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Pestalotiopsis disseminata (CBS 143904/CPC 28705). A-D. Colonies on MEA, CMA, PDA and SNA, respectively. E. Conidiomata on MEA. F-I. Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. J-M. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.
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Species of Sporocadaceae are endophytic, plant pathogenic or saprobic, and associated with a wide range of host plants. Recent molecular studies that have attempted to address familial and generic boundaries of fungi belonging to Sporocadaceae were based on a limited number of samples and DNA loci. The taxonomy of this group of fungi is therefore s...
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... Pestalotioid species (Sporocadaceae, Amphisphaeriales) accommodate a diverse group of coelomycetous fungi characterized by fusoid or nearly fusoid-shaped, multi-septate, frequently melanized conidial cells with appendages at one or both ends (Nag Raj 1993, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014, Liu et al. 2019. These fungi are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions and have been reported as endophytes, saprobes, and pathogens in a variety of plant hosts (Guba et al. 1961, Zhang et al. 2022, Sun et al. 2023. ...
... Pseudopestalotiopsis elaeidis (Booth & Robertson) Liu, Cai & Crous and Ps. theae have been reported as species causing foliar diseases in more than 60 hosts in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014, Liu et al. 2019, Peng et al. 2022. Seventy-five and 22 taxa are currently reported for Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis, respectively (Index Fungorum 2023, Species Fungorum 2023. ...
... Up to date, Pestalotioid species have been consistently documented across a diverse range of hosts. Their distribution spans across various climatic regions, including tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones, denoting the global prevalence (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014, Liu et al. 2019, Norphanphoun et al. 2019, Peng et al. 2022). Among the other Pestalotioid genera, Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis have become the subject of significant scientific discourse over the past decade (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014a, b, Gualberto et al. 2021. ...
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. assamica (Miang tea) is widely distributed in northern Thailand due to its traditional and industrial attributes, including black tea and Miang production. In this study, two Pestalotioid taxa associated with C. sinensis leaf spots were collected in Mae Taeng district, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Species delineation was based on the evidence from morphological and multi-locus phylogenies using ITS, tub2 and tef1-α. Neopestalotiopsis saprophytica is herein reported as a new record on Camellia sinensis, while Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis is recorded as a new geographical record from Thailand. The findings of this research have the potential to offer fresh insights into the two previously documented species within the existing fungal community associated with C. sinensis in Thailand. This, in turn, could enhance our comprehension of their interactions with the host plant in the times ahead.
... Species of this family occur as endophytes, plant pathogens and saprobes on a wide range of host plants (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2013, He et al. 2022, Zhang et al. 2022b. Sporocadaceae species are mostly known as pestalotioid fungi which are defined as having multi-septate, fusiform conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some melanised cells (Liu et al. 2019a). revised the taxonomy of Sporocadaceae based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses; they accepted 30 genera (including seven new genera) in the family. ...
Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include
approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and
Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis,
Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics.
Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.
... Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain NTUPPMCC 18-162 was clustered in the same clade with the ex-type strain of P. hispanica CBS 115391 with absolute statistical support (MLB = 100%, MPB = 100%, PP = 1.00). Even though the DNA sequences of ITS (100%), tub2 (99.22%) and tef1-α (100%) genes of NTUPPMCC 18-162 were very similar to the ex-type strain of P. hispanica (CBS 115391), the morphology of our strain is somewhat different from the original description of P. hispanica (holotype CBS H-23554) published by Liu et al. (2019). For instance, NTUPPMCC 18-162 has longer apical appendages (12-18 μm versus 2-14 μm) and contains higher numbers of basal appendages (0-1 versus 0-3) (Suppl. ...
... In the present study, both concatenated gene and single gene trees of Neopestalotiopsis resolved unstable topologies with poor branch lengths and low bootstrap support (Fig. 3, Suppl. material 2: figs S3, S4, S8-S10), consistent with previous studies (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014;Liu et al. 2017;Liu et al. 2019;Tsai et al. 2021). Hence, it is essential to conduct further investigations to ascertain whether the limited informative loci result in an unambiguously resolved phylogram or if the poorly-resolved branches signify populations rather than distinct species. ...
