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Peri-Atlantic Triassic basins and areal distribution of the (Permian)–Triassic–Jurassic doleritic dykes (from Michard 1976; modified).
Source publication
Abstract The break-up of Pangea began during the Triassic and was preceded by a generalized Permo-Triassic formation of continental rifts along the future margins between Africa and Europe, between Africa and North America, and between North and South America. During the Middle–Late Triassic, an ocean basin cutting the eastern equatorial portion of...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... shown in Figure 6, in the area where the Central Atlantic developed, several basins elongated parallel to the future continental margins of Africa and North America developed during the Triassic (Van Houten 1977;Manspeizer et al. 1978;Emery & Uchupi 1984;Swanson 1986;Manspeizer 1988;Smith & Livermore 1991). Coeval rift magmatism was also developing along both the American and the African margins bordering the Central Atlan-tic Ocean (Van Houten 1977;Manspeizer et al. 1978;Manspeizer 1988). ...
Context 2
... is commonly accepted that the beginning of the rifting stage that affected the future continental margins of the Mesozoic 'ophiolitic basins' in the peri-Mediterranean area (Fig. 4) and in the future Central Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 6) is ...
Context 3
... shown in Figure 6, in the area where the Central Atlantic developed, several basins elongated parallel to the future continental margins of Africa and North America developed during the Triassic (Van Houten 1977;Manspeizer et al. 1978;Emery & Uchupi 1984;Swanson 1986;Manspeizer 1988;Smith & Livermore 1991). Coeval rift magmatism was also developing along both the American and the African margins bordering the Central Atlan-tic Ocean (Van Houten 1977;Manspeizer et al. 1978;Manspeizer 1988). ...
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Citations
... The opening of the Central Atlantic and Tethys Oceans between Gondwana and Laurasia in the Triassic (~230 Ma) signalled the start of Pangaea's breakup (Bartolini & Larson, 2001;Bortolotti & Principi, 2005;Frizon de Lamotte et al., 2015;Golonka, 2007;Schettino & Turco, 2009). Rifting continued in Gondwana during the Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous as Africa, South America, the Malagasy-Indian subcontinent and Australia-Antarctica all began to separate (Cracraft, 2001). ...
Aim
Understanding the historical biogeography of the Earth's oldest terrestrial lineages provides insights into lineage diversification in relation to plate tectonics, climate change and biome shifts at maximum timescales. We investigate the biogeography of an ancient arachnid family, dragon pseudoscorpions, which are found today in mesic (mostly temperate) forests on all continents except Antarctica and Europe, have potential origins on Pangea and comprise species with extremely limited dispersal capacities. We evaluate the respective role of continental vicariance (abiotic) and biome shifts (biotic) deep in time and unravel the evolutionary history of this ancient group.
Location
Global.
Taxon
Pseudotyrannochthoniidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones).
Methods
Five loci were sequenced for 75 Pseudotyrannochthoniidae samples collected across the globe. A matrix was compiled comprising 106 terminals and ~8800 bp, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to uncover relationships. Divergence time and ancestral range estimation analyses were used to reconstruct historical biogeography.
Results
Pseudotyrannochthoniidae was monophyletic with high support but relationships among genera did not reflect current taxonomy and instead showed geographical structuring. Pseudotyrannochthoniidae originated in East Asia during the Middle Triassic and began diversifying in the Early Cretaceous.
Main Conclusions
Diversity and distributional patterns of dragon pseudoscorpions can be explained by the interplay of continental vicariance through Pangaean breakup, and biome shifts via the spread of temperate habitats in the Cretaceous and their ongoing distributional fluctuations. Pseudotyrannochthoniidae diversification began in the Early Cretaceous as they dispersed with temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere. Cretaceous vicariance, followed by widespread Holarctic extinction in the Late Tertiary–Quaternary, created their disjunct distribution at northern latitudes. Northern and Southern Hemisphere lineages diverged as Gondwana and Laurasia rifted, and Gondwanan breakup resulted in Afrotropical/Indomalayan and Austral clades. Austral lineages spread with temperate forests, however, cooling caused their disappearance from Antarctica and led to disjunct distributions at low latitudes.
