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Percentage of visits of hummingbird species on each of 13 flowering species in the Prosa State Park. Hum- mingbirds species: Af = Amazilia fimbriata, An m = Anthracothorax nigricollis, An f = Anthracothorax nigricollis, Ca m = Chlorostilbon lucidus, Ca f = C.lucidus, Em = Eupetomena macroura, Hc = Hylocharis chrysura, Ff = Florisuga fusca, Tf m = Thalurania furcata, Tf f = Thalurania furcata and Sp = unidentified species.
Source publication
The temporal and spatial resource use among hummingbirds was studied over 13 months in an urban forest remnant (Prosa State Park: PSP) in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Hummingbird visitation was recorded at three ornithophilous and eleven non-ornithophilous species. Flower density was roughly constant during the study period, with the d...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... only plant species that received illegitimate hummingbird visits was C. pubescens whose flowers were visited by females of C. lucidus using holes probably made by insects in the base of the corolla. Hylocharis chrysura was the main visitor of the studied community, visiting 71.4% of plant species recorded as visited by hummingbirds ( Table 3). ...
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... In PNMEGR, tree species were those that attracted the highest richness of hummingbirds, agreeing with other studies in urban areas which have shown that plants (mainly trees) with massive flowering represent important resources for hummingbirds in cities, regardless of their pollination syndromes or origin (native or non- Pimenta et al. 2021;Marín-Gómez et al. 2022). This is also consistent with the observation that none of the plant species visited by hummingbirds in the study area are adapted to pollination by these birds, indicating high plasticity in the use of resources by hummingbirds, as previously reported in other natural and anthropized environments (Machado et al. 2007;Machado 2009Machado , 2014Rodrigues & Araujo 2011;Araújo et al. 2013). Delonix regia, the only species with ornithophilous characteristics visited in the area, has an African origin and is adapted to pollination by Old World birds (Puy et al. 1995). ...
... This hummingbird is considered to be tolerant to changes in the landscape and was also recorded as the main visitor in an urban area in the Pantanal (Vitorino et al. 2021), in natural communities in the Cerrado (Ferreira et al. 2016) and in an area of 'restinga' vegetation, an environment of the Atlantic Forest domain considered to be of low structural complexity (Fonseca et al. 2015). Chionomesa fimbriata was dominant in most agonistic interactions observed, including those with E. macroura, a dominant species in several environments owing to its larger body size (Rodrigues & Araujo 2011;Justino et al. 2012). This large hummingbird was also subordinated to A. nigricollis in the study site. ...
... This large hummingbird was also subordinated to A. nigricollis in the study site. The occasional occurrence of E. macroura and its few interactions characterized as dominant may indicate that the energy reward available in the area could not supply the demand of the species (Justino et al. 2012), likely providing the impetus to direct its search for resources in other areas (Rodrigues & Araujo 2011;Justino et al. 2012;Araújo et al. 2013). Since the defense of territories often triggers agonistic interactions, it is regulated by the supply of resources and varies according to the energy needs of each hummingbird (Justino et al. 2012). ...
The maintenance of green areas within cities is essential for promoting urban biodiversity and pecies interactions. Here, we evaluated the interactions between hummingbirds and their visited plants over the course of a year in an urban park in Barreiras, western Bahia, Brazil. Each month, from October 2018 to September 2019, we recorded hummingbird species, the plants they visit, and their agonistic interactions. We recorded 748 legitimate visits by six hummingbirds to five plant species. Most plant species (60%) flowered continuously, and most visits were recorded in the rainy season when the network was also more specialized (H2' = 0.821). Chionomesa fimbriata was the only hummingbird recorded during all studied months. This species performed 70% of all visits recorded and was involved in most agonistic interactions (n = 68). The availability of resources affected the number of visits (p = 0.016). Tree species producing many flowers increased hummingbird diversity and concentrated most of the agonistic interactions. Plant species with continuous flowering represented a persistent supply of resources, favoring the residence of C. fimbriata within the study site. Despite the low diversity of resources, the richness of hummingbirds recorded attests to the importance of maintaining green spaces in cities to
promote urban biodiversity.