Pestalotiopsis sensu lato, commonly referred to as pestalotiopsis-like fungi, exhibit a broad distribution and are frequently found as endophytes, saprobes and pathogens across various plant hosts. The taxa within pestalotiopsis-like fungi are classified into three genera viz. Pestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis, based on the conidial colour of their median cells and multi-locus molecular phylogenies. In the course of a biodiversity investigation focusing on pestalotiopsis-like fungi, a total of 12 fungal strains were identified. These strains were found to be associated with stromata of Beauveria, Ophiocordyceps and Tolypocladium in various regions of Taiwan from 2018 to 2021. These strains were evaluated morphologically and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer), tef1-α (translation elongation factor 1-α) and tub2 (beta-tubulin) gene regions were conducted for genotyping. The results revealed seven well-classified taxa and one tentative clade in Pestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis. One novel species, Pestalotiopsis manyueyuanani and four new records, N. camelliae-oleiferae, N. haikouensis, P. chamaeropis and P. hispanica, were reported for the first time in Taiwan. In addition, P. formosana and an unclassified strain of Neopestalotiopsis were identified, based on similarities of phylogeny and morphology. However, the data obtained in the present study suggest that the currently recommended loci for species delimitation of pestalotiopsis-like fungi do not deliver reliable or adequate resolution of tree topologies. The in-vitro mycelial growth rates of selected strains from these taxa had an optimum temperature of 25 °C, but growth ceased at 5 °C and 35 °C, while all the strains grew faster under alkaline than acidic or neutral pH conditions. This study provides the first assessment of pestalotiopsis-like fungi, associated with entomopathogenic taxa.
... together with other genera, based on morphological and molecular data. However, the introduction of this new family was not accepted by some authors (Jaklitsch et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2019) that revived the older family name Sporocadaceae to accommodate the Pestalotiopsis genus. ...
... It was described for the first time from dead leaves of E. globulus in Portugal (von Thümen, 1881). Subsequently, the pathogen has been associated with fruit gummosis on Prunus persica (Singh et al., 2000), fruit scab on Psidium guajava (Bhargava et al., 2003;Keith et al., 2006;El-Argawy, 2016), fruit rot on Feijoa sellowiana (Naeimi et al., 2015), Malus domestica (Hino, 1966) (also mentioned in a commodity risk assessment; AQIS, 1998), Persea americana (Liu et al., 2019) and Musa sapientium (Al Ameen et al., 2017), pod canker on Vicia faba (Singh & Tombisana Devi, 2001) and E. pellita (Yuan et al., 1997), shoot blight on Pinus spp. (Cleary et al., 2019;Silva et al., 2020;Watanabe et al., 2010), grey leaf blight on Persea bombycina (Das et al., 2010;Paliwal and Paliwal, 2015;Ray et al., 2019), Euonymus japonicus (Wang et al., 2023), Eucalyptus spp. ...
... 3.1.5 | Detection and identification of the pest Symptoms induced by P. disseminata on susceptible hosts include: fruit gummosis (Singh et al., 2000), fruit scab (Bhargava et al., 2003;Keith et al., 2006;El-Argawy, 2016), fruit rot (Al Ameen et al., 2017;Liu et al., 2019;Naeimi et al., 2015), pod canker (Singh & Tombisana Devi, 2001), seedling blight (Cleary et al., 2019;Yuan et al., 1997), shoot blight (Cleary et al., 2019;Silva et al., 2020;Watanabe et al., 2010) and grey leaf blight (Philip, 1995;Crous et al., 2006;Das et al., 2010;Paliwal and Paliwal, 2015;Ray et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023). Such symptoms are also produced by other pests. ...
Following the commodity risk assessments of bonsai plants from China consisting of Pinus parviflora grafted on P. thunbergii performed by EFSA, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pestalotiopsis disseminata, a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Pestalotiopsidaceae. The pathogen has been reported on herbaceous, woody and ornamental plants causing symptoms such as leaf blight, shoot blight, seedling blight, pod canker, pre‐ and post‐harvest fruit rot, and gummosis. Moreover, the fungus was reported as an endophyte on a wide range of asymptomatic hosts. The pathogen is present in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. It has been reported from the EU, with a restricted distribution (Portugal). There is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of P. disseminata in the EU and worldwide, because of the endophytic nature of the fungus, the lack of surveys and since the pathogen might have been misidentified based only on morphology and pathogenicity tests. The pathogen is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. This pest categorisation focuses on those hosts that are relevant for the EU and for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequence analysis. Plants for planting, fresh fruits, bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant growing media are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment of the pathogen. Despite the low aggressiveness observed in most reported hosts, and the fact that P. disseminata may colonise plants as an endophyte, its introduction and spread in the EU may have an economic and environmental impact (with a key uncertainty) where susceptible hosts are grown. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen. The Panel cannot conclude on whether P. disseminata satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest, because of the key uncertainties on the restricted distribution in the EU and the magnitude of the impact.
... together with other genera, based on morphological and molecular data. However, the introduction of this new family was not accepted by some authors (Jaklitsch et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2019) who revived the older family name Sporocadaceae to accommodate the genus Pestalotiopsis. ...
