Figure 7 - uploaded by Suzanne D Golding
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The Permo-Triassic Bowen Basin (Figure 1) is a backarc extentional foreland basin that contains up to 6500 m of mainly terrigenous siliciclastic felsic sediments. The basin is heavily intruded by mafic intrusions and lesser dykes and sills as a result of intense magmatism which accompanied the breakup of the supercontinent of Gondwana in the middle...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... laminations, often faintly visible in reflected light, and occasionally traces of cutic- ular structure can be detected (Figure 7), lending support to previous studies assigning this vitrinite to a leaf source (Falkner, 1986). The laminations and perhydrous nature of this vitrinite are highlighted by TEM ( Figure 8A) where electron transparent laminae of lipidic nature alternate with higher electron dense humic matter. ...
Similar publications
This study presents a review on the palaeogeographic implications and temporal variations of glaucony covering both modern and ancient records. Phanerozoic glaucony preferably forms in a shelf depositional setting. Deep marine conditions and low seawater temperature discourage formation of glaucony. Around 75% of glaucony is recorded from Cretaceou...
The Mesozoic Yanshanian Movement affected the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton (NCC). It is proposed that Mesozoic cratonic destruction peaked ~125 Ma, possibly influenced by subduction of the western Pacific Plate beneath the Euro-Asian Plate in the Early Cretaceous. The southern Jinzhou area in the eastern block of the NCC preserves c...
Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone (BNSZ) in central Tibet plays an important role in evaluating the formation and uplift mechanism of Tibetan Plateau. However, its Mesozoic tectonic evolution is ambiguous and intensely debated. In this study, Early Cretacesous adakites and sodium-rich arc rocks are identified in Western Qiangtang (WQ) and Northern Lhasa...
Since the Mesozoic, eastern NE Asia has experienced multiple tectonic events, resulting in a complex structure and forming one of the world's largest Meso‐Cenozoic lacustrine basin systems. Presently, basin evolution models require further elucidation regarding the simultaneous generation of diverse rift basins and the potential impact stemming fro...
Premise of research. A distinctive new species of osmundaceous fern, based on a permineralized trunk from Lower Cretaceous deposits of Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) off the west coast of mainland Canada, provides additional data for addressing the Mesozoic diversity and the overall pattern of phylogeny for osmundaceous filicale...
Citations
... This translates into excessive washing of the coal, potentially having to use vast amounts of water (precious commodity) to obtain any (minute) quantities of commercially viable coal. The GB coals are within the oil window [1] and some macerals generated oil which is retained within the coal micropores and coal cleats in the form of bitumen which is the source of methane in deeper parts of the basin [2]. The bitumen is also a cause of spontaneous combustion in many coals [3]. ...
... However, if the environmental implications of this type of insitu extracted crude oil are to be considered they outweigh any political or economic benefits. The 'fracking' methods used to induce oil flow from a tightly consolidated rock such as shales require not just fracturing the rock but also injecting water containing various chemicals to induce flow from a solid state, since the 'oil' is retained within the pores and fine fractures of the coal in a solid form referred to as bitumen [2,3,6]. ...
... Solid pyrobitumen, as defined by Stasiuk (1997), is a high-temperature form of solid bitumen (Jacob 1989), a highly aromatic and insoluble bituminous substance (Glikson et al. 2000;Huc et al. 2000) of higher rank (more than R 0 = 2%). It has no fluorescence or weak (brown, wavelength [ 650 nm) fluorescence (Glikson et. ...
... Solid pyrobitumen, as defined by Stasiuk (1997), is a high-temperature form of solid bitumen (Jacob 1989), a highly aromatic and insoluble bituminous substance (Glikson et al. 2000;Huc et al. 2000) of higher rank (more than R 0 = 2%). It has no fluorescence or weak (brown, wavelength [ 650 nm) fluorescence (Glikson et. al. 2000) and occurs as petroleum Milner et al. 1977;Hunt 1978;Jacob 1985), as direct thermal cracking of oil at great burial depths (Waples 2002), where it is generally related to magmatic activity and hydrothermal fluid convection at temperatures from 60 to 400°C (Simoneit 1994(Simoneit , 2000(Simoneit , 2018. ...
The paper comprises new analytical data on the nature and occurrence of gold in solid pyrobitumen, closely associated with the main gold-bearing sulfide arsenic ores of the Bakyrchik gold deposit (Kazakhstan), related to post-collisional magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Gold mineralization of the deposit occurs mainly in the form of an “invisible” type of gold in the structures of arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite, and the form of gold-organic compounds of pyrobitumen in carbonaceous-terrigenous sequences of Carboniferous formation. Microscopic and electron microscopic analysis, Raman and FT-Infrared analysis, mineralogical and three-step sequential extraction analysis (NH 2 OH·HCl, H 2 O 2, HNO 3 + HCl) has been carried out using 9 ore samples (from 3 different types of ores) for a comprehensive study of pyrobitumen and sulfide arsenic ores focusing mainly on organic matter. The sequentially extracted precious metal content of pyrobitumen reaches up to 7 ppm gold and other metals like Ag 4 ppm, Pt 31 ppb, and Pd 26 ppb, forming metal–organic compounds, while arsenic sulfide minerals incorporate 11 ppm gold, 39 ppm Ag, 0.49 ppm Pt. The enrichment of gold associating with organic matter and sulfide ore minerals was confirmed in this study. Organic matter was active in the migration of gold and the capture of gold by pyrobitumen. Moreover, the reductive organic matter agent released gold, most likely for the sulfide arsenic ore minerals. Pyrobitumen was a decisive factor in the concentration, transportation, and preservation of gold in the deposit.
