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Permanent resident migrants to Canada, by immigration category and source region, 2012. Source: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2012/permanent/08.asp. Note: It has been official Canadian government policy since the 1990s to set an annual target for legal permanent resident immigrants; this target has typically varied between 200,000 and 300,000 immigrants/year (for the year 2014), it is set for 240,000–265,000 (http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/notices/2013-11-01. asp)
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There is limited empirical evidence of how environmental conditions in the Global South may influence long-distance international migration to the Global North. This research note reports findings from seven focus groups held in Ottawa-Gatineau, Canada, with recent migrants from the Horn of Africa and francophone sub-Saharan Africa, where the role...
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... Луиза Веронис и Роберт Маклеман выявили, что аспекты окружающей среды могут играть роль «во второстепенных или даже третичных факторах в более сложных и протяженных последовательностях миграции», что в конечном итоге может способствовать международной миграции на большие расстояния (Veronis, McLeman, 2014). Быстрая урбанизация может стать толчком к развитию в определенных социально-политических условиях. ...
Изменение климата оказывает негативное воздействие на различные аспекты жизни человека. Ухудшение состояния окружающей среды, обусловленная негативными последствиями изменения климата, привело к внутреннему и внешнему перемещению населения по всему миру. Количество перемещенных лиц достигло рекордно высоких показателей, а проблема изменения климата усугубляет угрозы и все больше ухудшает сложившиеся ситуации. В данной статье предпринята попытка уточнения определения «климатической миграции». Неясность в понятии «климатическая миграция» позволяет разработать ряд дискурсов, которые по-разному формулируют проблему и определяют разные решения. Проблема миграции, обусловленная изменениями климата, является сложной проблемой, которая не имеет очевидного и простого решения. В статье рассматривается взаимосвязь между последствиями изменения климата и миграцией людей, выявляются основные факторы, влияющие на климатическую миграцию. Особое внимание уделяется взаимосвязи между климатической миграцией и ее влиянием на социально-экономическое развитие стран. Исследовательские данные показали, что климатические изменения могут влиять на миграцию косвенно, в частности, через экономические движущие силы, например, путем изменения средств к существованию, и политические движущие силы, например, через конфликты из-за ресурсов. Задача состоит в том, чтобы понять основные факторы, которые могут смягчить или усугубить миграцию, и разработать стратегии, позволяющие как активно, так и гуманно управлять этими воздействиями, и рассматривать их комплексно в контексте любых факторов, которые могут привести к экономической и политической дестабилизации регионов мира. Ключевые слова: миграция, перемещение населения, климатическая миграция, экологическая миграция, климатическая мобильность, концептуализация.
... Specifically, environmental quality is closely associated with various socioeconomic factors. The regression results are expected to be biased when an unobservable variable simultaneously impacts both environmental quality and migrants' settlement intentions or when the settlement of migrants simultaneously influences urban environment quality [27]. Based on this, this research article attempts to identify the causal effect between environmental quality and migrants' settlement intentions. ...
The number of internal migrants in China reached 376 million in 2020, accounting for about one-fourth of the total population. Therefore, promoting their settlement in cities and integration into urban life is crucial for both sustainability and for their well-being. Drawing on data from the 2014–2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey and taking the “Hygienic Cities Initiative” as a quasi-experiment, this research study analyzes the influence of improving the urban environment quality on migrants’ settlement intentions within a difference-in-difference (DID) framework. The study findings indicate that the creation of “Hygienic Cities” demonstrates a significant positive effect on migrants’ settlement intentions, thereby leading to a 4.57% increase. Further analysis highlights that the creation of “Hygienic Cities” primarily affects migrants’ settlement intentions by (1) improving local air quality and (2) increasing the sanitation of the urban environment. In addition to this, the effect of “Hygienic Cities” on migrants’ settlement intentions is stronger for migrants with higher education and income levels, shorter migration experience, unmarried males, and employers or self-employed individuals. This research article confirms that the urban residential environment has become a critical factor influencing Chinese migrants’ settlement intentions. As a result, further attention to environmental protection and improvements in urban environmental sanitation is crucial in city management for attracting talent and investments to cities, but such initiatives may also lead to potential gender imbalance in cities.
... Climate change and environmental stress due to rising sea levels, droughts, desertification, etc. are predisposing factors that make migration increasingly likely in the longer term, while more proximate events like natural hazards have the potential to trigger immediate, short distance displacements, but may also force people to migrate more permanently and over longer distances (Black et al. 2011;Shen and Binns 2012;Martin et al. 2014;Veronis and McLeman 2014;Islam 2017). Embedded into fundamental economic, political, and societal settings, environmental factors and disparities caused by discrepancies in the availability of natural resources such as fertile soil or freshwater may establish a migration-inducing social-environmental context. ...