Following an EFSA commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants (Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii) imported from China, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pestalotiopsis microspora, a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Pestalotiopsidaceae. The pathogen was reported on a wide range of monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous and gymnosperms, either cultivated or wild plant species, causing various symptoms such as leaf spot, leaf blight, scabby canker, fruit spot, pre‐ and post‐harvest fruit rot and root rot. In addition, the fungus was reported as an endophyte on a wide range of asymptomatic plant species. This pest categorisation focuses on the hosts that are relevant for the EU and for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequencing analyses. Pestalotiopsis microspora was reported in Africa, North, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania. In the EU, it was reported in the Netherlands. There is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of P. microspora worldwide and in the EU, because of the endophytic nature of the fungus, the lack of surveys, and because in the past, when molecular tools were not fully developed, the pathogen might have been misidentified as other Pestalotiopsis species or other members of the Pestalodiopsidaceae family based on morphology and pathogenicity tests. Pestalotiopsis microspora is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Plants for planting, fresh fruits, bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other growing media associated with plant debris are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment and spread of the pathogen. The introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU are expected to have an economic and environmental impact where susceptible hosts are grown. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Unless the restricted distribution in the EU is disproven, Pestalotiopsis microspora satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.
... This family comprises saprobic, pathogenic, as well as endophytic genera that are commonly characterized by conidia that have appendages at one or both ends. Sporocadaceae has previously been subjected to multiple taxonomic re-evaluations and classifications [42,43]. Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae, and Robillardaceae were previously treated as synonyms of Sporocadaceae [43][44][45]. ...
... This family comprises saprobic, pathogenic, as well as endophytic genera that are commonly characterized by conidia that have appendages at one or both ends. Sporocadaceae has previously been subjected to multiple taxonomic re-evaluations and classifications [42,43]. Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae, and Robillardaceae were previously treated as synonyms of Sporocadaceae [43][44][45] Type species-Ciliochorella mangiferae Syd. ...
... Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae, and Robillardaceae were previously treated as synonyms of Sporocadaceae [43][44][45] Type species-Ciliochorella mangiferae Syd. Ciliochorella (Sporocadaceae, Amphisphaeriales, Xylariomycetidae) [42,43,46,47] was established by Sydow and Mitter [48]. There are ten species in Index Fungorum [18] and nine species in Species Fungorum [49]. ...
Appressoria are specialized structures formed by certain phytopathogenic fungi during the early stages of the infection process. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the formation, types, and functions of appressoria. Besides being formed primarily by fungal pathogens, many studies have reported their occurrence in other life modes such as endophytes, epiphytes, and saprobes. In this study, we observed the formation of appressoria in fungal genera that have been found associated with leaf spots and, interestingly, by a saprobic species. We used morphological descriptions and illustrations, molecular phylogeny, coalescent-based Poisson tree processes (PTP) model, inter- and intra-species genetic distances based on their respective DNA markers, and Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition Analysis (GCPSR) to establish a new species (Pseudoplagiostoma jasmini), a Ciliochorella sp., and a new host record (Coniella malaysiana). The Ciliochorella sp. is reported as a saprobe, while Pseudoplagiostoma jasmini and Coniella malaysiana were found to be associated with leaf spots of Jasminum species. All three taxa produce appressoria, and this is the first study that reports the formation of appressoria by a Ciliochorella sp. and a Pseudoplagiostoma sp.
... As such, laccase activity is also considered a virulence factor in many fungal diseases. Sydow & Mitter (1935), typified by C. mangiferae Syd., is an important genus of pestalotioid fungi (Sutton 1980;Nag Raj 1993;Lee et al. 2006;Tanaka et al. 2011;Tangthirasunun et al. 2015;Wijayawardene et al. 2016;Liu et al. 2019a). Most taxa classified as pestalotioid fungi are phytopathogens that cause a variety of diseases in plants, some of which are saprobes or endophytes that are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions (Benjamin and Guba 1961;Barr 1975;Nag Raj 1993;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). ...
... Most taxa classified as pestalotioid fungi are phytopathogens that cause a variety of diseases in plants, some of which are saprobes or endophytes that are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions (Benjamin and Guba 1961;Barr 1975;Nag Raj 1993;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Liu et al. (2019a) and Wijayawardene et al. (2022a) placed this genus in Sporocadaceae (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Amphisphaeriales). ...
... Conidiogenous cells are discrete, ampulliform, or conical with a long neck, colorless, and smooth. Conidia are cylindrical, straight, or slightly curved with septate pale brown middle cells and colorless end cells with appendages at one or both ends (Lee et al. 2006;Allegrucci et al. 2011;Tangthirasunun et al. 2015;Wijayawardene et al. 2016;Liu et al. 2019a). ...
The genus Ciliochorella is a group of pestalotioid fungi, which typically occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. Species from the Ciliochorella genus play important roles in the decomposition of litter. In this study, we introduce two new species ( Ciliochorella chinensis sp. nov. and C. savannica sp. nov. ) that were found on leaf litter collected from savanna-like vegetation in hot dry valleys of southwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and tub2 sequence datasets indicated that C. chinensis and C. savannica respectively form a distinct clade within the Ciliochorella genus. The comparison of the morphological characteristics indicated that the two new species are well differentiated within this genus species. Analysis of the evolutionary history suggests that Ciliochorella originated from the Eurasian continent during the Paleogene (38 Mya). Further, we find that both new species can produce cellulase and laccase, playing a decomposer role.
