziata, 2007;Zhu et al., 2020) and in environmental media (Meyer, Lam, Moore, & Jones, 2013), but not in the manifold of real food sample. ...
... involve or accompany dimerization. Moreover, a few numbers of studies suggested that the major process of thermal degradation was evaporation, associated with some decomposition and oxidation (Senneca et al., 2007;Yigit & Velioglu, 2020). Furthermore, the less significant reduction effect of eight weeks of frozen storage (12) was supported by the mass spectra shown in Figs. ...
Pyrethroid contamination in fish can contribute to the dietary uptake of pesticides. To mitigate this risk, the effects of frozen storage, thermal treatments (boiling and grilling), and non-thermal treatments (pickling and curing) on the reduction of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in mackerel fillets were investigated. The curing process was the most effective method that significantly depleted 74.82–79.45% of pyrethroid residues from fish fillets, followed by the synergistic effect of eight weeks’ frozen storage and grilling method (69.19–78.31%). Moreover, pyrethroid degradation pathways in processed fish were proposed into three major mechanisms of C1-C3 bond cleavage in cyclopropyl, dehalogenation, and double bond cleavage. These identical pathways incorporated with additional four mechanisms of dimerization, ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction. This study recommended simple and effective processing practices for consumers and/or manufacturers to enhance food safety from the potential risks of consuming pyrethroid-contaminated fish.
... However, under smouldering conditions (300-600 • C), pesticides volatilize into the atmosphere [30]. The relatively low decomposition temperature of pesticides containing one aromatic ring (including heterocyclic rings) that undergo melting and pyrolysis below 300 • C was reported by Senneca et al. [32]. The undecomposed proportion of a pesticide can stick to the boiler walls, and its decomposition into gaseous components is only possible at the increased temperature and increased amount of input oxygen. ...
... The second problem of pesticides present in biomass is their thermal decomposition into toxic products. This phenomenon was described by Senneca et al. [32] both for pesticides with a linear molecule (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone) and for pesticides from the benzimidazolyl, carbamate and pyrethroid groups. During combustion, many pesticides containing chloride generate dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans (PCDD/F). ...
Pesticides were observed in the analysis of char from the combustion of bark pellets in modern boilers with automatic loading. Altogether, eleven pesticides were identified: fungicides (fuberidazole, bitertanol, epoxiconazole, chlozolinate + 3 metabolites), herbicides (bifenox + 1 metabolite), and insecticides (carbaryl, carbophenothion, methyl carbophenothion, bromophos, azadirachtin, deltamethrin). Metabolites or fragments of pesticides include chemical compounds that contain benzimidazole, isoxazole, and phthalimide. Analyses of char samples determined that some pesticides do not decompose or only decompose partially at high temperatures. The enrichment factor for pesticides contained in char from bark pellets varied from 0.07 to 2.44 (carbaryl) and from 0.6 to 0.67 (carbaryl) for the char from bark briquettes. During the combustion process, some pesticides (such as carbaryl) were adsorbed onto elemental carbon, which made their thermal decomposition possible only at temperatures higher than 750 °C.
... Although many pesticides may be degraded at rather low temperatures, the formation of dioxins is a major concern. Thermal degradation of 16 pesticides has been divided into four groups according to their chemical structure: 1) aldoxime carbamates, characterised by a linear molecule, (2) benzimidazolylcarbamates, (3) pyrethroids and (4) pesticides containing aromatic rings were investigated by means of TGeDSCeMS under oxidative conditions by Senneca et al. (2007). They found profound similarities among pesticides within each group with linear molecule pesticides being degraded at temperatures as low as 150 C and at 650 C and all tested pesticides were degraded. ...
Innumerable private households and small-scale producers currently operate on polluted soils. Phytoremediation is one of the most cost-effective remediation options but as a stand-alone technology, it is often not lucrative enough to make it appealing for farmers, especially in economically vulnerable regions. Economic incentives are crucial for remediation projects to materialise and synergies can be obtained by integrating phytoremediation with other profitable activities including food production. This review aims to synthesise state-of-the-art scientific data to provide a general understanding of opportunities and risks for sustainable remediation of agricultural soil by the use of combined phytoremediation and food production (CPFP). The results show that strategies based on CPFP may be appropriate options for most pollutants in virtually all climatic or socioeconomic contexts but a number of challenges need to be surpassed. The challenges include remediation-technological issues such as undeveloped post-harvest technology and inadequate soil governance. The need for remediation solutions for polluted fields is increasingly urgent since many farmers currently operate on polluted land and the scarcity of soil resources as the human population continuously increases will inevitably force more farmers to cultivate in contaminated areas. We conclude that, although large scale CPFP has not yet reached technological maturity, appropriate combinations of soil types, plant species/cultivars, and agronomic practices together with thorough monitoring of the pollutants’ pathways can potentially allow for safe food production on polluted soil that restricts the transfer of a number of pollutants to the food chain while the soil pool of pollutants is gradually reduced.
... However, persistence of Actellic 300 CS observed in this study is lower than that observed in Zanzibar (8 months) by Haji et al. [33] for the same product. These differences in community persistence of Actellic 300CS from one country to another could be due to the influence of several variable factors such as, the environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, exposure to ultraviolet rays) [34][35][36][37][38], the composition and characteristics (porosity and pH) of treated walls [39][40][41] and/or the human interferences with treated surfaces (washing of treated walls) [42]. ...
Abstract Background The current study shows the results of three years of IRS entomological monitoring (2016, before intervention; 2017 and 2018, after intervention) performed in Alibori and Donga, northern Benin. Methods Mosquito collections were performed on a monthly basis using human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches in six districts including four treated with Actellic 300 CS (Kandi, Gogounou, Djougou and Copargo) and two untreated (Bembèrèkè and Kouandé) which served as control sites. Key transmission indicators of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) as well as the residual activity of Actellic 300 CS assessed through WHO cone tests, were determined. Results The residual efficacy duration of Actellic 300 CS after the two IRS campaigns (2017 and 2018) was 4–5 months (May–September). The parity rate and the sporozoite index of An. gambiae (s.l.) were 36.62% and 0.71%, respectively, after the first spray round in treated areas compared to 57.24% and 3.7%, respectively, in the control areas (P