... The Northern Apennines is an east-vergent belt that originated after the Neogene collision between Europe and the Adria microplate (Carmignani et al., 1994;Bortolotti and Principi, 2005;Marroni et al., 2017;Conti et al., 2020;Romagny et al., 2020;Jolivet et al., 2021). The orogen experienced several phases of crustal extension and out-of-sequence thrusting, whose contribution to the overall orogenic architecture is still debated (Carmignani et al., 1994;Bonini et al., 2014 and references therein). ...
... Units) toward the western continental passive margin of Adria (e.g., Abbate et al., 1980;Principi and Treves, 1984;Bortolotti and Principi., 2005). The oceanic lithosphere of the LPBO developed between the Bajocian to the Tithonian ages (e.g., Bill et al., 2001;Principi et al., 2004;Li et al., 2013;Tribuzio et al., 2016) in a slow-to ultraslow-spreading mid-oceanic ridge (MOR) setting (e.g., Pognante et al., 1986;Lemoine et al., 1987;Treves and Harper, 1994;Michard et al., 1996;Bortolotti et al., 2001, Principi et al., 2004Marroni and Pandolfi, 2007;Dilek and Furnes, 2014;Balestro et al., 2019;Rampone et al., 2020). ...
The Morello Tectonic Unit in the Tuscan Apennines (Italy) represents the result of tectono-sedimentary deformation, occurring in the frontal part of the non-metamorphosed Ligurian Accretionary Wedge, which consists of ophiolitic slices imbricated with a sedimentary succession containing ophiolite-bearing sedimentary mélanges. Geological mapping, structural and stratigraphic observations, allow us to document that (i) the ophiolite-bearing sedimentary mélanges formed by gravitational reworking of material sourced from intrabasinal structural highs facing the oceanic basin environment from Jurassic to lower Eocene, before the middle Eocene accretion stage, and (ii) the ophiolitic tectonic slices represent the scraping off at shallow structural levels of part of these crustal oceanic highs sequence. The final internal architecture of the shallow frontal portion of the Ligurian Accretionary Wedge does not differ from those observed in metamorphosed orogenic belts and exhumed accretionary complexes throughout the world (e.g., blueschist and eclogite units of Western Alps). This suggests that to the classical model of subduction and metamorphism followed by accretion and mélange formation (i.e., underplating), a model in which frontal accretion and ophiolite mélange formation at a shallow level are followed by underthrusting and subduction can be added, providing additional constraints to a better reconstruction of orogenic belts and accretionary complexes evolution.
Thematic collection: This article is part of the Ophiolites, melanges and blueschists collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/ophiolites-melanges-and-blueschists
... The Middle to Late Jurassic (ca. 165-155 Ma) marks another major interval of ophiolite formation and emplacement onto the Eurasian margin of the Tethys, across the northern Mediterranean region (Bortolotti and Principi, 2005). This event also corresponds with a global plate reorganization. ...
Ophiolites are fragments of oceanic lithosphere now entrained within continents. Some ophiolites, such as the Bay of Islands ophiolite in the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen and the Semail ophiolite in the Alpine-Himalayan Orogen, are characterized by a metamorphic sole along their structural base. The sole records metamorphism along a subduction zone interface between upper and lower plates with structural imbrication resulting in an inverted metamorphic assemblage of higher grade over lower grade. The sole is juxtaposed with the ophiolite, which forms through extension in the upper plate of the subduction zone, during attempted subduction of, and subsequent emplacement onto, a continental margin. We argue that such ophiolites form in small interior ocean basins during supercontinent breakup with generation and expansion of these oceans compensated by litho-spheric compression and initiation of multiple subduction zones. Subduction initiation is induced adjacent to a continental margin, likely along lithospheric discontinuities such as transform systems that formed during continental lithospheric extension and interior ocean basin formation. In such newly formed subduction zones, the subducting plate has limited lateral extent enabling its rapid evolution through trench rollback leading to ophiolite generation in the upper plate. This infant subduction system consumes the narrow tract of oceanic lithosphere adjacent to the continental margin leading to ophiolite obduction through attempted margin un-derthrusting. These convergent boundaries are secondary to already established and ongoing subduction zones within small interior ocean basins. They correspond temporally with the termination of convergent plate interaction and plate reorganization elsewhere in the global plate network, which we argue is the likely primary driver, triggering a cascading sequence of events, that induces the initiation of these transient secondary systems.
