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... rate of seed germination significantly varied between treated and untreated seeds (F11, 24= 93.53, p<0.0001). Germination rates did not vary significantly between doses of the P. santalionis oil and P. santalionis aqueous leaf extracts (Figure 4). ...
Citations
... Farmers frequently choose to use synthetic pesticides as quick-fix pest management options to defend their crops against pest attacks and damage (Nkechi et al., 2018). However, the effectiveness and widespread misuse of synthetic pesticides cause a number of concerns, particularly contributing to insect resistance and health-related problems (Shabana et al., 2017). ...
Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important insect pest of fruits in Egypt. The desire for
fresh fruits free of insecticides drives the adoption of environmentally friendly biopesticides to manage pests. The
current study sought to estimate the toxicity and biochemical alterations of 3rd larval instar of B. zonata affected
by clove, neemazal T/S, garlic, ginger and orange oils compared with indoxacarb at LC50 under laboratory
conditions. Results after 24 h of treatment indicated that neemazal T/S is more toxic than other tested oils
compared with higher toxicity of indoxacarb with LC50 values of 86.09, 174.72, 4514.38, 7224.01, 9387.73 and
2590.2 μg/mL for indoxacarb, neemazal T/S, ginger, clove, garlic and orange oils, respectively. Moreover, after
24 h of treatment, the larval content of digestive enzymes drastically decreased. All compounds caused a
remarkable reduction in protease (except clove oil), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase
(ALT), phenol oxidase enzyme, α-esterase (except indoxacarb and neemazal T/S) and β-esterase (except ginger oil
and neemazal T/S) activity. Also, total carbohydrates, total lipids and total proteins take the same trend. All
treatments at LC50 increased the activity of cytochrome p450 and glutathione-s-transferase against 3rd larval
instar of B. zonata compared with control. Our findings recommended that the tested botanicals could be an
effective substitute for conventional insecticides as well as their safety for human beings and beneficial
organisms.
... zeamais, Ekeh et al. (2018) concluded that there was high mortality, and effectiveness was dependent on dosage and also exposure period which was similar to the results obtained for the plant extracts tested in this experiment. ...
Synthetic chemicals continue to play an important role in reducing storage losses attributable to insect pest
activities. However, the adverse effects associated with some patented chemicals make synthetic pesticides less
attractive and have given the drive to search for alternative methods of pest control. This study evaluated the effects
of a traditional gin, akpeteshie crude extracts made of four timber species, neem (Azadirachta indica), mahogany
(Khaya senegalensis), teak (Tectona grandis) and cedrela (Cedrela odorata) on the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais on stored
maize grains in the laboratory. Home‑made extracts of the test tree plants at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2% were
tested as grain protectants or as insect poisons. All tested extracts in their respective concentrations performed well
in the reduction of live insects during maize storage as compared to a non‑extract treatment. The mode of action of
all the extracts was generally concentration and time‑dependent. On average neem extract was the most effective
followed by mahogany, teak, and cedrela in that order. Neem and mahogany extracts performed well in reducing
grain damage at a concentration of 2% and at 0.5% concentration of cedrela extract respectively. All extracts reduced
progeny emergence and acted both as a repellent or a toxicant. The extracts performed better as compared to the
untreated control in the viability of maize seeds leading to germination, and subsequent seedling emergence.
The relatively low weight loss of the stored grains treated with these crude extracts during the 90‑day experimental
period at a maximum concentration of 2% is predictive that they can be adopted as safe and alternative grain
protectants against weevils in store. The unknown phytochemicals in these akpeteshie hardwood extracts may be
responsible for the insecticidal properties against the weevils. For some concentrations of the extracts, germination
was inconsistent which led to the suspicion of allelopathy
... Without proactive and preventative efforts by using agrochemicals, more than 70% of agricultural production would suffer huge losses while over 67,000 species show visible advantages on agricultural crops [2,3]. In order to defend their crops against insect assaults and damage, farmers frequently choose to use synthetic pesticides as quick-fix pest control options [4]. However, the effectiveness of synthetic pesticides and their widespread misuse create several bottlenecks, particularly those that result in insect resistance and health problems [5]. ...
The article discusses the need for more environmentally friendly pest control strategies as well as the detrimental impacts of synthetic pesticides on human health, biodiversity and the environment. It draws attention to the advantages of botanical pesticides, which are made from plants and have been in use for thousands of years prior to the development of synthetic pesticides. Bioactive substances found in botanical pesticides, including fatty acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, and quercetin, can kill insects and mites by suffocating them or rupturing their membranes. Numerous plant species, including flora found in nature and herbal treatments, have pesticidal properties and can be utilised to control pests. In organic farming, the use of botanical pesticides is growing in popularity. The paper contends that bio-pesticides are less dangerous to mammals, have positive impacts on environmental preservation, and don't put the target pests at risk of developing resistance, thus, they may be used as an alternative to traditional tools for integrated pest control.