... Urbanization drastically modifies the environment, increasingly contributing to loss of habitats and to biotic homogenization (Fournier et al., 2020;McKinney, 2006). In this context, urban green spaces that consist of either natural remnants or artificial environments become important refuges for animals and plants, supporting various ecological relationships including mutualistic ones, such as pollination (Aronson et al., 2017;Rodrigues and Araujo, 2011;Salazar-Rivera et al., 2020). Biotic pollination is a major ecosystem service performed by different groups of animals, including nectarivorous birds such as hummingbirds that play an important role as pollinators of many New World plants (Dalsgaard et al., 2021;Michel et al., 2020;Rodríguez-Flores et al., 2019). ...
Urban green spaces may function as habitats for pollinators. However, it is poorly understood how distinct ecological drivers determine the interactions between pollinator and plants in urban communities, and how pollinator-friendly plants may be selected based on these determinants. Here, we describe an urban hummingbird-plant interaction network in Brazil and evaluate the ecological determinants of pairwise interactions (abundance, morphology, and phenology). Moreover, we used a modeling framework to simulate species removal from the networks while allowing for rewiring of interactions, to contrast the importance of native and exotic plants for the network robustness. The studied network showed low specialization and modularity, with one short-billed hummingbird species, Glittering-throated Emerald (Chionomesa fimbriata), dominating the recorded interactions. Phenological overlap was the main determinant of pairwise interaction frequency between hummingbirds and plants. Because morphological matching did not impose strong constraints in the network, simulation models including rewiring based on morphology conferred high robustness after species removal. Furthermore, as exotic plants were only a minor component in the studied network, their removal did not greatly affect network robustness. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering phenology when planning urban greening for conservation of pollinators. Additionally, we illustrate an analytical procedure that can be applied to quantitatively assess the importance of distinct species/groups for urban interaction networks.
... Los recursos florales, en particular el néctar y el polen, se consideran una fuente de alimento para las especies de colibríes (Arizmendi y Ornelas, 1990;Wcislo y Cane, 1996). Estos dependen del néctar para abastecer la mayoría de sus requerimientos energéticos y a la vez este gremio está adaptado, según su morfología, fisiología y conducta, para visitar flores en busca de este recurso (Diamond et al., 1986;Rodrigues y Araujo, 2011). ...
Antecedentes y Objetivos:
Amazilia luciae, conocido como Colibrí Esmeralda Hondureño, es un ave endémica de Honduras cuyo hábitat se ha visto amenazado por actividades antrópicas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron contribuir al conocimiento de las especies vegetales que componen el recurso floral anual de A. luciae en el bosque seco tropical (BST) del Valle de Agalta, Honduras, y estimar la riqueza de especies con el número de unidades y coberturas de muestreo.
Métodos:
Se utilizaron las notas de campo de muestreos sistemáticos de aves que fueron ejecutados por un año en 35 sitios en el BST del Valle de Agalta, Honduras. Los tipos de muestreo fueron el conteo por punto y la búsqueda de área. Se construyó una lista de especies vegetales visitadas por A. luciae basada en los muestreos sistemáticos y se complementó con observaciones incidentales. Seguidamente se usaron curvas de rarefacción para estimar la riqueza de especies de plantas visitadas por A. luciae y la cobertura de cada muestreo. Se calcularon las frecuencias relativas para las plantas visitadas durante septiembre-diciembre 2014, marzo-abril 2015 y junio-julio 2015. Se recolectaron muestras botánicas y se determinaron en el Herbario TEFH. Finalmente se examinó si A. luciae utilizó recursos florales de especies vegetales de importancia para la conservación del BST.
Resultados clave:
Se registraron 26 especies de plantas, de las cuales ocho presentaron la mayor frecuencia de visitas por parte de A. luciae: Opuntia hondurensis (más utilizada durante la mayor parte del año), Salvia coccinea, Combretum fruticosum, Aechmea bracteata, Bromelia plumieri, Tillandsia fasciculata, T. balbisiana y Pilosocereus leucocephalus.