... The Apennine collisional belt originated with the closure of the Ligure-Piemontese basin, a narrow oceanic domain that opened in the Middle to Late Jurassic between the European and Adria continental margins (Decandia and Elter, 1972;Abbate et al., 1986;Bortolotti and Principi, 2005;Molli, 2008). The Ocean Continent Transition Zones (OCTZs) of this basin near the Adria plate are characterized by a hyperextended continental margin (Molli, 1996;Marroni et al., 1998;Molli et al., 2010). ...
The External Ligurian Units are regarded as representative of the ocean continent transition between the Ligure-Piemontese oceanic basin and the hyperextended Adria continental margin. The remnants of this transition are preserved as slide blocks embedded in a sedimentary mélange. This mélange sedimented during the Santonian to Campanian in the rear of the accretionary wedge that developed during the east-dipping subduction of the oceanic lithosphere below Adria. The main characteristic of this mélange is the occurrence of slide blocks of subcontinental mantle, lower continental crust, granitoids, gabbro, basalt, and sedimentary rocks in a sedimentary matrix. In this paper, we provide petrographic observations coupled with U‒Pb zircon ages and δ ¹⁸ O zircon isotopes of the slide blocks of felsic granulites and granitoids. U‒Pb data indicate ages ranging from Neoproterozoic to Late Triassic. δ ¹⁸ O isotopes help to define the source of the magma of granitoids and felsic granulites, which was the continental crust. Overall, the collected data indicate that the slide blocks from sedimentary mélanges can be regarded as true archives that are able to provide useful constraints about the geodynamic history of the source area of these deposits.
Thematic collection: This article is part of the Ophiolites, melanges and blueschists collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/ophiolites-melanges-and-blueschists
Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6922535
... The break-up of Pangea began at the Middle Triassic along the eastern margin of North America and the northwestern margin of Africa, following the suture zones of the Variscan orogenic belt (Vauchez et al., 1997;Tommasi and Vauchez, 2001;Bortolotti and Principi, 2005;Schettino and Turco, 2009;Frizon de Lamotte et al., 2015). The first stages of continental splitting involve the development of several narrow, nearly parallel troughs of steep relief, and raised margins that serve as depositional sites for alluvial fans, streams, swamps and extensive freshwater lakes, which then evolve into a narrow sea of restricted circulation at the time the basin floor reaches sea level (Hay, 1981;Hay et al., 1982). ...
Two phytogeographic units were defined for the Middle–Upper Triassic of Gondwana, the warm humid Onslow and the cool-temperate Ipswich microfloras; nevertheless, many uncertainties remain regarding the geographical scope of such assemblages, as well as to the degree of similarity between phytogeographical regions and the existence of different microfloristic domains within the Laurasian territory. To tackle these questions, a hierarchical cluster analysis complemented with ordination methods and bipartite network analysis was performed over a list of 70 palynomorph species and selected localities of the Anisian–Ladinian, Carnian and Norian time- intervals, with special emphasis on southwestern Gondwana units. Obtained results showed a clear dichotomy between tropical and extratropical associations, within which different microfloristic regions also developed from gradual changes in the frequency distribution of palynotaxa. These findings are significant because they confirm for first time through quantitative methods a phytogeographic separation between ‘Onslow’ and ‘Euro- Mediterranean’ assemblages, considered for a long time to be part of the same microflora. Furthermore, and contrary to expectations, two distinct phytogeographic units were recognized for the Laurasian territory, where the first is related to the hot and dry margins of western Tethys, and the other to the temperate and humid zones of Boreal Pangea. Likewise, a separate and well defined assemblage was recognized for southwestern Gondwanan, during the late Anisian–Carnian of central-western Argentina, named here as the Cuyo microfloristic region. This unit showed a close resemblance to microfloras of northern Laurasia due to the shared presence of several species of miospores that are largely absent from the eastern part of Pangea. We hypothesize that the migration of such species occurred through a trans-equatorial temperate and humid landway, following the rift basins and topographic highs developed along the suture lines of the Variscan orogenic belt and western South America at the beginning of Pangea separation.