... Normally Rv max would be expected to increase gradually with depth in the borehole sec-tion, or remain relatively consistent with depth within the individual coal seam, which in this case is around 10 m in thickness. Glikson et al. (2000), however, have documented an irregular maturation profile within one seam in the northern Bowen Basin. They suggested that this pattern possibly represented a response in the organic matter to uneven heat distribution as a result of hydrothermal influence. ...
... Although the overall rank of the individual coal seam is relatively high, the irregular reflectance profile may possibly be a result of hydrothermal processes associated with fluid injection superimposed on more uniform burial effects. Glikson et al., (2000) suggested that fluid flow occurred along the fault systems and fracture-enhanced permeability zones in both mudrock and coal, as well as in the silisiclastic rocks of the northern Bowen Basin. The relatively higher value of vitrinite reflectance in the thin coal below the main seam of the borehole 11424 (Figure 6), may indicate a higher temperature due to the different thermal conductivity of the non-coal material above and below the main coal bed. ...
... Exsudatinite, on other hand, is derived from oils or bitumen expelled during the coalification processes. Simoneit (1994) and Glikson et al. (2000), have reported that the occurrence of these secondary macerals can be associated with hydrothermal systems. ...
DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v8i2.156The Permian coals of the South Walker Creek area, with a vitrinite reflectance (Rvmax) of 1.7 to 1.95% (low-volatile bituminous to semi-anthracite), are one of the highest rank coals currently mined in the Bowen Basin for the pulverized coal injection (PCI) market. Studies of petrology of this coal seam have identified that the maceral composition of the coals are dominated by inertinite with lesser vitrinite, and only minor amounts of liptinite. Clay minerals, quartz, and carbonates can be seen under the optical microscope. The mineral matter occurs in association with vitrinite and inertinite macerals as syngenetic and epigenetic mineral phases. The irregular pattern of the vitrinite reflectance profile from the top to the bottom of the seam may represent a response in the organic matter to an uneven heat distribution from such hydrothermal influence. Examination of the maceral and vitrinite reflectance characteristics suggest that the mineralogical variation within the coal seam at South Walker Creek may have been controlled by various geological processes, including sediment input into the peat swamp during deposition, mineralogical changes associated with the rank advance process or metamorphism, and/or hydrothermal effects due to post depositional fluid migration through the coal seam.
... Several mineralization studies of the Bowen Basin Permian coals show the great variability of secondary mineral distribution in the seam(s) and throughout the basin [1, 2, 3, 4]. Hot fluid injections and igneous intrusions may account for that variability [3,5] along with the irregular reflectance profiles [6], which indicates an uneven heat distribution that overwrites the effect of burial. Optical microscopy that some minerals, such as clays and carbonates occur in association with particular macerals, but it is difficult to identify more specifically the actual mineral using only optical techniques. ...
... Several mineralization studies of the Bowen Basin Permian coals show the great variability of secondary mineral distribution in the seam(s) and throughout the basin [1,2,3,4]. Hot fluid injections and igneous intrusions may account for that variability [3,5] along with the irregular reflectance profiles [6], which indicates an uneven heat distribution that overwrites the effect of burial. Optical microscopy that some minerals, such as clays and carbonates occur in association with particular macerals, but it is difficult to identify more specifically the actual mineral using only optical techniques. ...
QEMSCAN was used to characterise the mineral matter in coals from the Bowen Basin. In
this study selected samples from cores of different wells distributed through the northern and
central parts of the Bowen Basin were used to assess the mineralogical assemblages of the
coal measures: Rangal Coal Measures (RCM), Fort Cooper Coal Measures (FCCM) and
Moranbah Coal Measures (MCM). The results demonstrated significant differences in the
distribution and type of mineral matter of the coal measures.
In the MCM kaolinite is the main mineral and it appears filling the cell lumens of inertinite
macerals. The strong cleat system of FCCM is filled with calcite and ankerite, which together
with quartz are the major components in this coal measure. On the other hand, in RCM, clay
minerals, such as kaolinite and illite, are predominant and occur distributed through the pores
of the inertinite macerals as well as filling the cleats in association with carbonate minerals.
In this coal measure, especially in the top seam, apatite appears with some persistence.
... Secondary bitumen, showing a dull orange colour in fluorescence mode, also occurs as vein infillings in vitrinite and as cell cavity infillings in inertinite. Glikson et al. (2000) have suggested that the occurrence of such secondary macerals in Bowen Basin coals is associated with localised heat pulses generated by hydrothermal systems; however, given the relatively high rank of the coal at South Walker Creek they may also be associated with the more general processes of rank advance. ...