Conclusiones:
Se contribuyó al conocimiento de la historia natural de A. luciae, determinando las especies vegetales utilizadas como recurso floral en el BST del Valle de Agalta. Asimismo, se establece una base para estudios sobre la interacción ecológica de A. luciae en este ecosistema.
... Many species of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) act as habitat generalists throughout the Americas (Arizmendi & Ornelas, 1990;Feinsinger, 1976) and can be frequently found in forest edges, secondary vegetation, or open areas with abundant flower resources as well as in urban forests, parks, and gardens (Rodrigues & Araujo, 2011;Toledo & Moreira, 2008). However, few studies have examined plant-hummingbird interaction networks in human-modified habitats (Maruyama et al., 2019;Mendonc¸a & Dos Anjos, 2003), and rarely have these studies compared these interaction networks to those of nearby conserved sites. ...
Background
Despite the increasing knowledge of plant-pollinator interaction networks, the effects of human-induced disturbances on them have barely been studied. We analyzed whether land-use changes modified the structure and topology of plant-hummingbird interaction networks or promoted the integration of exotic plant species.
Methods
Fieldwork was carried out in two vegetation areas in Mexico: a protected tropical dry forest and nearby disturbed sites. For two years we registered hummingbird-plant interactions monthly in each area. Then, we constructed interaction matrices from these data and compared their assemblage structure.
Results
The conversion of original dry forest to disturbed habitats impacted some assemblage attributes of the plant-hummingbird network. In the disturbed sites, there were more plant species, mainly exotics, and one additional hummingbird species. Most network attributes remained the same except niche width and nestedness (pattern of interactions where generalists and specialists tend to interact with generalists whereas specialist-to-specialist interactions are infrequent), which were higher in the disturbed network. The generalist core in the disturbed network contained half of the core species in the conserved network. Implications for conservation Exotic plants that strongly integrated into the disturbed network may exert a large influence on network dynamics in these areas. Identifying the interacting species and their role provides valuable insights for their conservation and protection. Hummingbirds attracting native plant species have a potential for practical or ornamental use, and hummingbirds presence in human-modified landscapes not only provides positive aesthetic value to people but can additionally contribute to conserving native plants and the biodiversity associated with them.
... Studies indicate that urbanization has drastic effects on the ecology of hummingbirds, for instance by promoting range expansion and changes in migration dynamics for Northern hemisphere species (Greig et al., 2017). Few other studies consider their interaction with nectar plants at the community scale, mostly in remnants of native vegetation surrounded by an urban matrix (Matias et al., 2016;Mendonça and Anjos, 2005;Rodrigues and Araujo, 2011). Thus, we lack more comprehensive studies investigating the community structure of hummingbirds in urban areas, contrasting their organization between urban and natural areas, and considering distinct communities simultaneously. ...
... The network-hubs Vriesea procera (c) and Inga vera (d). Photo credits Ivan Sazima (a, b), Licl eia C. Rodrigues (c), Andr ea C. Araujo (d)Araujo, 2011), often in periods of scarcity of the latter(Araujo & Sazima, 2003). On the other hand, Atlantic forest sites, characterized by a less seasonal climate, both in terms of temperature and rainfall, may offer a more constant array of floral sources and, in general, include plants more specialized for hummingbird pollination(Buzato, Sazima, & Sazima, 2000;Vizentin-Bugoni, Maruyama, & Sazima, 2014). ...
Aim: We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on
module composition in a cross-biomes plant–hummingbird network.
Location: Brazil, except Amazonian region.
Methods: We compiled 31 local binary plant–hummingbird networks, combining
them into one cross-biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and
tested the relationship between species’ module membership with traits, geographical
location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models.
We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial,
phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained
by these sets into unique and shared components.
Results: The Brazilian cross-biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42
hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules
conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed
between modules, notably plants’ growth form, corolla length, flower shape
and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions,
whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds
were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread
plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration
had a weak effect on among-module connectivity.