... Pestalotioid fungi are easily characterized by owning multi-septate and more or less fusiform conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some melanised cells (Liu & al. 2019). Pestalotiopsis Steyaert (Sporocadaceae, Amphisphaeriales) is a typical pestalotioid genus with 5-celled conidia, separated from Pestalotia with 6-celled conidia (Steyaert 1949). ...
A new pestalotioid species, Pestalotiopsis sonneratiae , was isolated from leaf spot symptoms of Sonneratia apetala (mangrove apple) in Guangdong Province, China. The pathogen was characterized by morphological and molecular data ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci. The species is described, illustrated, and compared with similar Pestalotiopsis species and another pestalotioid pathogen of Sonneratia .
... and OA, with incubation at 25°C in dark, were used for Seimatosporium isolates (Kanetis et al., 2022). For Truncatella isolates, CMA and MEA were used, and colonies were incubated at 21°C with alternating light-dark periods (Liu et al., 2019). ...
... This agrees with results in the present study, which showed S. vitis-viniferae as causing wood necroses after artificial inoculation, with similar severity to necroses caused by D. seriata. Truncatella genera, which is phylogenetically close to Seimatosporium, has been revised by Liu et al. (2019) and includes only one species, T. angustata, while other Truncatella species have been reallocated to other genera. Truncatella angustata has been reported in association with grapevine, isolated as an endophyte in Spain (González and Tello, 2011) and Switzerland (Casieri et al., 2009). ...
Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are major threats in Mediterranean countries, causing economic losses due to reduced grape yields and long-term vine productivity, as well as death of grapevines. A survey was conducted in Piedmont (Northern Italy) during 2021-2022 to investigate the species diversity and distribution of GTD pathogens in this important Italian wine region. Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (based on ITS, tef1, tub2, act and rpb2) identified species of Botryosphaeriaceae at high frequency, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum. Other pathogens commonly associated with GTDs, including Eutypa lata, Fomitiporia mediterranea and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, were also isolated. Less commonly isolated species included Neocu-curbitaria juglandicola, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Seimatosporium vitis-viniferae and Truncatella angustata. Pathogenicity tests with two representative isolates of each species were carried out using one-year-old potted grapevine cuttings ('Barbera'). All isolates (except N. juglandicola) caused brown wood necrotic vascular discolourations on inoculated plants and were successfully re-isolated. Effects of temperature on colony growth were also assessed. For all tested isolates there was no growth at 5°C, only four isolates (Botryosphaeriaceae) grew at 35°C, and optimum growth temperatures were between 20 and 25°C. This is the first record of Paraconiothyrium brasiliense and Neo-cucurbitaria juglandicola associated with symptomatic grapevines in Italy.
... In this study, H. spartii was found in healthy and diseased mistletoe tissues, although it was found significantly more often in diseased than in healthy leaves. This coelomycetous fungus is known to be a component of the foliar mycobiota community of Pinus species worldwide (Liu et al., 2019). Recently, it was shown that H. spartii is a causal agent of dieback disease in Pinus pinea L. in Tunisia (Hlaiem et al., 2019). ...
In Poland's pine forests, mistletoe ( Viscum album subsp. austriacum ) abundance has increased over the past 20 years. This mistletoe infestation has decreased the growth and vigour of Scots pine trees. In this study, we surveyed the culturable fungi from healthy and diseased V . album subsp. austriacum leaves from two stands in Poland. In total, 63 distinct species were identified, 99.8% of which belonged to the phylum Ascomycota . The community compositions of fungi in mistletoe leaves were similar in healthy and diseased leaves as Alternaria alternata , Aureobasidium pullulans , Botryosphaeria visci , Fusarium paeoniae and Microsphaeropsis olivacea were consistently found in leaves of all symptom types. The most frequently isolated fungus from asymptomatic leaves was M . olivacea , followed by A . alternata , A . pullulans and Hypoxylon rubiginosum . In comparison, the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with rusty‐brown necrotic spots were (in decreasing order) M . olivacea , B . visci , F . paeoniae and A . alternata , while the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with black or dark brown spots were M . olivacea , A . alternata , A . pullulans , Epicoccum layuense and F . paeoniae . This study was the first comprehensive report showing that certain fungal species may be pathogens of V . album subsp. austriacum in Poland. This study was also the first report of F . paeoniae , F . juglandicola , Diaporthe vacuae and Heterotruncatella spartii from V . album , and the first report of D . vacuae and H . spartii in Poland.
