Figure 3 - uploaded by Fiona Elaine Matthews
Content may be subject to copyright.
Percentage of total life expectancy with various combinations of the three dimensions of ill-health (self-reported physical illness, functional impairment and cognitive impairment) for a men and b women.
Source publication
to provide a profile of disorders and disabilities in the older population.
the MRC CFAS drew population samples of people aged 64 years and over from Family Health Service Authority lists at five sites and asked participants about sociodemographic variables, physical and cognitive health and activities of daily living, We calculated the prevalence...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... for men, even in the oldest age groups, the proportion of life expectancy with all three dimensions affected is small, compared with that for women. Figure 3 shows the proportion of life expectancy in each state. This reveals that physical illness alone is the major contributor to the time spent with a single disorder. ...
Similar publications
Frailty can be measured in relation to the accumulation of deficits using a frailty index. A frailty index can be developed from most ageing databases. Our objective is to systematically describe a standard procedure for constructing a frailty index.
This is a secondary analysis of the Yale Precipitating Events Project cohort study, based in New Ha...
Citations
... Hence, the increased physical activity in women might have a stronger influence on their cognitive abilities. Similarly, the longer life expectancy of women could also explain observed gender differences in the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning Women have a larger burden of impairment than men 74,75 . Thus, as the current results suggest the interventional programs that focus on promoting physical activity in old age may have greater impact on cognitive health especially among women. ...
In a culturally different and low-resource setting, where lifestyle habits, including dietary pattern and physical activities differ from those in high-income countries, the association between physical activity and cognition is expected to differ. We aimed to investigate the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning after controlling for potential confounders among older adults in India. Furthermore, gender differences in this relationship were analyzed. Using a national-level data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017–2018), this paper employed propensity score matching (PSM) approach to examine the association between physical activities and cognitive functioning among Indian older adults. Cognitive impairment was measured through five broad domains (memory, orientation, arithmetic function, executive function, and object naming). We limit our sample to older adults aged 60 + years, and our final dataset contains 31,464 participants (men = 16,366, and women = 15,098). The results indicated that older adults who engaged in frequent physical activity have greater cognitive functioning than older adults without physical activity after adjusting for various individual, health, lifestyle, and household factors. This association holds true for both older men and older women. The results from the PSM revealed that the cognitive function score was increased by 0.98 and 1.32 points for the frequently physically active older men and women population, respectively. The results demonstrate the possible beneficial effects of frequent physical activity on cognitive functioning among older adults. Thus, regular physical activity can be considered as an effective lifestyle factor to promote healthy cognitive aging.
... It may be that within a population, there are different profiles of individuals having varying levels of AARC gains and losses. Indeed, among middle-aged and older individuals, there is great variability in levels of physical, mental, and cognitive health (Andreas et al. 2017;Brayne et al. 2001;Deary et al. 2009;Evandrou and ESRC SAGE Research Group 2005; Health and Social Care Information Centre 2007) and this may be reflected in individuals' perceptions of AARC and in the combination of perceived levels of AARC gains and losses. By taking an exploratory approach, with the current study, we aim to identify the number and types of profiles of AARC gains and AARC losses using a large sample of UK individuals aged 50 and over. ...
Unlabelled:
Higher awareness of positive age-related changes (AARC gains) is related to better mental health, whereas higher awareness of negative age-related changes (AARC losses) is related to poorer mental and physical health. So far perceived gains and losses have been explored separately, but people report gains and losses concurrently in varying degrees, and different profiles of gains and losses may be differentially associated with health. We identified profiles of gains and losses and explored whether different profiles differed in physical, mental, and cognitive health. We used cross-sectional data from the PROTECT study (N = 6192; mean (SD) age = 66.1 (7.0)). Using latent profile analysis, a four-class solution showed the best model fit. We found that 45% of people perceived many gains and few losses (Class 1); 24% perceived moderate gains and few losses (Class 2); 24% perceived many gains and moderate losses (Class 3); 7% perceived many gains and many losses (Class 4). Analysis of variance and Chi-squared tests showed that Class 1 had relatively better physical, mental, and cognitive health, followed by Classes 2, 3, and 4. Experiencing one's ageing to a high degree as gain may be related to better health only when individuals interpret ageing as involving low levels of loss across several life domains. Risk in terms of poorer health emerged in those who perceived high losses. Considering gains and losses in parallel, rather than separately, may lead to a more fine-tuned understanding of relations with health.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-021-00673-z.
