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Percentage yield of different extracts of Premna latifolia Solvent used for extraction Percentage yield of Premna latifolia (PLB) Percentage yield of Premna latifolia (PLL)
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Traditional medicine employing a plant-based system of treatment forms an important part of human medicine system. The most common reason for utilizing traditional medicine is its non-toxic nature, closely resembles the patient ideology and allays concerns about the adverse effects of chemical medicines, satisfies the desire for more personalized h...
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... percentage yield of methanol, ethanol, hexane and chloroform extracts of Premna latifolia is presented in Table 1. Extraction is a process that aims to extract certain components present in the plant. ...Context 2
... extracts obtained with various solvents (methanol, ethanol, hexane, and chloroform) were weighed and their percentage yield was calculated [20] . The yields of soluble substances, expressed as in percentage in leaves and bark of Premna latifolia are closely dependent on the solvents, as shown in Table 1. ...Similar publications
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... The major role of antioxidants is to function as a defence mechanism by removing the free radicals that are known to have destructive effects. It also can prevent oxidative stress as well as repair the molecules that are damaged; therefore, it is also known as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (Ruwali et al., 2019). Free radicals may exist internally in cells and tissues through inflammation or disease. ...
... To ensure adequate extraction, the herb-to-solvent ratio was maintained at 1:10. Using intermittent agitation, the plant material was extracted by cold maceration for 72 h with the appropriate solvent (Ahuja et al., 2011;Ruwali and Negi, 2019). After incubation, the contents were subjected to filtration using Whatman Filter Paper 1 to obtain a clear filtrate. ...
... Carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, glycosides, triterpenes, tannins, and saponins [55] Treat beri beri, vaginal discomfort, diarrhea, liver problems, and snake bites, cough, dyspepsia, and haemorrhoids [55] Antidiabetic [56] Methods: Measurements of a number of changes, including fluctuations in body weight and blood sugar, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Findings: P. latifolia normalizes the pancreatic and hepatic enzyme levels in diabetic rats, which in turn normalizes the blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profile. ...
... Carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, glycosides, triterpenes, tannins, and saponins [55] Treat beri beri, vaginal discomfort, diarrhea, liver problems, and snake bites, cough, dyspepsia, and haemorrhoids [55] Antidiabetic [56] Methods: Measurements of a number of changes, including fluctuations in body weight and blood sugar, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Findings: P. latifolia normalizes the pancreatic and hepatic enzyme levels in diabetic rats, which in turn normalizes the blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profile. ...
Epidemiological data today show an increase in immune diseases; hence increasing awareness to maintain and increase the body's immunity is essential. Immunomodulators are substances that improve the human immune system by stimulating, inhibiting, or regulating components in the immune system. Plants produce secondary metabolites which provide beneficial effects on human health, including immunomodulatory properties. Natural immunomodulators can be used to minimize side effects and toxicity compared to synthetic materials because using synthetic immunomodulators may result undesirable side effects, such as pulmonary toxicity, myelosuppression, alopecia, and nephrotoxicity. Besides that, using plants as medicine is safer to use, more effective against a wide spectrum of pathogens, and relatively cheaper than synthetic medicine. Some of the medicinal plants which have immunomodulatory properties belong to the genus Premna from Lamiaceae. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids supported the pharmacological effect of Premna sp. as immunomodulatory agent. The present work reviews some species in genus Premna, which were the subject of literature search based on major scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Science Direct, Scopus, Mendeley, and Google Scholar. This review presents a series of selected plants from genus Premna sp. including their chemical and pharmacological properties as well as immunomodulatory potential.
... Figure 2 also revealed that kombucha from buasbuas (Premna pubescens Blume) leave has the highest phenolic content (926.19 µg/ml GAE) compared to others leaves during 8 day fermentation. According to Uppin et al., (2017), buasbuas have high phenolic content, contributing to antioxidant activity.The previous study conducted by (Ruwali et al., 2019) revealed that in buasbuas leaves present of phytochemical compound such asphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. These phytochemical compounds have physiological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiallergenic (Muñoz et al., 2017). ...