... For years, chemical products have been sought as attractive alternatives for pest control [1,2]. However, in addition to their benefits, many consequences should be considered when applying chemical products: environmental problems, human health concerns, pest resistance, mortality of beneficial insects [3][4][5], toxic residue accumulation, water and soil contamination, toxicity to landholders [6,7], augmentation of secondary pests, pest population explosions, and selection loss of insecticide efficacy [8,9]. ...
Alternative methods of insect management are an important field of study for agriculture. The current study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts from Simarouba sp. (AE-S) on the biology of Plutella xylostella and to determine the toxicity of the extract to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (an important in vivo alternative assay system for toxicological study). Lyophilized AE-S was chemically investigated by Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). We evaluated the effect of the botanical extract on the life cycle of P. xylostella, from larval stage to adult stage, at concentrations of 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01% and a control. Subsequently, we analyzed the toxicity of the extract in an in vivo model. AE-S showed high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Six compounds were identified based on UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, including flavanone, kaempferol, 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 11-acetylamarolide, ailanthinone, and glaucarubinone. The median lethal time for P. xylostella was estimated to be 96 h in all concentrations of AE-S, and at 120 h, 100% of the individuals were dead. Larvae exposed to AE-S at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% showed a reduction in leaf area consumption, underdevelopment, and reductions in movement and pupal biomass. The lowest concentrations of AE-S (0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01%) did not cause mortality in nematodes. Thus, the aqueous extract of Simarouba sp. could be an effective control tool because it mainly acts in the larval stage, the stage at which the insect causes damage to brassicaceae.
... Botanical extracts can be an effective method to control S. zeamais in stored grains. The use of plants as repellents of storage insect pests is quite old [9]. It is a very viable strategy, as it is, usually, low cost and easily accessible to farmers, minimizing the problems caused by chemical control. ...
... In addition to being obtained from renewable resources, they are quickly degraded, act without leaving residues in food, do not damage the ecosystem, and are generally less toxic to humans [10]. In several countries on the African continent, the use of plants for the control of S. zeamais has been reported [2,4,9]. ...
... Active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and tannins are present in many plants of Schinus spp. and these can disrupt olfactory receptors so that insects cannot detect their host [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. This may be the reason why there was a greater number of insects in the control group after 48 h. ...
Botanical repellents are, usually, considered safe to control Sitophilus zeamais, the main pest of stored maize, as they do not leave toxic residues in food, in addition to having lower costs than chemical insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repellency potential and the reduction of emerged offspring of botanical extracts, of Schinus terebinthifolius, Ludwigia sericea, L. tomentosa, L. nervosa, L. longifolia, and use them as botanical insecticides for S. zeamais. For the repellency test, arenas were set up, containing 50 g of maize kernels exposed to aqueous extract, besides a control treatment. At the center of each arena, 100 insects were released. After 48 h, the proportion of insects in the treated grains was determined. To test the effects of the extracts on insect mating and egg-laying, free-choice and no-choice tests were performed. Insects in both tests remained for ten days for mating and egg-laying. After this period, insects were removed to evaluate the offspring emergence. Sixty days after grain infestation, the number of emerged insects was counted. All selected botanical extracts demonstrated repellent action against S. zeamais, even after 48 h of application. The L. nervosa aqueous extract significantly reduced the emergence of S. zeamais.
... Agrarian yields are continually uncovered or potentially undermined by bugs which influence their development to shield the harvests from bug ranchers principally utilize manufactured synthetic substances [1]. Abuse of manufactured pesticides can bring about destructive consequences for people, climate, poisonousness to non-target creatures and on biodiversity [2]. ...
Concentrated farming, which is related with substantial contributions of manufactured insect sprays, has genuine natural effects, prompting loss of fundamental environment administrations including bug intervened bother concealment. As of late, endeavors have been made towards getting more secure alternatives to synthetic insect sprays for supportable vermin the executives. Would insecticides be able to be made out of common substances? Natural, plant-put together pesticides that depend with respect to plants common guards against bugs may not exclusively be successful and modest for ensuring crops, yet in addition more secure and all the more harmless to the ecosystem. This review brings together information regarding botanical pesticides, phytochemical composition and importance in agricultural production. Botanical pesticides are efficacious in managing different crop pests, inexpensive, easily biodegraded, have varied modes of action; their sources are easily available and have low toxicity to non-target organisms.