... Health problems were defined from the methodology of Brayne et al. (31). We identified participants who had experienced two or more of the following conditions: stroke, heart attack, angina, high blood pressure, diabetes, vascular disease, asthma, chronic bronchitis, arthritis, sight difficulties, and hearing difficulties that interfere with daily living, TIA, Parkinson's Disease, or epilepsy. ...
Background: Co-morbidity is a major late-life challenge with poor outcomes, yet many older people are resilient. We consider an ecopsychosocial framework of resilience to investigate this disparity. This theorises that sources of resilience may be personal, social and structural. We explored older people's responses and reactions to significant life experiences, to understand resilience development for managing later life health challenges.
Methods: We applied a two-stage, cross-sectional mixed-methods design to the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies Wales (CFAS Wales). Participants' defined quantitatively as resilient (high level of well-being despite co-morbidity) were identified in the wave 1 dataset. A sub-sample of the resilient participants aged 65+ were randomly selected for semi-structured interviews (N = 20). Qualitative thematic analyses were both inductive and deductive.
Results: The analyses revealed four primary life experiences reflecting different developmental trajectories. “Early years as formative” and “work and employment as formative” occurred at normative developmental stages in the life-course. In contrast non-normative life events such as loss, bereavement, illness of self, and others underpinned the themes of “adverse events and experiences” and “caring experiences.” Four potential mechanisms for resilience were central to these life experiences, reflecting reactions, actions, and development: “character and self-identity;” “approach to life and insight;” “meaningful relationships and belonging.”
Conclusions: This work contributes further theoretical insights into the ecopsychosocial resilience framework. It highlights the process of interdependence between the individual and the wider environment, suggesting how the availability and accessibility of resources and human agency (protective factors), can influence, and be influenced by, the timing of significant events and experiences. In doing so, it corroborates international healthy ageing policy which recognises resilience as important for a public health response to support older people to adjust to changes and losses experienced in later life. It highlights the importance of current and future policies and services for supporting the management of adverse events earlier in the life-course, and recommends that policies and services take a “long view” on population health and well-being and consider the whole life-course, in addition to specific points in the ageing process.
... As in previous studies, [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] we first analysed the DemFLE and its proportion among people over 60 years of age in Jiangxi Province by sex differences. Compared with previous studies, our study showed similarities and differences in LE, DemFLE and DemFLE/LE [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. ...
... As in previous studies, [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] we first analysed the DemFLE and its proportion among people over 60 years of age in Jiangxi Province by sex differences. Compared with previous studies, our study showed similarities and differences in LE, DemFLE and DemFLE/LE [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. The difference between China and other countries in the values of LE, DemLE and DemFLE may be caused by the influences of sampling error, different sampling methods, different diagnostic criteria and differences between Eastern and Western countries. ...
Objective:
To estimate and compare the dementia-free life expectancy (DemFLE) and age trends of the population over 60 in 2018 in Jiangxi Province, China, by sex and urban-rural areas.
Methods:
Based on the Summary of Health Statistics of Jiangxi Province in 2018 and the Sixth National Health Service survey of Jiangxi Province, the model life table is used to estimate the age-specific mortality rate by sex and urban-rural areas. DemFLE and its ratio to life expectancy (LE) were calculated using the Sullivan method.