Main conclusions: Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module
composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality,
especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal-linked contingency, or environmental
variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated,
could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits
had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species
showed higher within- and/or among-module connectivity, indicating their key role
connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes.
Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation
of modularity in local plant–animal networks, as previously shown, but also affect
the cross-biomes network structure.
... Bird-plant interaction studies have been increasingly present in the urban ecology literature from Latin America, focused both in 'green ' and 'gray' areas (Chap. 5), with an important bias toward nectar and fruit consumption (Gómez-Aíza and Zuria 2010;Leveau and Leveau 2011;Rodrigues and Araujo 2011;Maruyama et al. 2012;Andrade et al. 2013;Ferreira and Consolaro 2013;Santos and Ragusa-Netto 2014). One pioneer study evaluated the relationship between the spectral properties of flowers and their visitors in northeastern São Paulo (Toledo and Donatelli 2010), finding more visitor species in those flowers with long wavelengths, although further studies are needed to fully understand the complex network of interactions in which nectar-flowering plants, birds, and other wildlife groups are implied. ...
Following a massive migration toward cities, more than half of the total human population is now urban. Given the unbalanced metabolism of urban systems, urbanization has been recognized to be a major ecological driver with worrisome consequences at different spatial and temporal scales. Such an environmental issue has drawn the attention of ecologists from across the globe since the late 1990s, when urban ecology consolidated as a discipline. Although urban ecology has developed importantly in the last three decades, our comprehension of the effects of urbanization on wildlife communities is heavily biased toward developed countries, most of which are located in temperate regions. Woefully, there is a dearth of knowledge from highly biodiverse areas with increasing urbanization rates and major urban agglomerations. Latin America is not an exception, with most of its population in rapidly growing urban centers. Given that the region concentrates important biodiverse areas in a scenario of considerable economic and social disparity, understanding the effects that urbanization has on wildlife species is of special concern. Even though ecological studies performed in urban Latin America started in the 1970s, urban ecology in the region is still in the process of consolidation, with birds being the most studied group. Several ecological patterns hold in urban Latin America when contrasted with those from other regions; yet, important differences have been identified, making evident the need to understand the response of wildlife species in the region. In this book, we gathered regional experts to set the state-of-the-art of bird studies in urban Latin America. Starting with an updated review, the book transits across topics such as urban bird species richness, composition, abundance, demography, population dynamics, behavior, threats, and conservation, as well as their relationships with ‘green’ and ‘gray’ infrastructures. After reviewing the specific topics with information from across the globe, each chapter contrasts the global findings with those from Latin America, identifying knowledge gaps and research needs to suggest future directions. The gathered information sets the foundation for the study of birds in urban Latin America, hopefully promoting the consolidation of the field in the region and encouraging future mechanistic studies that untangle the recorded patterns to have the required information to bridge the gap between evidence-based knowledge and practice in urban systems.
... Bird-plant interaction studies have been increasingly present in the urban ecology literature from Latin America, focused both in 'green ' and 'gray' areas (Chap. 5), with an important bias toward nectar and fruit consumption (Gómez-Aíza and Zuria 2010;Leveau and Leveau 2011;Rodrigues and Araujo 2011;Maruyama et al. 2012;Andrade et al. 2013;Ferreira and Consolaro 2013;Santos and Ragusa-Netto 2014). One pioneer study evaluated the relationship between the spectral properties of flowers and their visitors in northeastern São Paulo (Toledo and Donatelli 2010), finding more visitor species in those flowers with long wavelengths, although further studies are needed to fully understand the complex network of interactions in which nectar-flowering plants, birds, and other wildlife groups are implied. ...