... Agro-ecosystems suffer from insect pests, which adversely affect crop production. The most effective means for managing pests is to use synthetic pesticides, which are easy to use and are readily available to farmers [157]. The adverse effects of these agrochemicals on the environment and human health [158], as well as pesticide-resistant pests [159], are promoting the need for sustainable pest control. ...
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
... In some cases, losses are much higher, producing disastrous results for those who rely on agriculture for their livelihood. To protect the crops from pest attack, farmers generally rely mainly on synthetic pesticides as instant pest management option (Nkechi et al. 2018). The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical pesticides has posed adverse effects on the beneficial organisms, human beings, and other nontargeted organisms. ...
To alleviate the biotic stress in crops, farmers rely on the use of synthetic pesticides. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical pesticides has posed adverse effects on the beneficial organisms, human beings, and other nontargeted organisms. The use of plant-derived green chemicals is believed to bring some relief to this situation. Besides being safer, green chemicals offer varied modes of action due to the variation in their chemical composition, and unlike synthetic ones, the green chemicals due to their biodegradable nature do not persist in the environment for over longer period of time. Historically, green chemicals such as rotenone, pyrethrum, azadirachtin, veratrines, ryanodine, and nicotine have been used for the management of various insect pests. Green chemicals exhibit a myriad of modes of actions against insects including rapid or slow kill, feeding inhibition, repellents, oviposition deterrent, and growth regulatory effects. Besides insect pests, various green chemicals have been demonstrated to possess antibiotic, antifungal, nematicidal, and herbicidal activities. Although green chemicals have many advantages over the synthetic pesticides, green chemicals suffer from very short residual life due to UV-induced degradation. Many aspects are being explored to increase the usage of green chemicals in IPM in a sustainable manner.KeywordsBiotic stressPestsDiseasesSynthetic pesticidesEnvironmental contaminationNontarget effectsRotenonePyrethrinsEssential oils
... e use of plants as storage pest repellents is very old. Some of these plants that are currently used in the management of weevils include A. heterophyllus, A. sativum and O. basilicum, and Pterocarpus santalinoides among others [10][11][12]. Other than their famous importance in gardens as animal feed, T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus are some of the most important plants of the Asteraceae family with numerous medicinal values. ...
Introduction. Sitophilus zeamais infestation is among the major setbacks to sustainable maize farming and availability. It causes an estimated annual loss of 5–10% and 20–30% of the total maize grains loss in the temperate and tropical zones, respectively. Although synthetic pesticides are quick and effective in managing crop pests, their overuse and misuse is discouraged due to their detrimental effects on human and environment. Natural pesticidal products that are extracted from plants are particularly gaining importance as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. They are available, easily biodegraded and have low toxicity to nontarget organisms. Most botanical pesticides act on insects by repelling them away from the crops in the field or in the stores. Therefore, this study aimed to determine repellency potential of organic leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Vernonia lasiopus on S. zeamais. Materials and methods. The phytochemical profile of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus was determined using GC-MS. Laboratory-based experiments were carried out using area preference method to assess the efficacy of the extracts against weevils for a test period of 5 h. Six groups of experiments were set up with ten S. zeamais in each test: positive control (Actellic), negative control (solvent only), and four different experimental extract concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Results. The results indicated that T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus leaf extracts possess potent repellency effect on weevils. All the extracts simply discouraged S. zeamais from the treated areas recording significantly good levels of repellent activities between 26 and 96%. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis manifested the presence of bioactive compound in the extracts which are associated with the repellency effects. Conclusion. The study scientifically confirms the traditional use of the T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus and provides important platform for further study on the extracts as bioresource of botanical repellent.
1. Introduction
Maize (Zea mays) is considered as the queen of cereals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is one of the most important crops in the world with highest production and productivity under both irrigated and rain-fed agricultural systems in the semiarid and arid tropics, especially in SSA [1]. In view of its great importance, betterment in agronomical aspects of maize should receive equally big attention globally, a lot need to be done to increase maize production and more importantly reduce loss of maize produced for food security to be realized [2]. However, there are many constraints affecting maize production.
Among the many challenges of maize production, maize is exposed to insect pest attack prior to harvest and in storage, but the storage pests form a major cause of grain loss [3]. These pests include S. zeamais, S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and E. cautella. The most common pests of stored grain are the larger grain borer and maize weevils [4]. However, S. zeamais is the most predominant and destructive of all these pests that need to be managed under all cost [5].