... The deformation of the NA started in the Late Cretaceous as a consequence of the Alpine Tethys Ocean closure. Two different interpretations of the subduction polarity of the Alpine Tethys have been proposed: (1) a west-dipping subduction below the Corsica-Sardinia block (which was still connected to the European margin) (Scholle, 1970;Abbate et al., 1986;Bortolotti et al., 2001Bortolotti et al., , 2005, and reference therein); and (2) an east-dipping oceanic lithospheric subduction below the Adria Plate postulated by Boccaletti and Guazzone (1970;1972;1974) and Boccaletti et al. (1971). According to this latter hypothesis, the Apennine orogeny s.s. ...
The Northern Apennines chain is an active orogen developed in a continental collisional setting. During the Quaternary active tectonics, climate fluctuations, and sea-level change left a clear imprint on the regional geomorphology and the surface geology. Examination of stratigraphically correlated palaeosols within alluvial and coastal clastic successions occurring on both sides of the chain, i.e., on the active front (Northern slope) and the back-arc area (Tuscany), provide fine detail to reconstructions of the orogen dynamic during the Quaternary. Examples of dated and correlated palaeosols within their morpho-structural, stratigraphic, and sedimentological context, will be presented and discussed on the Northern side of the chain (Ghiardo plateau, in the picture) and in the coastal Tuscany (Baratti gulf). In the transfer from the northern slopes to the back-arc area, selected stops in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine Mugello basin will provide a sight into the morpho-stratigraphic architecture of an intermontane basin developed in the axial portion of the Northern Apennines.
... The break-up of Pangea began at the Middle Triassic along the eastern margin of North America and the northwestern margin of Africa, following the suture zones of the Variscan orogenic belt (Vauchez et al., 1997;Tommasi and Vauchez, 2001;Bortolotti and Principi, 2005;Schettino and Turco, 2009;Frizon de Lamotte et al., 2015). The first stages of continental splitting involve the development of several narrow, nearly parallel troughs of steep relief, and raised margins that serve as depositional sites for alluvial fans, streams, swamps and extensive freshwater lakes, which then evolve into a narrow sea of restricted circulation at the time the basin floor reaches sea level (Hay, 1981;Hay et al., 1982). ...
... On the contrary, Bortolotti and Principi (2005), Schmid et al. (2008), Muttoni et al. (2009) and Maffione and van Hinsbergen (2018) suggested that the Neotethys was formed only by one branch. The former authors use the term 'Eastern Tethys' or 'Neotethys' to describe all the oceanic realms located in an area southeast of the Alpine Tethys and the future Western Alps that opened during and after the Permian to Triassic closure of the Paleotethys. ...
The Norian magmatic rocks of Jabuka, Brusnik and Vis Islands (Croatia) and their bearing on the evolution of Triassic magmatism in the Northern Mediterranean. The magmatic rocks from Jabuka, Brusnik, Vis Islands and the submerged Brusnik plateau have been investigated to define their age and genetic affinity, identifying their role in the geodynamics of the Adria Plate. The plutonic and lava flow samples have been characterized for their petrography, mineral chemistry, whole rock major and trace elements, and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. The two samples with the freshest plagioclase crystals have been selected for ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis, which gave ages of 221.5 ± 2.5 Ma (Brusnik) and 227 ± 5 Ma (Jabuka), similar to those of the Triassic magmatism from the northern part of the Adria Plate and neighbouring territories. Geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the magmatism dominantly sourced from spinel peridotites variously metasomatized during pre-Mesozoic subduction events. Furthermore, the investigated rocks evidence interactions of the magmas with Mid-Late Triassic evaporites. The comparison with other coeval magmatic occurrences from the Adria Plate and its edges shows that the subduction signature of the Triassic within-plate magmatism is mainly related to the evolution of the upper mantle of the Adria Plate.
... Modelom jednog okeana se smatra da navlake, proizašle kretanjem kontinentalne kore, leže ispod ispod ofiolitne navlake jednog okeana, tj. zapadnog Neo-Tetisa (zapadnih Vardarskih ofiolita), kao prirasli dijelovi sadašnje subducirane Velike Jadranske pasivne margine, (Bernoulli i Laubscher, 1972;Pamić i sar., 1998;Schmid i sar., 2008;Chiari i sar., 2011;Bortolotti i Principi, 2005;Bortolotti i sar., 2013). ...
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