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![| Pesticide use in India (2020-21), [Unit: Metric tons (M.T)]. Pie-chart representing the average usage of pesticide by different Indian states in the year 2020-21. Highest usage among the states for which the pie-chart is made has been noted for Maharashtra with average usage of 13,243 M.T. while lowest for Andaman and Nicobar island with 1 M.T. Data were taken from statistical database of government of India, directorate of plant protection, quarantine and storage (Statistical Database | Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage | GOI, 2021).](profile/Aman-Raj-8/publication/357269620/figure/fig1/AS:1104075911368704@1640243618424/Pesticide-use-in-India-2020-21-Unit-Metric-tons-MT-Pie-chart-representing-the.png)
| Pesticide use in India (2020-21), [Unit: Metric tons (M.T)]. Pie-chart representing the average usage of pesticide by different Indian states in the year 2020-21. Highest usage among the states for which the pie-chart is made has been noted for Maharashtra with average usage of 13,243 M.T. while lowest for Andaman and Nicobar island with 1 M.T. Data were taken from statistical database of government of India, directorate of plant protection, quarantine and storage (Statistical Database | Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage | GOI, 2021).
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![FIGURE 2 | Pesticide use in India (2020-21), [Unit: Metric tons (M.T)]....](profile/Aman-Raj-8/publication/357269620/figure/fig1/AS:1104075911368704@1640243618424/Pesticide-use-in-India-2020-21-Unit-Metric-tons-MT-Pie-chart-representing-the_Q320.jpg)
Pesticides are used indiscriminately all over the world to protect crops from pests and pathogens. If they are used in excess, they contaminate the soil and water bodies and negatively affect human health and the environment. However, bioremediation is the most viable option to deal with these pollutants, but it has certain limitations. Therefore,...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... lead to an over-reliance on pesticides to reduce crop loss, leading to a dramatic increase in pesticide use in India i.e., from 154 metric tons in 1954 to 88,000 metric tons in 2000, a 570 per cent higher in less than a half-century ( Kumar et al., 2016;Bonvoisin et al., 2020). However, strict action was taken by the Indian government lead to a decline in pesticide consumption by the year 2015-16 to about 58,634 metric tons from 88,000 metric tons in 2000, but this figure is steadily increasing and has reached about 62,193 metric tons in the year 2020-21 (Figure 2) which is a real cause of concern ( Gunnell and Eddleston, 2003;Statistical Database | Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine, and Storage | GOI, 2021). ...
Context 2
... Punjab region of India is highly affected by pesticide poisoning (Figure 2). In a study, out of 111 samples of human blood, 35% of the samples were detected with traces of pesticides like DDT, HCH, profenofos, monocrotophos etc. some samples were detected with a high level of 34.90 ng ml −1 ( Sharma et al., 2020). ...
Context 3
... enhance the surface area of hydrophobic pesticides, increasing their solubility in soil and water by inducing emulsification of pesticide molecules (Bhatt et al., 2021b). The thumb rule of bioremediation is that the more the amount of pesticide that is water-soluble, the greater the amount of pesticide bioavailable to microorganisms. ...
Citations
... Also they increase the bioavailability of substrate to the microorganisms. In addition to environmental applications [6], Biosurfactants showed a great result in many industries such as medical (antibiotics and pharmaceutical products) [7], food products (additives and salad dressing) [8], oil recovery [9], agriculture (pesticides) [10] and cosmetics (makeup removals and skin moisturizers) [11,6]. ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a widely used and safe yeast in biotechnology, was evaluated for its ability to produce an environmentally friendly biosurfactant using various carbon sources. This study aimed to compare biosurfactant production from glucose, crude oil, olive oil, and cooking oil, addressing the gap in understanding the impact of insoluble carbon sources. Yeast was activated in YEPG broth and cultured in modified YEP medium with different carbon sources. The biosurfactant activity was assessed through surface tension reduction (ST) and oil spreading method (OSM). Results indicated that glucose did not significantly enhance biosurfactant production (60mN/m ST, 3mm OSM), while crude oil (50mN/m ST, 45mm OSM), olive oil (53mN/m ST, 40mm OSM), and cooking oil (54mN/m ST, 35mm OSM) significantly improved activity. The findings demonstrate that insoluble carbon sources are crucial for effective biosurfactant production by S. cerevisiae, with crude oil yielding the most active biosurfactant. This research highlights the potential of using oils to enhance biosurfactant production, providing insights for industrial applications.