Repellents can be an effective method for control measure of weevils on stored grains. The most conventionally effective control measure of weevils is by use of synthetic repellent pesticides [6]. However, these chemicals generally tend to be expensive, with short-lived effectiveness and risky on human health among other adverse effects [7]. This critical flaws leads to ongoing research for new and effective repellents, which provide longer protection against weevils, while remaining safe, eco-friendly, and reasonably priced [8].
Medicinal plants also form an integral intervention in the management of S. zeamais. This is because they are generally regarded to be safe on human health and environment [7, 9]. The use of plants as storage pest repellents is very old. Some of these plants that are currently used in the management of weevils include A. heterophyllus, A. sativum and O. basilicum, and Pterocarpus santalinoides among others [10–12]. Other than their famous importance in gardens as animal feed, T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus are some of the most important plants of the Asteraceae family with numerous medicinal values. Tithonia diversifolia is used in the treatment of fungal infections, inflammation, pain, malaria, and diabetes among other diseases [13, 14]. Tithonia diversifolia is also used to control fleas, jigger, and C. maculatus [15–17] while V. lasiopus is used in management of malaria, fungal infections, worms, and ticks [18–21].
People in Embu County use these plants traditionally in the management of S. zeamais in stored grains. However, no scientific research on the described pesticidal activity of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus against weevils has been published, and experimental data about their repellent properties are scanty. It is against this background that this study was conceived and designed to explore the antipyretic potential of the selected organic leaf extract of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus against weevils.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Sample Collection
The plants used in this study, T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus, were collected from their natural habitat in Makunguru Village, Nthawa Location, Siakago Division, Mbeere North Subcounty, Embu County, Kenya. The GPS location for T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus specimens was 0°35′39″S, 37°38′10″E and 0°35′39.51″S, 37°38′23.62″E, respectively. The fresh leaves were identified and collected from mature plants with the help of local herbalists. The folklore information obtained included the local name of the plants, part of plant harvested, season of harvesting, method of preparation, and other medicinal importance of the plants. Samples were properly sorted out, cleaned, and transported in bags to Kenyatta University, in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology departmental laboratories. The plant samples were provided to an acknowledged taxonomist for botanical authentication and voucher specimens deposited at the Kenyatta University Pharmacy and Complementary/Alternative Medicine research herbaria for future reference. The specimens were assigned voucher numbers as SMG-V1/17 and SMG-V2/17 for T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus, respectively.
2.2. Sample Preparation and Extraction
The leaves of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus were air dried separately under shade and room temperature for a period of two weeks. The leaves were separately ground into fine powder using a grinding electric mill and sieved using a 300 μm mesh. The powder was used for organic solvent extraction following the guideline used by [22], as well as [23].
Extraction was separately done with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate 200 g of each plant leaf powders were separately soaked in 200 ml of the respective solvents for 12 hours. The extracts were decanted, and 200 ml of solvent was added and set for 24 hours. After 24 hours, filtration was done again and 200 ml of the respective solvent was added for the final extraction until 48 hours when the last filtrate was obtained. Occasional swirling was done to ensure thorough extraction. Aluminum foil and cotton wool were always used to cover the flasks to prevent escape of solvent. Muslin cloth and Whatman No. 1 papers were used for the filtrations of the extracts. The extract filtrates were then concentrated in vacuum using a Heidolph rotary evaporator, and the solvent was recovered. The concentrates were further allowed to dry to remove traces of the solvents and yield dry extracts. All the extracts were later kept in sample bottles and refrigerated at 4°C.
2.3. Preparation of Extract Concentrations
The plant extract concentrates were diluted with respective solvents at a concentration of 1 gml⁻¹, and this was termed as stock solution (100% w/v concentration) as described by Deshmukh and Borle [24] with limited modifications. The concentrations used were as follows: 25% (w/v), 50% (w/v), 75% (w/v), and 100% (w/v). These extract concentrations were prepared as follows: the 25% (w/v) concentration was prepared by diluting 1 ml of the stock solution with 3 ml of solvent to make up 4 ml. The 50% (w/v) concentration was prepared by diluting 2 ml of stock solution with 2 ml of the solvent to make up 4 ml while for the 75% (w/v) concentration, and 1 ml of the solvent was added to 3 ml of stock solution to make up 4 ml.
