Fig 4
| Performing logic gate operations optically with a diffractive neural network system. Figure reproduced from ref. 43 , under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Optical computing and optical neural network have gained increasing attention in recent years because of their potential advantages of parallel processing at the speed of light and low power consumption by comparison with electronic computing. The optical implementation of the fundamental building blocks of a digital computer, i.e. logic gates, has...
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... a recent work 43 , a diffractive neural network system has been employed to perform optical logic gate operations, shown in Fig. 4. An input coherent plane light wave is spatially encoded with respect to the intensity distribution according to two input binary values and the type of logic gate operation. Then, the light field propagates forward and is modulated sequentially by several metasurface phase masks placed separately by a certain distance. All the phase ...
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... All-optical logic gates have been attracting widespread attention due to the high-speed computing and lower power consumption, which make them potential applications in the fields of ultrafast information processing and all-optical computing systems (Jiao et al. 2022;Salmanpour et al. 2015). In order to realize all-optical logic gates, many schemes have been proposed, encompassing dielectric waveguides (Rani et al. 2015;Kotb et al. 2023), photonic crystals (PCs) (Hussein et al. 2018a;Caballero et al. 2021;Butt et al. 2021) etc. Particularly, optical logic gates based on PCs have undergone extensive scrutiny owing to their remarkable operational velocity, low power dissipation, and notably uncomplicated structure. ...
... By introducing defects such as line waveguide defect or resonant cavity, the PCs can be used for localization, trapping and flow-manipulation of light over a band of wavelengths (Joannopoulos et al. 2008). All-optical logic gates based on PCs can be realized by several different effects (Jiao et al. 2022) such as the self-collimation effect (Zhang et al. 2007;Christina et al. 2012;Fan et al. 2016), multi-mode interference (Ishizaka et al. 2011;Liu et al. 2013;Tang et al. 2014), resonator structure (Isfahani et al. 2009;Younis et al. 2014;Hussein et al. 2018a;Salimzadeh et al. 2018) etc. In this work, all-optical logic gates utilizing PCs with multi-functional characteristics have been realized and the operation performances have been demonstrated and discussed. ...
In this paper, we have designed and simulated all-optical logic gates with multi-functionalities based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. All-optical logic gates such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR and NAND are designed, simulated and optimized at 1550 nm wavelength. The operations of the proposed logic gates are based on the phenomenon of interference of optical waves and resonance in the cavity and analyzed with performance parameters such as contrast ratio, transmittance ratio and insertion loss. Based on the identical scheme of photonic crystal structure, multi-functionalities can be realized through tuning refractive index induced by applying voltage or manipulating the initial phase of the input optical wave signals. As a result, the proposed all-optical logic gates with multi-functionalities may contribute to the design of advanced photonic integrated devices.
... Some phenomena in polarization holography have been reported [27][28][29]. When polarization holography technology is applied in the generation, transmission, and detection of light fields [30][31][32][33][34], it generally has some unique advantages, such as the propagation direction of reconstructed wave can be designed [35], topological charges that can be arbitrarily [36,37], flexible modification of the size of polarization holograms [35], low experimental cost [38], high sensitivity to the polarization of incident waves during the recording or reconstruction process [39,40], and the ability to combine with spatial multiplexing technology [41,42]. Therefore, in some special cases in the future, the application of polarization holography in the generation, transmission, and detection of light fields may be prioritized over current technologies such as liquid crystal and metasurface [43][44][45]. ...
Based on the tensor polarization holography theory, we propose a simple and convenient method in the recording material, phenanthrenequinone-doped polymethylmethacrylate, to generate beams on higher and hybrid-order Poincaré spheres, and realize their polarization evolution on the spheres by combining the recorded phase with the Pancharatnam–Berry phase. By simultaneously adjusting the polarization azimuth angle and relative phase of the recorded waves, independent phase-shifts can be imparted onto two orthogonal circular polarization states in reconstruction process of polarization holography. The beams on basic Poincaré sphere are transformed into that on arbitrary higher or hybrid-order Poincaré spheres. We get the Poincaré spheres’ type and polarization distribution of the reconstructed wave by interferometry and polarizer, and the results match well with the theoretical predictions.