... Also they increase the bioavailability of substrate to the microorganisms. In addition to environmental applications [6], Biosurfactants showed a great result in many industries such as medical (antibiotics and pharmaceutical products) [7], food products (additives and salad dressing) [8], oil recovery [9], agriculture (pesticides) [10] and cosmetics (makeup removals and skin moisturizers) [11,6]. ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a widely used and safe yeast in biotechnology, was evaluated
for its ability to produce an environmentally friendly biosurfactant using various carbon sources.
This study aimed to compare biosurfactant production from glucose, crude oil, olive oil, and
cooking oil, addressing the gap in understanding the impact of insoluble carbon sources. Yeast was
activated in YEPG broth and cultured in modified YEP medium with different carbon sources. The
biosurfactant activity was assessed through surface tension reduction (ST) and oil spreading
method (OSM). Results indicated that glucose did not significantly enhance biosurfactant
production (60mN/m ST, 3mm OSM), while crude oil (50mN/m ST, 45mm OSM), olive oil (53mN/m
ST, 40mm OSM), and cooking oil (54mN/m ST, 35mm OSM) significantly improved activity. The
findings demonstrate that insoluble carbon sources are crucial for effective biosurfactant production
by S. cerevisiae, with crude oil yielding the most active biosurfactant. This research highlights the
potential of using oils to enhance biosurfactant production, providing insights for industrial
applications.
... Soil contamination and ecological degradation are worldwide issues caused by human and natural factors (Muneer et al., 2018;Raj et al., 2021). The world's population is growing at an alarming rate, which has accelerated industrialization and contemporary agricultural methods such as the widespread use of chemical fertilizers to fulfill the worldwide hunger need (Rohr et al., 2016). ...
... It is vital to identify sustainable solutions to degrade environmental toxins to alleviate the problem of agrochemical build-up and environmental deterioration. To protect both the environment and human life, it's critical to understand and recognize the factors that influence the harmful agrochemicals' environmental fate, notably their degradation, which is the only long-term and cost-effective approach to eliminate them from the environment (Dubey et al., 2019;Kumar et al., 2021;Raj et al., 2021). ...
... Bioremediation is a method of removing hazardous chemicals such as pesticides, heavy metals, oil spills, pharmaceutical drugs, and other types of xenobiotics that degrades the natural quality of soil and water bodies by combining microbial metabolism with optimal ecological parameters (Raj et al., 2021;Malla et al., 2021). Metabolites regulate microbial physiology under constant changes in the environment. ...
... Chemical pesticides control the arthropod pest and are hazardous to the environment and non-target organisms, including humans, and cause severe environmental and health problems. Many pesticides have extended half-life properties that make them biologically stable in the soil as well as in water, polluting ecosystems [5][6][7] . Increasing use of pesticides to improve crop productivity has resulted in contamination of both the terrestrial and aquatic environment, leading to negative impact and bioaccumulation in non-target organisms, including humans 8,9 . ...
Insecticides are essential to control arthropod pests in agriculture. However, due to their stability and extended half-lives, they contaminate freshwater aquatic systems like lakes, ponds, and rivers by surface runoffs and leaching. Neonicotinoids are a globally used agricultural pesticides that act as an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) and are known to have harmful effects on non-target organisms like fish. This study aimed to determine the neurotoxic, behavioural, and histopathological effect of three sub-lethal concentrations (SLC I, SLC II, and SLC III) of Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid, on the freshwater fish Pethia conchonius. Fish were exposed to IMI for 96 hr, during which their behaviour was recorded, and the brain tissues were collected at 24 hr intervals. Compared to the control group, the IMI-exposed fish showed changes in behaviour, such as jerky, erratic swimming, disequilibrium, and mucus secretion. A significant decrease in Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and histopathological damage were recorded in the brain tissues. The severity of damage and decline in activity was both concentration and time-dependent. The AChE inhibition was observed for SLC III after 96 hr (33.70±2.52) compared to control at 96 hr (84.63±4.25). The optic tectum showed detachment in its layers along with necrosis, and vacuolation. The results indicate that IMI is highly neurotoxic which not only inhibits AChE activity but also causes neural damage in the brain leading to a wide range of behavioural alterations.
... Glycolipids are the most common type of biosurfactants, consisting of carbohydrates attached to hydroxyl aliphatic or long-chained aliphatic acid through an ester group. The well-known glycolipids are rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, and sophorolipids [72]. Microbial bases and properties of the diverse glycolipids are mentioned below. ...