... Instead, the effect of climate change on migration is primarily through its impact on economic factors such as agricultural income, livelihood opportunities, food security (Martin et al. 2014;Khavarian-Garmsir et al. 2019), healthrelated risks (Marchiori et al. 2012), or conflict (Abel et al. 2019). In environmentally stressful situations, it is often the most adversely affected and financially constrained who are unable to move (Veronis and McLeman 2014). In short, migration as an adaptation strategy is not available to all (Cattaneo et al. 2019). ...
Environmentally induced migration and mobility receives high attention in politics, media, and academia, even though non-migration is of much greater scale and probably the less understood phenomenon. The decision to leave or to stay put in an environmentally stressful region is a decision taken in the context of personal needs and aspirations, and uncertain survival and livelihood opportunities elsewhere. Information and expectations about migratory options and challenges are always incomplete, and whether migration, or rather non-migration, turns out as the personally more beneficial option depends on circumstances that are ex ante unknown and ex post not fully under control of the potential out-migrant. We argue that—despite exposure to severe environmental stress in a region—voluntary non-migration can be a viable outcome of a conscious but sometimes biased cognitive process. By highlighting the role of some relevant search and decision heuristics, we discuss why people around the globe decide to stay put in an environmentally stressful home region—despite favorable migratory options and sufficient resources for realizing opportunities elsewhere.
... However, if climatic factors are evaluated alongside economic factors, the latter affect migration in a stronger and more direct way (Joseph & Wodon, 2013). Those most adversely affected by environmental degradation are also those most financially constrained and therefore unable to move (Veronis & McLeman, 2014). That is, migration as an adaptation strategy is not available to this deprived and therefore trapped group (Cattaneo et al., 2019). ...
This chapter will focus on labour migration , that is the movement of persons with the aim of employment or income-bringing activities (e.g., entrepreneurship), developing the topic which was also touched upon in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_3 on conceptual understanding of migration drivers. Research on labour migration has developed across various disciplines (e.g., sociology, anthropology, and geography), but most prominently in economics. It has resulted in a range of theoretical frameworks, starting with neoclassical economic theories and advancing through the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM), dual labour market theory, and social network theory, to more recent transnational approaches or theories dedicated to particular forms of labour migration. These diverse approaches offer insights into labour migration on macro-, meso- and micro-levels. Although a dichotomy based on skills (high-skilled vs. low-skilled workers) can be seen as controversial or misleading as a division between workers representing these two types of skills is often vague or difficult to determine, the distinction does reflect recent debates on labour migration. Thus, a high−/low-skills dichotomy serves as a guide to the structure of this chapter.
... However, if climatic factors are evaluated alongside economic factors, the latter affect migration in a stronger and more direct way (Joseph & Wodon, 2013). Those most adversely affected by environmental degradation are also those most financially constrained and therefore unable to move (Veronis & McLeman, 2014). That is, migration as an adaptation strategy is not available to this deprived and therefore trapped group (Cattaneo et al., 2019). ...
Migration and migration-related diversity are likely to remain key topics of the European policy and research agenda for the foreseeable future. This asks for a rethinking of the research agenda on migration, from a strategic perspective as well as from a research perspective. The objective of this chapter is to suggest applications that are useful in shaping the next funding opportunities for migration research, and to provide roadmaps for the optimisation of research efforts in order to avoid overlapping and, where possible, to close the gaps in the global spectrum and national initiatives on migration. Questions such as How to benefit from and get access to available knowledge and expertise? How to promote the accumulation of knowledge and expertise? and How to address gaps in knowledge? have been at the heart of the Horizon 2020 CrossMigration research project and have led to the definition of its strategic research agenda . This chapter considers the need for a future agenda on migration studies, addressing methodological issues; what funding to focus on; how funding might be organised; who should be involved in funding (and procedures); and what prospects there are for the future. We will also propose three strategies to consider how an agenda might help provide towards: (1) keeping the road safe for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in 2030, (2) contrasting current and future pandemic/epidemic disease, and (3) establishing a fruitful dialogue with the African scientific community.
... There is limited empirical evidence that environmental conditions impact long-distance or international migration. In a study of the Horn of Africa and francophone sub-Saharan Africa migrants to Canada, Veronis and McLeman (2014) found that the environment was a second-or third-order contributor to migrants' decision-making process and primarily among skilled and urbanites who possessed the means and wherewithal for long-distance movement. In that sense, economic development in the source country can contribute to, as well as limit, migration. ...
It is widely accepted that climate change may be contributing to population movement and has gendered effects. The relationship between climate change as a direct cause of migration continues to give rise to debates concerning vulnerabilities, while at the same time gendered dimensions of vulnerabilities remain limited to binary approaches. There is limited cross-fertilization between disciplines that go beyond comparison between males and females but interrogate gender in association with climate change and migration. Here, we seek to develop an analytical lens to the nexus between gender, migration and climate change in producing, reproducing and sustaining at risk conditions and vulnerabilities. When gender and mobility are conceptualized as a process, and climate change as a risk modifier, the nexus between them can be better interrogated. Starting by using gender as an organizing principle that structures and stratifies relations entails viewing gender not as a category that distinguishes males and females but as a discursive process of social construction that (re)produces subjectivities and inequalities. Gender is a dynamic process that shapes and (re)produces vulnerabilities and consequently shapes mediation of climate impacts and migration and is also shaped by symbolic processes that go beyond households and communities.