Kombucha has been well-known as functional food in Asia. Regular kombucha is produced using Camellia sinensis tea leaves. However, kombucha can also be produced from other substrates. This study aimed to investigate characteristics of kombucha from various herbal tea by determine flavonoid, phenolic and antioxidant content as well as sensory profile. This study was conducted using Randomized Block Design with one factor and two duplicates of each treatment. Based on 8 days of fermentation, buasbuas (Premna pubescens Blume) has the highest phenolic content (926.19 µg/ml GAE), flavonoid content (391.81 µg/ml), and antioxidant activity IC50 values were 18.16 µg/ml. Based on the sensory evaluation, panelists preferred indian jujube, buas buas, moringa, regular tea, and fig for aroma, while for taste panelist preferred indian jujube, ambarella, and breadfruit. While based on color, they preferred tea.
... Flavonoids belong to the class of polyphenolic compounds, that have an extensive range of pharmaceutical properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-hepatotoxic, anticancer, and anti-viral properties. Naturally, flavonoids are produced in all plant parts and have positive applications on human health (Ruwali and Negi, 2019). IRM has the highest flavonoid content (85.69mg ...
Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth (IR) is one of the ethnomedicinal important plants of Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan. The present study aims to evaluate the micro-morphological features, phytochemical screening, and pharmacological potential of IR. SEM and LM were used as an identification tool. Five different solvents were used to prepare IR extracts. Phytochemical and antioxidant activities were determined calorimetrically. To investigate antidiabetic, α-amylase inhibition assay was adopted. Cytotoxicity was tested using a brine shrimp assay. Anti-leishmanial via MTT assay. Disc-diffusion assay was used for protein kinase inhibitory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Pollen was of monad, hexacolporate, and circular shape. Lophate sculpturing with outer exine pattern elevated on the rides. Seeds were oblong-ovate, small projected with smooth-rough, variously ridges/wrinkled sculpturing. Epidermis cells were irregular in shape with a slightly straight anticlinal wall. Stomata with diacytic, and unicellular glandular trichome were observed. The extracts were rich in phytochemicals, the maximum amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents was found in methanol extract (IRM) 89.76mg GAE/gm and 85.69mg QE/gm. All the extracts show substantial antioxidant activity but highest in IRM (DPPH IC50 44.51 µg/ml, total antioxidant capacity 93.60 mg AAE/g, and total reduction power of 93.44 mg AAE/g). Potential antibacterial and antifungal activities were reported for IRM. Significant protein kinase, alpha-amylase inhibition, and cytotoxic activity were revealed. Dose-dependent cytotoxic activity was exposed against Leishmania tropica (LC50 11.16 μg/mL). In conclusion, I. rugosus extracts have shown potential biological applications and should be subjected to further research work to develop further biomedical applications.
... Recently the use of plant products instead of chemical materials is one of the most important needs of modern civilization in terms of human health (Mirzaei et al., 2020;Ruwali and Negi, 2019). Sour Tea (Hibiscus Sabdarifa), which is belonging to the Mallow (Malva) family, is widely cultivated in tropical and semi-arid regions (Mohamed et al., 2012). ...
In order to investigate the effect of magnesium oxide (MgO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) on physiological traits and the yield of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in 2018. MgO and Fe2O3 were used in concentrations of 0.01% and 0.03% as foliar application. The results showed NPS improved chlorophyll (Chl) content and index. The highest total chlorophyll was obtained in plants treated with 0.01% of MgO and 0.0.3% of Fe2O3. Catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities significantly increased with NPs, in which all combined concentrations of NPs had greater enzymes activities compared to control. The seed weight in plants treated with 0.03% of MgO and 0.01% of Fe2O3 was higher compared to non-NPs treatment. The highest mucilage yield was found at 0.01% of MgO and 0.03% of Fe2O3. Total flavonoid content (TFC) in plants treated with 0.01% of MgO and 0.01% of Fe2O3 was higher than other experimental treatments. The treatment including 0.01% of MgO and non Fe2O3 had lower anthocyanin content compared to other combined levels of NPs. Carotenoid increased with medium concentrations of NPs, but decreased with high level of NPs (0.03%). Protein concentration at all combinations of 0.1% and 0.3% NPs was higher than other experimental treatments. According tour results, we suggest the use of 0.01% of MgO and 0.03% of Fe2O3 for improving the physiological properties of sour tea.
... Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in all the plant extracts. Similar observations have also been reported by other workers (Gul et al., 2017, Wu et al., 2017and Ruwali & Negi, 2019. The maximum amount of TFC (192.87 mg QE/g) and also the TPC (121.34 mg GAE/g) was shown by the methanolic extract. ...
The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization with plant products being the main source of drugs. Plants are thus rich storehouse of bioactive compounds which contributes significantly to human health and wellbeing. Therefore, there is always an urgent need to investigate more and more plants for their beneficial properties. The present investigation was planned to assess the phytoconstituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of plant extracts of V. cinerea prepared in methanol, acetone, and chloroform and petroleum ether. The antimicrobial potential of the extracts was evaluated against six bacterial and four fungal strains by disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined. All the plant extracts except petroleum ether extract inhibited the growth of bacterial and fungal strain; the MICs of methanolic extract were found to be the least. Antioxidant potential of the plant extracts was evaluated by both enzymatic assays (Catalase, Glutathione S-transferase, and Superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic assays (DPPH, ABTS). The lowest IC 50 value was exhibited by methanolic extract followed by acetonic extract. The activity levels of antioxidant enzymes of the plant extracts were found to be satisfactory. The antimicrobial potential of the plant extracts was found to be positively correlated with the total phenolic and flavonoid content. Ten phytoconstituents in methanolic extract, six each in acetonic and chloroform extracts, while maximum of twelve compounds were predominantly identified in the petroleum ether extract by GCMS. Some of these compounds are known to possess antimicrobial properties.
Plants are rich in phytochemicals and they use them for their basic processes including growth and development. Besides playing pivotal roles in the plants, phytochemicals also have different biological activities such as antiviral, antitumour, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Many of the plant-based compounds have shown health-promoting activities. Medicinal plants are still used in various countries for primary health-care purposes due to their bioactivities. Scientists have tried to isolate the active compounds from the plants which have medicinal properties during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Secondary metabolites including alkaloid, saponins, lignans and terpenes are produced through numerous biosynthetic pathways, including shikimate, malonyl-CoA, mevalonate and pentose phosphate pathways. Among the angiosperms, it has been reported that Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae are the major plant families rich in phytochemicals. Due to their huge medicinal importance, researchers are now attempting to obtain plant-derived bioactive compounds in higher amounts for their usage in nutraceuticals and medicinal industries. This book chapter includes information about phytochemical extraction, biosynthesis and their biological activities in some important plant families including Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae and Lauraceae.
Pedicularis groenlandica is one of the most important medicinal plant of Deosai Plateau (Gilgit-Baltistan) Pakistan. The present study was aim to evaluate the micromorphological features, phytochemical screening and pharmacological potential of P. groenlandica by using multiple microscopic techniques. Six different solvents were used to prepare P. groenlandica extracts. Phytochemical and antioxidant activities were determined calorimetrically. To investigate antidiabetic, α-amylase inhibition assay was performed. Cytotoxicity was tested using brine shrimp assay. Anti-leishmanial via MTT assay. Disc-diffusion assay was used for protein kinase inhibitory, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Palyno-anatomical study showed significant variation for the authentication and correct identification of this highly
therapeutic plant by using light and scanning electron microscopic techniques. All extracts were found rich in phytochemicals, significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in methanol extract (PGM) 95.78 mg GAE/g and 66.90 mg QE/g. Highest DPPH scavenging potential with IC50 88.65 μg/mL, total antioxidant capacity (60.33 mg AAE/g sample) and total reducing power (83.97 mg
AAE/g) were found for PGM. Disc-diffusion method showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Noticeable growth inhibition in L. tropica was displayed by n-hexane extract (IC50 112 μg/mL). Brine shrimp with highest LD50 (67.65 μg/mL) in ethyl-acetate extract. Ethanol extract gives persuasive protein kinase inhibition (26 mm) against Streptomyces 85-E hyphae. Highest alphaamylase inhibition (74.10%) was found in n-hexane extract. In conclusion, our findings scientifically support the ethno-medicinal and biological potential of P. groenlandica. In future, the plant needs to be explored for further identification and isolation of bioactive compounds to develop new drugs to treat several aliments.