Pesticides possess a pivotal role in the realm of agriculture and food manufacturing, as they effectively manage the proliferation of weeds, insects, plant pathogens, and microbial contaminations. They are valuable in some ways, but if misused, they can cause health issues like cancer, reproductive toxicity, neurological illnesses, and endocrine system disturbances. In this regard, practical methods for reducing pesticide residue in food should be used. For reducing pesticide residue in food processing, some strategies have been suggested. Recent research has been done on detoxification processes, including microorganisms like probiotics and their metabolites. The term “postbiotics” describes soluble substances, such as peptides, enzymes, teichoic acids, muropeptides generated from peptidoglycans, polysaccharides, proteins, and organic acids that are secreted by living bacteria or released after bacterial lysis. Due to their distinct chemical makeup, safe dosage guidelines, lengthy shelf lives, and presence of various signaling molecules that may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-hypertensive, and immunomodulatory effects, these postbiotics have attracted interest. They also can detoxify heavy metals, mycotoxins, and pesticides. Hydrolytic enzymes have been proposed as a potential mechanism for pesticide degradation. Postbiotics can also reduce reactive oxygen species production, enhance gastrointestinal barrier function, reduce inflammation, and modulate host xenobiotic metabolism. This review highlights pesticide residues in food products, definitions and safety aspect of postbiotics, as well as their biological role in detoxification of pesticides and the protective role of these compounds against the adverse effects of pesticides.
... In recent years, research focusing on the production of bacterial biosurfactants (lipopeptides) has continuously gained attention due to the isolation of new strains with high surfactant activity, the identification and characterization of the biosurfactants produced using chemical spectroscopic techniques [20,21] and new technologies of production [17,18]. Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis, exhibits high surface activity, low toxicity, high biodegradability and ecological acceptability [19,22]. In addition, surfactin is one of the most highly reported microbial surfactant, as it exhibits a very low critical micelle concentration and greatly decreases the ST of water [16]. ...
... The increasing usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides ameliorates crop productivity, intends to meet the food demand of the ever-increasing human population, and is one of the major contributors to soil pollution all over the globe (Prihandiani et al. 2021). The use of pesticides has become an indispensable phenomenon in agriculture for combating the loss caused by various plant pathogen and pests (Nayak and Solanki 2021;Raj et al. 2021). Pesticides are usually a broad class of organic and inorganic chemicals, including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and a soil-fumigating agent (Gangola et al. 2022). ...
Pesticides are an indispensable part of modern farming as it aids in controlling pests and hence increase crop yield. But, unmanaged use of pesticides is a growing concern for safety and conservation of the environment. In the present study, a novel biosurfactant-producing bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa S07, was utilized to degrade carbofuran pesticide, and it was obtained at 150 mg/L concentration; 89.2% degradation was achieved on the 5th day of incubation in in vitro culture condition. GC-MS (gas chromatography and mass spectrometry) and LC-MS (liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry) analyses revealed the presence of several degradation intermediates such as hydroxycarbofurnan, ketocarbofuran, and hydroxybenzofuran, in the degradation process. The bacterium was found to exhibit tolerance towards several heavy metals: Cu, Co, Zn, Ni, and Cd, where maximum and least tolerance were obtained against Co and Ni, respectively. Additionally, the bacterium also possesses plant growth-promoting activity showing positive results in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilising, ammonia production, and potassium solubilizing assays. Thus, from the study, it can be assumed that the bacterium can be useful in the production of bioformulation for remediation and rejuvenation of pesticide-contaminated sites in the coming days.
Graphical Abstract
... Surfactants of microbial origins have several advantages over synthetic or chemical surfactants: higher biodegradability, low toxicity, high stability, activity under extreme conditions, low foaming, high efficacy and regenerative properties. All these distinctive functional properties lead these surfactants to be used in many commercial applications, such as the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries [6][7][8][9]. ...
The present work investigates how rhamnolipid biosurfactants perform when removing the pesticides atrazine and 2,4 D from an artificially contaminated tropical soil. The rhamnolipid was produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using molasses 7% m/v as a carbon source. The red‒yellow latosol, a tropical soil, went through a physical-chemical characterization and then was artificially contaminated with the herbicides. The \({K}_{d}\) value of 19.82 mL/g indicated high affinity to 2,4 D by the latosol, contrary to atrazine, having only a \({K}_{d}\) = 0.83 mL/g. The desorption tests in contaminated soil indicated that the presence of biosurfactants enhances pesticide removal, and was influenced by the pH and biosurfactant concentrations. Both pesticides attained greater values of desorption at a higher biosurfactant concentration of 5 CMC (900 mg/L), but at different pHs. From atrazine, a higher value of desorption, 25.66 mg/kg, was attained at a pH of 7.0. From 2,4 D, however, a desorption of 13.17 mg/kg was attained at a pH of 9.0. The Gunary model was shown to be the best-fitting model for both pesticides when analyzing experimental data, indicating a multilayer desorption process. The results indicate that rhamnolipids are a promising alternative in Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER), contributing to the recovery of pesticide-contaminated soils.