... The first class of optical computing that is optical analog computing is usually used for optical imaging such as convolution and correlation [21]. In optical analog computing, optical neural networks have been extensively explored in recent years [22]. The second class of optical computing is optical digital computing which is implemented by the logic gates [21]. ...
... The second class of optical computing is optical digital computing which is implemented by the logic gates [21]. A neural network comprising many layers of neurons and a logic circuit consisting of many interconnected individual logic gates have similarities [22]. They both involve linear weighted summation and nonlinear mathematical calculation [22]. ...
... A neural network comprising many layers of neurons and a logic circuit consisting of many interconnected individual logic gates have similarities [22]. They both involve linear weighted summation and nonlinear mathematical calculation [22]. A simple neural network can be exploited to model any type of logic gate or basic logic circuit [22]. ...
Artificial intelligence is a technology for simulating and extending human intelligence and has rapidly altered many aspects of modern society. Optical processors, which compute with photons instead of electrons, can fundamentally accelerate the development of artificial intelligence by offering substantially improved computing performance. Photonic approaches for demonstrating artificial neural networks as one of the most widely used frameworks in artificial intelligence, show extraordinary potential to achieve brain-inspired information processing at the speed of light. Recently, all-optical diffractive deep neural networks have been created that are based on passive structures and can perform complicated functions designed by computer-based neural networks. However, existing passive diffractive deep neural networks are not reconfigurable and once is fabricated, its function is fixed. This work reports an on-chip programmable deep diffractive neural network (OPD²NN), in which the optical neurons are built with Sb2Se3 phase change material, making the network reconfigurable and non-volatile. Using numerical simulations, the performance of the OPD²NN is benchmarked on two machine learning tasks that are learning a multifunctional (AND-OR-NOT) logic gate and classification of images of handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset and the obtained results are validated using FDTD simulations by a commercially available full-wave electromagnetic solver. Both numerical and FDTD simulations indicate that a five-hidden-layer OPD²NN with a footprint of 30μmx150μm can appropriately handle (AND-OR-NOT) logic functions. For handwritten digits (0-1-2-3) classification, a three-hidden-layer OPD²NN with a footprint of 60μmx105μm can achieve numerical testing accuracy of 91.5% on the test dataset and the FDTD verification results show 73% matching with numerical testing results.
... Logic gates make decisions based on a combination of inputs fed into it, with both inputs and outputs in the form of Boolean signals 29 . The Boolean operations are performed using light in optical logic gates 30 . A reconfigurable MEMS Fano resonant metasurface has been demonstrated that performs terahertz logic gate operations with electrical inputs exhibiting XOR and XNOR operations at far field, and NAND operation in the near-field 31 . ...
The applications of terahertz metamaterials are being actively explored in recent times for applications in high-speed communication devices, miniature photonic circuits, and bio-chemical devices because of their wide advantages. The toroidal resonance, a new type of metasurface resonance, has been examined with great interest to utilize its properties in terahertz metasurface applications. This study reports a proof of concept design of a toroidal metasurface that experimentally demonstrates binary computing operations in the terahertz frequency regime. The analog computing of binary operations is achieved by the passive tuning of distance between the split ring resonators comprising the meta-molecule. The amplitude modulation is utilized as a method of determining the Boolean logic outputs of the system. The proposed metasurface could be further optimized for high amplitude modulations and active logic gate operations using tunable materials including graphene and ITO. The proposed metasurface consists of three split-ring resonators, and the near-field coupling between the adjacent resonators dictates the Boolean operations. A multipole analysis of the scattered powers of terahertz radiation determines the toroidal excitation in the metasurface. The proposed metasurfaces experimentally define AND Boolean logic operation at 0.89 terahertz, and OR Boolean logic operation at 0.97 terahertz. Numerical simulations support the experimentally obtained results. Additionally, we numerically report the excitation of NAND operation at 0.87 THz. Such toroidal analog computing metasurfaces could find applications in digitized terahertz circuits and integrated photonic devices.