2.4. Preparation of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)
A stock culture of the maize weevil, S. zeamais, was initiated by collecting adult weevils from the infested maize grains and cultured in their food media (susceptible whole maize grains) under fluctuating ambient temperature and relative humidity. Two hundred unsexed adult weevils were introduced into five two-litre glass bottles with 500 g of maize. The insects were allowed to oviposit for seven days after which they were sieved out and subsequently used for the bioassay experiments. The insect stock culture was further maintained in glass bottles of two-litre capacity containing the maize grains. The weevils were reared subsequently by replacing devoured and infested grains with fresh, clean, uninfected grains in containers covered with muslin cloth to allow for air circulation and prevent escape of insects. The muslin cloths covering the containers were held in place with rubber bands. The maize dust was periodically sieved in order to prevent the growth of mould, which may lead to the caking of grains and ultimate death of the insects. Sitophilus zeamais breeding and the experiments were conducted at an ambient temperature of 27 ± 2°C, relative humidity of 75 ± 5.5%, and suitable photoperiod (LD 12 : 12).
2.5. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
Analysis of the sample was carried out using GC-MS (7890/5975 Agilent Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China) consisting of a gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. The GC-MS was equipped with an HP-5 MS (5% phenyl methyl siloxane) low-bleed capillary column of 30 m length, 0.25 mm diameter, and 0.25 μm film thickness. For GC-MS detection, an electron ionization system with an ionization energy of 70Ev was used. The carrier gas used was helium (99.99%) at a constant flow rate of 1.25 ml/min in split mode. The injector and mass transfer line temperature were set at 250°C and 200°C, respectively, and an injection volume of 1 μl was employed. The oven temperature was programmed from 35°C for 5 min, with an increase of 10°C/min to 280°C for 10.5 min, then 50°C/min to 285°C for 29.9 min with a run time of 70 min. The MS operating parameters were as follows: ionization energy, 70 eV; ion source temperature, 230°C; solvent cut time, 3.3 min; scan speed, 1666μ/sec; scan range, 40–550 m/z; and the interface temperature, 250°C. Interpretation of mass-spectrum from GC-MS analysis was performed using the central database of the National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) which contains more than 62,000 patterns. As for the unknown components, their spectrum was compared with those which are known from the NIST library.
2.6. Research Design
The repellent assessment adopted a randomized controlled study design (RCD). The study used the area preference method [25]. To create the two experimental areas, Whatman No. 1 filter paper circles of 10 cm in diameter were cut into two halves. One milliliter of each extract treatment at predetermined concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100% was uniformly applied with a pipette to a half filter paper disc as uniformly as possible. This half filter paper circle formed the treated test area of the experiments. The other half circle was treated with solvent only to serve as negative control area. All the discs were then air dried to evaporate solvents completely. For positive control, a conventional pesticide Actellic was applied on the treated area at the recommended rate of 2 μg/ml.
A full filter paper was then remade by attaching the treated halves with the untreated halves with cellotape. The treated and the untreated half-circles were hence placed contiguously on the Petri dishes, and ten weevils were carefully introduced at the center of each filter paper disc in the Petri dish and covered well. Each treatment was replicated four times. The treatments were set up into six independent treatment groups as shown in Table 1. Each of all the six experiments including the control treatments were set out with four replications.
Group
Treated area
Control area
I experimental group A
25% plant extract (w/v)
Solvent only
II experimental group B
50% plant extract (w/v)
Solvent only
III experimental group C
75% plant extract (w/v)
Solvent only
IV experimental group D
100% plant extract (w/v)
Solvent only
V positive control
Actellic
Solvent only
... In ancient or modern techniques of farming, plant diseases caused by microorganisms such as wilt, coffee rust, blight, stem rust, potato blight, rice blast, false mildew, etc., are issues that pose a threat to the flora (from seedlings until maturity) that causes a reduction in plant production and yield per square measures. Principally, plant protection, interference, and wipe-out against disease strategies use pesticides, majority synthesized from chemicals; farmers believe in fast pest management alternatives mainly chemical or synthetic pesticides to protect crops from pest infestation [1]. Chemical pesticides are synthesized from chemical components to regulate the growth of plants and protect crops from plant disease, rodents, and insects by killing plant pathogens and weeds. ...
Agriculture entails the cultivation of plants and animals for food, biofuel, and different products for human
well-being. Principally, plant protection, interference, and wipe-out against disease strategies use pesticides, majority
synthesized from chemicals. The effects of utilizing chemical pesticides resulted in the evolution of pesticide-resistant
pests, decreased soil diversity and increased pollution. The effect led to the development of an effective eco-friendly
method required to provide plants with protection against plant pathogens and better biological management, commonly
referred to as biological pesticides (biopesticides). This paper analyses the significance of biopesticides application on
environmental and human health, their limitations and mechanism of action.