... Studies also suggest that different groups of people often exhibit different demands and different interests when they are choosing their migration destinations. Educational advantages (Blunch and Laderchi 2015), better quality of life (Findlay and Rogerson 1993;Garretsen and Marlet 2017), better climatic conditions (Carrico and Donato 2019; Grace et al. 2018;Veronis and McLeman 2014), and more convenient life styles (Geist and McManus 2012;Zhou et al. 2015) are all listed as additional incentives for individuals to make their migration choices. The diversity of population migration incentives is also reflected in the diversity of different groups of people's demands and desires. ...
Understanding how different factors impact migration destination choices is one of the main research themes in demographic studies. The current study uses relative intrinsic attractivity (RIA) as a measure for a place’s attractivity and attempts to apply an eigenfunction-based spatial filtering (ESF) approach to investigate the relationships between a place’s attractivity and 12 socioeconomic and natural condition factors in China at the prefecture level. Results suggest that the ESF approach may provide a potentially more robust way to account for how various factors impact different groups of people’s migration destination choices than non-spatial and spatial autoregressive models. The ESF approach is able to adequately address the spatial effects on data analysis when using geographic data and provide easily interpretable results. Places with better accessibility by roads, better economic opportunities (jobs and wages), and cooler average annual temperature are more attractive to all subgroups of migrants. Different sub-groups of migrants, however, are also attracted to places with different priorities and characteristics. The current study uses an ESF approach for the first time to investigate how factors impact different groups of people’s migration destination choices.
... The degree of specification with regard to migration-related demographic background of the interviewees varies highly. Veronis and McLeman (2014), for example, in their study of African migration to Canada, provide detailed information about their interviewees, including country of origin, length of stay, immigration status, and skills, and clearly delineate the criteria for the selection of the respondents for focus group interviews. Other studies are more unspecific, referring, for example, to places where people migrated to in the past (e.g., Dreier and Sow 2015) or to the places of origin (e.g., Afifi 2009). ...
Despite an increase in scholarly and policy interest regarding the impacts of
environmental change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied,
patchy, and limited. Generalized discourse on environmental migration frequently
oversimplifies the complex channels through which environmental change influences
the migration process.This paper aims to systematize the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change.
The contextually contingent nature of migration–environment relationships prevents us
from drawing a universal conclusion, whether environmental change will increase or
suppress migration in Africa. However, this study unravels the complex interactions
between the nature and duration of the environmental pressure, the livelihood of the
populations, the role of kinship ties and the role of demographic differentials on
migration response
... The degree of specification with regard to migration-related demographic background of the interviewees varies highly. Veronis and McLeman (2014), for example, in their study of African migration to Canada, provide detailed information about their interviewees, including country of origin, length of stay, immigration status, and skills, and clearly delineate the criteria for the selection of the respondents for focus group interviews. Other studies are more unspecific, referring, for example, to places where people migrated to in the past (e.g., Dreier and Sow 2015) or to the places of origin (e.g., Afifi 2009). ...
Background: Despite an increase in scholarly and policy interest regarding the impacts of environmental change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied, patchy, and limited. Generalised discourse on environmental migration frequently oversimplifies the complex channels through which environmental change influences the migration process
Objective: This paper aims to systematise the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change.
Methods: We select 53 qualitative and quantitative studies on the influence of environmental change on migration from the comprehensive Climig database and systematically analyse the literature considering the multidimensional drivers of migration.
Results: Environmental change influences migration in Africa in an indirect way by affecting other drivers of migration, including sociodemographic, economic, and political factors. How and in what direction environmental change influences migration depends on socioeconomic and geographical contexts, demographic characteristics, and the type and duration of migration.
Conclusions: The contextually contingent nature of migration–environment relationships prevents us from drawing a universal conclusion, whether environmental change will increase or suppress migration in Africa. However, this study unravels the complex interactions between the nature and duration of the environmental pressure, the livelihood of the populations, the role of kinship ties and the role of demographic differentials on migration response.
Contribution: The review provides an initial systematic and comprehensive summary of empirical evidence on the environmental drivers of migration in Africa. It also discusses the implications of the scale, materials, and methods used in the 53 studies.
... The degree of specification with regard to migration-related demographic background of the interviewees varies highly. Veronis and McLeman (2014), for example, in their study of African migration to Canada, provide detailed information about their interviewees including country of origin, length of stay, immigration status, skills etc. and clearly delineate the criteria for the selection of the respondents for focus group interviews. Other studies are more unspecific, referring e.g. to places where people migrated to in the past (e.g. ...