Results:
In 2018, the DemFLE at age 60 was 18.48 years for men and 21.31 years for women, accounting for 96.62% and 96.67% of their LE. LE and DemFLE were higher for those in urban areas than in rural areas, except for men aged 90 and above; higher in women than in men, except for people in rural areas aged 90 and above. In urban areas, DemFLE/LE was higher for women than for men; the opposite was observed in rural areas. Urban women had a higher DemFLE/LE than rural women did, urban men had a lower DemFLE/LE than rural men did.
Conclusions:
With increased LE, DemFLE also increases, but with older age and over time, DemFLE/LE gradually decreases. The effect of dementia on elderly adults becomes more serious. It is necessary for the government to implement a series of prevention strategies to improve the quality of life and health awareness of the elderly. Elderly urban men and elderly rural women need more attention and health care.
... the remaining life with different health states. 9,10 Only a few studies from Europe, United States, and Canada have shown that approximately 5% to 19% of remaining life years of individuals at age 65 are spent with cognitive impairment and the proportion 3,[11][12][13][14] rise to 17% to 43% at age 80. Most of these studies used cross-sectional data. ...
Objective
In China, cognitive impairment has become a huge challenge owing to the rapid aging process. We investigate cognitive health expectancy and potential factors leading to inequalities of cognitive health for Chinese older people.
Methods
The study included 19 943 participants aged 65 to 95 at the first observation in Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey collected during 2002‐2014. Cognitive impairment was categorized into none, mild, and severe by the score of cMMSE. Multistate models based on continuous‐time Markov process were applied to calculate cognitive health expectancies and estimate hazard ratio from no impairment to impairment for potential factors.
Results
Urban women and men aged 65 were expected to spend 31.18% and 19.82% of their remaining 17.46 and 15.45 years with cognitive impairment; meanwhile, rural women and men aged 65 were expected to spend 35.31% and 21.39% of their remaining 16.73 and 14.87 years with cognitive impairment. Women achieving lower educational attainment (HR1‐6 years = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.71‐0.87; HR7+ years = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.49‐0.70) than men and rural residents having less access to medical service (HR = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.68‐0.92) and doing less regular exercise (HR = 0.87, 95% CI, 0.80‐0.96) than urban people caused the differences of cognitive health for genders and regions.
Conclusions
Women and rural people experience less cognitive health expectancies compared with their counterparts, respectively. Chinese government should pay more attention to rural women and make efforts to reduce the inequalities of cognitive health by increasing opportunities of education for women and improving access to medical service and healthy lifestyle for rural people.
... As with hypotheses relating to cellular systems and functions, those relating to whole physiological systems and behavior listed in Table 4, such as the vascular system [179][180][181][182][183][184], diabetes, infection [129,130], stressful life events [283], cognitive [249,284] and metabolic [269][270][271] reserve are also connected by multiple pathways and additionally may be affected by human lifelong experience [285], wider genetic background and environmental factors [286,287]. Population studies show that general health relates to cognition [265][266][267][268], comorbidity is more serious in those with dementia [256], sociological/economic factors are important [267,288,289], that dementia incidence and prevalence estimates change over time [30,42,290] and differ between populations [29, 291] and by sex [155,292,293]. ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinicopathologically defined syndrome leading to cognitive impairment. Following the recent failures of amyloid-based randomized controlled trials to change the course of AD, there are growing calls for a re-evaluation of basic AD research. Epidemiology offers one approach to integrating the available evidence. Here we examine relationships between evidence from population-based, clinicopathological studies of brain aging and a range of hypotheses from all areas of AD research. We identify various problems, including a lack of systematic approach to measurement of clinical and neuropathological factors associated with dementia in experimental and clinical settings, poor understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different observational and experimental designs, a lack of clarity in relation to disease definitions from the clinical, neuropathological, and molecular perspectives, inadequate characterization of brain aging in the human population, difficulties in translation between laboratory-based and population-based evidence bases, and a lack of communication between different sections of the dementia research community. Population studies highlight complexity and predict that therapeutic approaches based on single disease features will not be successful. Better characterization of brain aging in the human population is urgently required to select biomarkers and therapeutic targets that are meaningful to human disease. The generation of detailed and reliable evidence must be addressed before progress toward therapeutic interventions can be made.