... Optical computing also needs logic gates to perform computations and design communications systems. For example, XOR gate for high speed data encryption, error correction, and signal processing (Lin et al. 2021), OR gate for intricate handling of optical signals within optical processors and high-speed parallel information processing (Jiao et al. 2022), and so on. By harnessing the potential of photonic logic gates, researchers are propelling advancement towards ultra-fast, energy-efficient, and data-intensive technologies, with the potential to reshape various fields, spanning from artificial intelligence to state-of-the-art telecommunications (Rao et al. 2020). ...
In this paper, we propose a single photonic crystal structure to implement NOT/XOR/OR optical logic gates using interference phenomenon. The gates are designed as T-shaped waveguides. The filter rods used in the design enhance the contrast ratio by up to 82.25 dB compared with the existing designs reported in the literature so far, and provides a maximum bit rate of 1.567Tbps with a response time of 0.63 ps. The proposed design exhibits minimum power loss, and performance parameters are enhanced compared to existing reported works. Photonic logic gates emerged as a potential substitute for their traditional electronic counterparts due to quick speed, low power consumption, and compatibility with current optical communication networks. The size of the proposed device is 144 μm², can be used for future optical computing and communications.
... All-optical logic gates employ light signals to execute logical operations, such as AND, OR, NOT, etc., and are essential components for optical communication, optical signal processing, optical computing, and optical encryption [1]. All-optical logic gates have lower power consumption and faster speed than traditional electronic logic gates because they do not suffer from thermal limitations. ...
We proposed an inverse-designed compact half adder on a silicon-on-insulator platform with a footprint of ${2}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m} \times {2}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}$ 2 µ m × 2 µ m . The optical power of SUM and CARRY is controlled by different input combinations, according to the truth table of a half adder. Topology optimization is applied to cope with multiple objective functions in such a combinational logic circuit. The transmittance at 1550 nm for CARRY with 11 input is 170.2%, with extinction ratios (ERs) of 27.1 and 5.8 dB for SUM and CARRY, respectively. The SUM and CARRY outputs have ERs over 22.0 dB and 5.7 dB from 1515 nm to 1600 nm. Phase condition and morphology analysis show that the device has high tolerance on phase fluctuation and fabrication. The proposed device with compact footprint, low insertion loss, and large bandwidth presents a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach to achieve all-optical combinational logic circuits with inverse design.
... 4 Various strategies for all-optical logic gates have been demonstrated to improve the performance of digital optical computing. 5,6 Based on the fundamental operation principles, the intensity, wavelength, and polarization of light have been mainly employed to construct different logic gates with different schemes, such as spatial light modulating elements, 7,8 highly nonlinear fibers, [9][10][11] semiconductor optical amplifiers, 12,13 photonic crystal waveguides, [14][15][16] nanowire waveguides, [17][18][19][20] plasmonic waveguides/cavities, [21][22][23] and microring resonators. [24][25][26][27] As an intrinsic trait of a light field, chirality [e.g., defined by lefthanded (r À ) and right-handed (r þ ) circularly polarized light] in optics plays a key role both in fundamental light science 28 and advanced quantum photonic applications. ...
In this Perspective, we summarize the current state-of-the-art and the challenges of optical chirality logic computing. We discuss the prospects of its applications in integrated photonics, quantum technologies, and other multifunctional optoelectronics for ultrafast data processing.
... Here, we offer a different perspective about the foundation of human-like brains. As shown in Figure 6., logical gates [Jiao et al (2022)] could be readily constructed from neurons of biological brains such as human beings' brains. ...