... The regional pattern of coal rank in the Bowen Basin is discussed by several authors, including Beeston (1986), Mallett et al. (1990), Glikson et al. (2000), Usyal et al. (2000a), andHower andGayer (2002). Coal rank increases from west to east across the basin (Beeston, 1986), with vitrinite reflectance reaching more than 2.0% in the area between Baralaba, 40 km north of Moura, and Yarrabee, 40 km north-east of Blackwater. ...
... The rank increase has been related to increased depth of burial (Beeston, 1986), especially on the eastern (orogen) side of what was then a foreland basin. Glikson et al. (2000) and Usyal et al. (2000a) indicate that the palaeogeothermal gradients in the northern part of the basin, including the South Walker Creek area, are higher than those in the south, and suggest that this is in part due to upward flow of hot fluids along deepseated fracture and fault zones. On the basis of vitrinite reflectance and isotope data, Usyal et al. (2000a) have developed a model suggesting that deep normal faults, which formed in the northern part of the basin as a result of Late Triassic extensional tectonics, provided a mechanism for deep penetration of meteoric waters, allowed exposure of those waters to subsurface heat sources, and initiated a short but significant period of hydrothermal activity. ...
... Normally Rv max would be expected to increase gradually with depth in the borehole sec-tion, or remain relatively consistent with depth within the individual coal seam, which in this case is around 10 m in thickness. Glikson et al. (2000), however, have documented an irregular maturation profile within one seam in the northern Bowen Basin. They suggested that this pattern possibly represented a response in the organic matter to uneven heat distribution as a result of hydrothermal influence. ...
... Although the overall rank of the individual coal seam is relatively high, the irregular reflectance profile may possibly be a result of hydrothermal processes associated with fluid injection superimposed on more uniform burial effects. Glikson et al., (2000) suggested that fluid flow occurred along the fault systems and fracture-enhanced permeability zones in both mudrock and coal, as well as in the silisiclastic rocks of the northern Bowen Basin. The relatively higher value of vitrinite reflectance in the thin coal below the main seam of the borehole 11424 (Figure 6), may indicate a higher temperature due to the different thermal conductivity of the non-coal material above and below the main coal bed. ...
... Exsudatinite, on other hand, is derived from oils or bitumen expelled during the coalification processes. Simoneit (1994) and Glikson et al. (2000), have reported that the occurrence of these secondary macerals can be associated with hydrothermal systems. ...
DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v8i2.156
The Permian coals of the South Walker Creek area, with a vitrinite reflectance (Rvmax) of 1.7 to 1.95% (low-volatile bituminous to semi-anthracite), are one of the highest rank coals currently mined in the Bowen Basin for the pulverized coal injection (PCI) market. Studies of petrology of this coal seam have identified that the maceral composition of the coals are dominated by inertinite with lesser vitrinite, and only minor amounts of liptinite. Clay minerals, quartz, and carbonates can be seen under the optical microscope. The mineral matter occurs in association with vitrinite and inertinite macerals as syngenetic and epigenetic mineral phases. The irregular pattern of the vitrinite reflectance profile from the top to the bottom of the seam may represent a response in the organic matter to an uneven heat distribution from such hydrothermal influence. Examination of the maceral and vitrinite reflectance characteristics suggest that the mineralogical variation within the coal seam at South Walker Creek may have been controlled by various geological processes, including sediment input into the peat swamp during deposition, mineralogical changes associated with the rank advance process or metamorphism, and/or hydrothermal effects due to post depositional fluid migration through the coal seam.
The South Walker Creek coals are moderately to highly developed fracture systems. These fractures can be recognized from the top to the bottom of the seam, with both open and closed apertures. They are filled with several different minerals, occurs either as single-phase infillings (monomineralic), or as mixed mineral deposits (polymineralic). This paper presents scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of mineralogical association within coals fractures or cleats, as well as their origin and phase of development. SEM-EDS analysis indicates that the polymineralic cleats seem to be more common in the coal seam compared to monomineralic cleats. The polymineralic cleat infillings are composed of clay minerals, carbonates, and other minerals, such rutile and apatite, with minor occurrences of diaspore. This polymineralic association within the single cleat spaces represents a multi-phase minerals formation, as a result of different stages of epigenetic activity. The hydrothermal fluid circulation are responsible for this epigenetic process, they are re-opened previous minerals filled cleats and transformed pre-existing mineral within the cleats, and/or to remobilization earlier minerals, which then precipitated in the cleat as epigenetic minerals.
Oil shales provide through their cyclicity excellent scientific knowledge of past climate and environmental conditions throughout geological times. However, they do not present a convincing rationale as a mined resource for energy and oil production. The reasons will be outlined in the following chapter.
This is another aspect of Permian Gondwana coal that is rarely given significant attention in books about coal, although numerous short scientific papers dealt in the past and the present with the subject.