... As with hypotheses relating to cellular systems and functions, those relating to whole physiological systems and behavior listed in Table 4, such as the vascular system [179][180][181][182][183][184], diabetes, infection [129,130], stressful life events [283], cognitive [249,284] and metabolic [269][270][271] reserve are also connected by multiple pathways and additionally may be affected by human lifelong experience [285], wider genetic background and environmental factors [286,287]. Population studies show that general health relates to cognition [265][266][267][268], comorbidity is more serious in those with dementia [256], sociological/economic factors are important [267,288,289], that dementia incidence and prevalence estimates change over time [30,42,290] and differ between populations [29, 291] and by sex [155,292,293]. ...
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a clinicopathologically defined syndrome leading to cognitive impairment. Following the recent failures of amyloid based randomized controlled trials to change the course of AD, there are growing calls for a re-evaluation of basic AD research. Epidemiology offers one approach to integrating the available evidence. Here we examine relationships between evidence from population-based, clinicopathological studies of brain ageing and a range of hypotheses from all areas of AD research. We identify various problems, including a lack of systematic approach to measurement of clinical and neuropathological factors associated with dementia in experimental and clinical settings, poor understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different observational, and experimental designs, a lack of clarity in relation to disease definitions from the clinical, neuropathological and molecular perspectives, inadequate characterization of brain ageing in the human population, difficulties in translation between laboratory based and population based evidence bases, and a lack of communication between different sections of the dementia research community. Population studies highlight complexity and predict that therapeutic approaches based on single disease features will not be successful. Better characterization of brain ageing in the human population is urgently required to select biomarkers and therapeutic targets that are meaningful to human disease. The generation of detailed and reliable evidence must be addressed before progress towards therapeutic interventions can be made.
... If this association is causal, testing for high serum methylarginine levels and treating accordingly may delay the onset of hearing loss, at least for males. Elevated serum concentrations of ADMA have consistently been demonstrated in individuals with traditional vascular risk factors (51,52) and those with cardiovascular disease (20,(53)(54)(55) and independently predict cerebrovascular disease and dementia (55)(56)(57). Higher serum methylarginine concentrations have also been associated with increased mortality in numerous longitudinal studies involving healthy (54,58) and patient populations (20,53,55). ...
... If this association is causal, testing for high serum methylarginine levels and treating accordingly may delay the onset of hearing loss, at least for males. Elevated serum concentrations of ADMA have consistently been demonstrated in individuals with traditional vascular risk factors (51,52) and those with cardiovascular disease (20,(53)(54)(55) and independently predict cerebrovascular disease and dementia (55)(56)(57). Higher serum methylarginine concentrations have also been associated with increased mortality in numerous longitudinal studies involving healthy (54,58) and patient populations (20,53,55). Table 5. ...
... Elevated serum concentrations of ADMA have consistently been demonstrated in individuals with traditional vascular risk factors (51,52) and those with cardiovascular disease (20,(53)(54)(55) and independently predict cerebrovascular disease and dementia (55)(56)(57). Higher serum methylarginine concentrations have also been associated with increased mortality in numerous longitudinal studies involving healthy (54,58) and patient populations (20,53,55). Table 5. ...
Objective:
Age-related hearing loss is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk, suggesting a vascular etiology. Methylarginines are endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors that cause endothelial dysfunction and increase cardiovascular disease risk. This study is the first to examine the hypothesis that higher serum concentrations of methylarginines are associated with greater hearing loss prevalence.
Study design/patients:
Cross-sectional audiometric data on hearing levels, and serum methylarginines were collected from a population-based sample of 630 older community-dwelling adults.
Results:
Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between higher serum concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and L-arginine and greater degrees of hearing loss for males, particularly over 75 years. Higher body mass index and previous history of stroke were also associated with hearing loss. For females, ADMA concentration was not associated with hearing loss, but higher serum L-arginine concentrations were associated with reduced hearing loss prevalence in older females. Antihypertensive medication use was also associated with reduced hearing loss prevalence. LDL cholesterol and previous myocardial infarction were associated with greater hearing loss.