Teachability has been extensively studied under the context of making industrial robots to be programmable and reprogrammable. However, it is only recently that the artificial intelligence (AI) research community is accelerating the research works with the objective of making humanoid robots and many other robots to be teachable under the context of using natural languages. We human beings spend many years to learn knowledge and skills despite our extraordinary mental capabilities of being teachable with the use of natural languages. Therefore, if we would like to develop human-like robots such as humanoid robots, it is inevitable for us to face the issue of making future humanoid robots to be teachable with the use of natural languages as well. In this paper, we present the key details of a top-down design for achieving a teachable mind which consists of two major processes: the first one is the process which enables humanoid robots to gain innate mental capabilities of transforming incoming signals into meaningful crisp data, and the second one is the process which enables humanoid robots to gain innate mental capabilities of undertaking incremental and deep learning with the main focus of associating conceptual labels in a natural language to meaningful crisp data. These two processes consist of the two necessary and sufficient conditions for future humanoid robots to be teachable with the use of natural languages. In addition, this paper outlines a very likely new finding underlying human brain’s neural systems as well as the obvious mathematics underlying artificial deep neural networks. These outlines provide us the strong reason to separate the study of mind from the study of brain. Hopefully, the content discussed in this paper will help the AI research community to venture into the right direction which is to make future humanoid robots, non-humanoid robots, and many other systems to achieve human-like self-intelligence at cognitive level with the use of natural languages.
... Photonic technology has undergone a boost in the last couple of decades and has come forward to replace electronic technology in various applications due to its power efficiency and ability to operate in Terahertz (THz) frequency ranges. Specifically, the optical integrated components such as switches [1], modulators [2], multiplexers [3], logic gates [4,5], and filters [6], which play an essential role in an optical integrated circuit, have become the center of research nowadays. Researchers are busy digging down the architecture and topology of photonic integrated circuits (PICs), keeping in view the process-related complexity, performance, and fabrication as a whole. ...
Optical switching is an essential part of photonic integrated circuits and the focus of research at the moment. In this research, an optical switch design working on the phenomenon of guided-mode resonances in a 3D photonic-crystal-based structure is reported. The optical-switching mechanism is studied in a dielectric slab-waveguide-based structure operating in the near-infrared range in a telecom window of 1.55 µm. The mechanism is investigated via the interference of two signals, i.e., the data signal and the control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical structure and filtered utilizing guided-mode resonance, whereas the control signal is index-guided in the optical structure. The amplification or de-amplification of the data signal is controlled by tuning the spectral properties of the optical sources and structural parameters of the device. The parameters are optimized first using a single-cell model with periodic boundary conditions and later in a finite 3D-FDTD model of the device. The numerical design is computed in an open-source Finite Difference Time Domain simulation platform. Optical amplification in the range of 13.75% is achieved in the data signal with a decrease in the linewidth up to 0.0079 µm, achieving a quality factor of 114.58. The proposed device presents great potential in the field of photonic integrated circuits, biomedical technology, and programmable photonics.
... Some research has focused on the development and optimization of PC logic gates. Several of these works are based on nonlinear optical effects [26], the self-collimation effect [27], multi-mode interferometers [28], PC ring resonators (RR) [29], and the Y-shaped PC waveguide [30]. To the best of our knowledge, no optical half-adder (HA), constructed ...
In this paper, a novel design of an all-optical half-adder (HA) based on two two-ring resonators in a two-dimensional square-lattice photonic crystal (PC) structure without nonlinear materials is proposed. The all-optical HA comprises AND and XOR gates where each gate is composed of cross-shaped waveguides and two-ring resonators in a 2D square-lattice PC that are filled with silicon (Si) rods in silica (SiO2). The AND and XOR gates are analyzed and simulated using plane-wave expansion (PWE) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods. Simulation results show that light guiding inside the device functions as AND and XOR gates. Thus, the proposed device has the potential for use in optical arithmetic logic units for digital computing circuits. The structure comprises an optical AND gate and an optical XOR gate that were designed to work at the C-band spectrum. Results show that there is a clear distinction between logic states 1 and 0 with a narrow power range that leads to a better robust decision on the receiver side for minimized logic errors in the photonic decision circuit. Thus, the proposed HA can be a key component for designing a photonic arithmetic logic unit.