Among human activities, urbanization represents one of the most worrisome for biodiversity due to the intensity and long-term effects in the place where a city develops, as well as their indirect effect in its area of influence. Birds are one of the most studied groups to assess the impacts that urbanization has on biodiversity, but there is a lag in the knowledge of highly biodiverse regions like Latin America. This region is the most diverse in avian species, but at the same time is one of the most affected by poverty, social inequality, and population growth, representing a priority for studying urban bird responses to urbanization. In this chapter, we compare results of studies of urban birds in Latin American cities published in recent years with an earlier regional review. We found more than one-third of publications in the last six years than in the previous 35 years; however, there is still a bias in the knowledge toward most populated countries, while urban Central America remains understudied. Although there is a lack of information on the mechanistic processes molding urban avian communities, there are important advances in ecological topics, as novel resource use, urban noise, and urban avian diseases. We urge scientists of Latin American latitudes to join efforts in the understanding of avian communities in urban areas. Results of evidence-based studies ought to be communicated to decision-makers to generate strategies that improve urban management and planning.
... Bird-plant interaction studies have been increasingly present in the urban ecology literature from Latin America, focused both in 'green ' and 'gray' areas (Chap. 5), with an important bias toward nectar and fruit consumption (Gómez-Aíza and Zuria 2010;Leveau and Leveau 2011;Rodrigues and Araujo 2011;Maruyama et al. 2012;Andrade et al. 2013;Ferreira and Consolaro 2013;Santos and Ragusa-Netto 2014). One pioneer study evaluated the relationship between the spectral properties of flowers and their visitors in northeastern São Paulo (Toledo and Donatelli 2010), finding more visitor species in those flowers with long wavelengths, although further studies are needed to fully understand the complex network of interactions in which nectar-flowering plants, birds, and other wildlife groups are implied. ...
This book gathers a representative sample of the relevant knowledge related to the ecology, behavior, and conservation of birds in urban Latin America. Latin America is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world, yet it is still understudied. Although it concentrates most of its population in rapidly growing cities under considerable economic, social, and environmental disparity, the study of the effects that urbanization has on biodiversity in Latin America is still insufficient. Among the best-studied wildlife groups, birds have been widely used as bioindicators in urban areas. Going from general to specific information regarding avian communities, populations, behavior, threats, and conservation issues, this book describes the state-of-the-art of avian urban ecology in the region. Such knowledge will hopefully promote the regional consolidation of the field and encourage future mechanistic studies that untangle the recorded patterns in order to have the required information to bridge the gap between evidence-based knowledge and practice in urban systems. Thus, the information included in this document will allow scientists, students, and even decision takers to relate with the current knowledge and gaps related to the topic, providing perspective for future studies and actions.
... In this sense, the interaction between phenotypically specialized plants and their specialized pollinators could be more frequently affected in small fragments. In the context of habitat alteration and resulting changes in resource availability, it is possible that more generalist non-hermit hummingbirds persist longer than the specialized hermits (Feinsinger et al. 1988), and the former group seems to be more common in altered habitats (Vasconcellos and Freitas 2007;Rodrigues and Araujo 2011;Barbosa-Filho and Araujo 2013). ...
Hummingbirds are the most common group of vertebrate pollinators in the Neotropics, associated with pollination of ornithophilous flowers. The group can be divided into hermits and non-hermits, in which hermits are often regarded as the most specialized group closely associated with more specialized ornithophilous plants. In this study, we investigated the association of ornithophilous flowers and hummingbirds in two small fragments of forest surrounded by an urban matrix. We characterized the species composition, abundance and phenology of the hummingbirds and ornithophilous plants and related pollinator abundance to floral resource availability. Our results were compared to published data from other forest areas from the Cerrado. In our study areas, the diversity of ornithophilous plants and hummingbirds was similar to what has been reported for forest fragments in the Cerrado. Nevertheless, we found Thalurania furcata, a non-hermit, acting as the most frequent hummingbird pollinator in contrast to more preserved areas in which a hermit, Phaethornis pretrei, is commonly found as the main pollinator for ornithophilous plants. The nectar energy availability at the plant population level was the only factor associated with hummingbird visitation rates, suggesting that a higher availability of nectar resources in the fragments attracts greater abundance of birds. The unusual setting of having a non-hermit species as the main hummingbird pollinator in forest areas suggests that habitat fragmentation can favor more generalist hummingbird species, and this potentially has consequence for the pollination of associated plants.