... Before this investigation, we hypothesized that the application of MOF could have multiple positive effects on desert soils. Firstly, we postulated that MOF might enhance the water retention capacity of desert soils, thus reducing rapid water loss [23,24]. Additionally, MOF might decompose organic matter, releasing essential nutrients for plant uptake [22]. ...
... In 2021, TA decreased from 19.12 g/kg to 12.71 g/kg and SS and FL significantly increased the S/A by over 47.24%. These improvements can be attributed to MOF enhancing water and nutrient retention capacities in desert soils, reducing deep water and nutrient leaching, and providing ample support for jujube tree growth [24]. Furthermore, MOF increased soil enzyme activity, promoting metabolic processes, such as sugar decomposition and organic compound synthesis in plants, consequently elevating the synthesis of SS and FL [27,29,30]. ...
Developing effective regulatory strategies to enhance irrigation water and fertilizer efficiency in the southern Xinjiang region of China, while simultaneously combatting desertification, is of paramount significance. This study focuses on Chinese jujube in Xinjiang and presents findings from a two-year field experiment aimed at investigating the optimal application strategy of microbial organic fertilizer (MOF). The research aims to provide a scientific foundation for achieving high-quality jujube production. The experiment involved a control group (utilizing only freshwater, referred to as CK) and various combinations of MOF treatments. In 2021, these treatments included M1 (0.6 t/ha), M2 (1.2 t/ha), M3 (1.8 t/ha), and M4 (2.4 t/ha), while in 2022, they encompassed M1 (0.6 t/ha), M2 (1.2 t/ha), M4 (2.4 t/ha), and M5 (4.8 t/ha). Over the two-year trial period, we assessed various indices, including the soil’s physical properties, hydraulic characteristics, soil enzyme activities, and relative chlorophyll content. Additionally, we evaluated jujube yield, quality, and economic benefits. The results indicate that MOF application led to significant improvements in soil conditions. Specifically, the average moisture content and profile water storage of the 0–50 cm soil layer increased by 10.98% to 36.42% and 1.8% to 26.8%, respectively. Moreover, in both the 2021 and 2022 experiments, soil saturated water content (SSWC) and water-holding capacity (WHC) increased by 6.25% to 15.98%, while soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and bulk density (BD) decreased by 2.91% to 9.88% and 0.63% to 8.08%, respectively. In 2021, MOF application resulted in significant enhancements in soil enzyme activities, with urease activity increasing by approximately 22.5% to 100.5%, peroxidase activity rising by around 24.2% to 148.5%, and invertase activity augmenting by about 5.4% to 32.9%. Notably, the M4 treatment in 2021 demonstrated a substantial jujube yield increase of approximately 19.22%, elevating from 7.65 t/ha to 9.12 t/ha. Based on comprehensive analysis, this study recommends an optimal MOF application rate of approximately 2.4 t/ha. This approach not only provides robust support for the sustainable development of the jujube industry but also serves as a valuable reference for enhancing local soil resilience against desertification.
... It will not only change the soil structure, but also poison the later crops, affect the microbial community structure in the soil, and destroy the sustainable use of resources and soil ecosystem. However, the diversity of soil bacteria and microorganisms is the guarantee of soil function, which is of crucial significance to the species cycle of the land ecosystem and the formation of soil fertility [8]. Black soil of corn field was selected as the material, pesticide residue soil samples and control soil samples were set, culturable bacteria in the two soil samples were screened, and bacteria species identification and data processing were performed [9]. ...
The effects of pesticide application on the diversity of culturable bacteria in the soil of corn farmland in Sanjiang Plain were studied, and the bacteria capable of degrading acetochloramine in the soil samples were screened. In the black soil of corn farmland where “ethyldiazine 86” was applied, the experimental group and the control group were set, and the culturable bacteria in the soil samples of the two groups were cultured and screened by coating plate method. The 16S rRNA gene sequences and morphological characteristics were analyzed to determine the species of bacteria. Selective medium was designed to screen pesticide degrading bacteria. 19481 strains of culturable bacteria were cultured in the experiment, including 7854 strains in the experimental group and 11627 strains in the control group. A total of 65 strains were screened, purified and preserved, including 16 strains of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, 9 strains of nitrogen fixing bacteria and 4 strains of pesticide degrading bacteria. The community structure of soil bacteria was mainly composed of Pseudomonas, Pantoea and Bacillus, and the dominant bacterium was Pseudomonas. The four pesticide-degrading bacteria were all Pseudomonas migulae. Long-term application of pesticides can reduce the number of culturable-bacteria in the soil, and the bacteria richness is also decreased. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the bacterial diversity of pesticide residue soil, protection and sustainable utilization of black soil.