Conclusion:
This study showed a significant association between serum concentrations of ADMA and hearing loss for males, consistent with the association between endothelial dysfunction and hearing loss. The opposite effect of L-arginine on hearing loss in males versus females might reflect a different role of this precursor toward nitric oxide versus methylated arginines synthesis. These findings are potentially clinically significant if the association between ADMA and hearing loss is causal, as serum methylarginine levels are modifiable through pharmacotherapeutic/lifestyle interventions.
... However, recent research has demonstrated that older people's health cannot be fully described by one global dimension. In fact, such a simple approach misses to describe all the complexity of its multifaceted structure (Brayne et al. 2001, Meinow et al. 2006). In consequence of that, it has become increasingly clear that studying elderly population needs approaches that allow for multiple measures of health to embrace all its complexity (Lafortune 2009, Hallerod 2009). ...
Introduction: Aged persons are having health problems like hearing and vision decline, muscle strength diminishes, less flexibility of skin and blood vessels, and an overall decline of physique. Their body's organ performs insufficiently with advancing age. Intelligence were also diminishes with age. The social isolation that often exists among older people can dramatically influence mental attitudes and behaviour. The Indian aged population is currently the second largest in the world. The absolute number of the over 60 population in India will increase from 76 million in 2001 to 137 million by 2021. The functional ability of elderly people is crucial to how well they cope with activities of daily living, which in turn affects their quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study to examine the causal relationships among factors determining elderly health. Objectives: 1) to study the socioeconomic profile of the aged people, 2) to identify the health status of elderly person, 3) to examine the causal relationships among factors determining elderly health, and 4) to evaluate whether all the measures fit the recommended value, indicating a good fit of the structural model for the collected data. Methodology: A systematic random sample of 900 elderly people aged above 58 were interviewed from 45 wards, in each ward 20 persons were selected with health problems. The data on different factors were collected through questionnaire survey using 5 point Likert scale method. The causal relationships were established by structural equation modelling (SEM) method using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. Conclusion: The SEM fitted to the elderly health care data adequately. The results indicated that, the mental health, caring, family environment, life style, health expenditure had significant effect on physiological status (p<0.05). These factors had significant relationship on elderly health.
... (ii) Gender differences will be found in both levels and rates of change in the fBioAge trajectories. Research has shown that there are gender differences in levels of biological age, health and longevity (Brayne et al. 2001;Nakamura and Miyao 2008;United Nations Statistics Division 2013), and in rates of change in biological age (Nakamura and Miyao 2008). (iii) The influence of environmental factors on fBio-Age will increase in old age with higher ChronAge (our study included an age range up to 93 years of age). ...
... In Sweden, however, it is not as easy to understand why women have higher fBi-oAge than men, since women, for example, live longer than men in general in Sweden and in nearly all other countries (United Nations Statistics Division 2013). However, while women live longer they also report having worse health than men do (Brayne et al. 2001) which probably influences strongly their fBioAge level. This paradox and the gender differences in longevity and aging are not yet fully understood (Austad 2006;Regan and Partridge 2013), and these different levels of fBioAge in women and men need further study. ...
We used an alternate age variable, functional biological age (fBioAge), which was based on performance on functional body measures. The aim was to examine development of fBioAge across the adult life span, and to also examine potential gender differences and genetic and environmental influences on change with age. We used longitudinal data (n = 740; chronological age (ChronAge) range 45-85 at baseline) from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. The rate of increase in fBioAge was twice as fast after ChronAge 75 than before. fBioAge was higher in women than in men. fBioAge was fairly equally influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Whereas the rate of ChronAge cannot vary across time, gender, or individual, our analyses demonstrate that fBioAge does capture these within and between individual differences in aging, providing advantages for fBioAge in the study of aging effects.
