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Percentage composition of the annual diets of Presbytis rneluphos (Pm) and P. rubicundu (Pr) 41 Plant part ": , of diet of Pm yn of diet of Pr ~.
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The diets of the banded leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos) at Kuala Lompat in the Krau Game Reserve of West Malaysia and the red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sepilok Virgin Jungle Reserve, Sabah, East Malaysia have been examined in relation to plant chemistry. Both monkeys spent about half their time eating foliage, and about half their tim...
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... Having a multiple-chambered stomach, the proboscis monkey possesses unique digestive physiology that allows the anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria in their forestomach to ferment their food, and they are capable of regurgitating like the ruminants [16,18]. Nevertheless, sugar-rich fruits are avoided as the fermentation process will increase acidity in their forestomach and cause bloating that could be fatal to them [14,19,20]. In addition, tree bark, termites and termite nest materials are also consumed, though infrequently, by the proboscis monkey for supplement mineral intake, used as a buffer to forestomach pH and removal of toxicity [14]. ...
Numerous research on the gut microbial diversity of non-human primates (NHP) has been done to evaluate the impact of environmental changes on the diversity of gut microbiota and to determine the mutualistic relationship between the animals and gut microbes that aid in their adaptation to living in an altered environment. The metagenomics approach was employed to explore gut microbial diversity and abundance in the endangered and endemic proboscis monkeys of Borneo. The amplicon sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from 24 faecal samples successfully generated over two million raw reads of bacteria (98%) and archaea (2%) representing 4030 OTUs. Gut microbial diversity and abundance vary across different populations, i.e.: wild, semi-wild and captivity, suggesting that higher diversity was discovered in individuals inhabiting areas with higher food resource availability in natural habitats. The observed alterations in gut microbial diversity and abundance among proboscis monkey populations inhabiting distinct environmental conditions in this study provide empirical evidence for the impact of environmental changes on the proboscis monkey’s gut microbiota. Besides, the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria identified in the proboscis monkey’s gut highlights the potential hazards associated with human-primate interactions and raises the urgent need for public health management. [197 words]
... Only a few records exist of arboreal primates drinking water from tree holes under field conditions (Supplementary Material S1; available at https://figshare.com/s/c2c-05d4533b5df09efb7). This presents an interesting insight as there exists a general unison about these animals, especially folivores, to satisfy their water requirements metabolically or through a careful selection of diet 4,5 . In this note, we report an opportunistic sighting of water ingestion by a free-ranging troop of folivorous and largely arboreal capped langur Trachypithecus pileatus from a tropical forest fragment. ...
... Buah-buahan yang dikonsumsi oleh lutung Jawa karena mempunyai kadar tanin dan kadar fenol yang lebih tinggi dari dedaunan (Kool, 1992). Menurut Davies et al. (1988) dan Goltenboth (1976), kadar tanin ini berguna untuk mengurangi kadar keasaman lambung akibat fermentasi pakan,.Kandungan tanin yang rendah dapat meningkatkan pencernaan protein. Tanin dapat melindungi protein dari mikroba di perut depan, ataupun mengubah sifat protein serta meningkatkan proteolisis oleh enzim pencernaan. ...
... Tanin dapat melindungi protein dari mikroba di perut depan, ataupun mengubah sifat protein serta meningkatkan proteolisis oleh enzim pencernaan. Tanin juga dapat mengurangi kemungkinan gangguan perut depan, seperti asidosis, yang timbul ketika ada makanan yang mudah terfermentasi seperti biji-bijian dikonsumsi (Davies et al., 1988). ...
... Kelompok Colobinae menyukai buahbuahan berwarna hijau (Davies, 1999). Buah mentah yang dikonsumsi oleh Lutung Jawa karena mempunyai kadar tanin dan kadar fenol yang lebih tinggi dari daun (Kool, 1992) dimana dapat mengurangi kemungkinan gangguan perut depan (foregut)seperti asidosis dimana kondisi tersebut timbul ketika ada makanan yang mudah terfermentasi seperti biji-bijian dikonsumsi (Davies et al., 1988) sehingga jenis buah yang diberikan perlu menjadi perhatian dalam pemberian pakan. ...
AbstrakKemampuan untuk menemukan, memanen, dan memproses makanan sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup hewan. Pemilihan jenis pakan pada hewan sangat bergantung pada ketersediaan makanan di habitatnya dan adaptasi morfologi khususnya organ pencernaan hewan. Trachypithecus auratus adalah primata endemik Pulau Jawa, Bali, dan Lombok yang terdaftar sebagai satwa rentan oleh IUCN (vulnerable) dan CITES (Appendix II). Upaya konservasi Lutung Jawa antara lain dengan sistem ex-situ di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta. Pemberian jenis pakan yang disesuaikan dengan pakan alami Lutung Jawa menjadi salah satu upaya untuk mencapai kesejahteraan hewan konservasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati komposisi pakan populasi Lutung Jawa di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka dengan total waktu 480 jam melalui metode scan sampling. Komposisi pakan Lutung Jawa yang diberikan oleh Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka terdiri adalah daun (7%), buah dan sayur (92%), dan suplemen (4%), Jenis pakan yang paling banyak dikonsumsi oleh Lutung Jawa di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka adalah buah dan sayur. Hal ini menunjukkan perilaku makan Lutung Jawa di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka berbeda dengan perilaku makan alaminya, yaitu sebagai pemakan daun (folivor) sehingga diperlukan penyesuaian komposisi pakan lutung Jawa di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta.AbstractThe ability to find, harvest, and process food is critical to animal survival. The choice of food type for animals is very dependent on the availability of food in their habitat and morphological adaptations, especially the animal's digestive organs. Trachypithecus auratus is a primate endemic to the islands of Java, Bali and Lombok which is listed as vulnerable by IUCN (vulnerable) and CITES (Appendix II). Javanese langur conservation efforts include an ex-situ system at the Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Providing types of feed that are compatible with the natural diet of Javan langurs is one of the efforts to achieve the welfare of conservation animals. Therefore, this research was conducted to observe the food composition of the Javan langur population at Gembira Loka Zoo for a total of 480 hours using the scan sampling method. The composition of the Javanese langur feed provided by the Gembira Loka Zoo consists of leaves (7%), fruit and vegetables (92%), and supplements (4%), where fruit and vegetable feed has the highest percentage of consumption by each individual. Apart from that, the group of food consumed was compared with wild populations from the results of research that has been carried out, where Javan langurs at the Gembira Loka Zoo consume more fruit and vegetables. This shows that the eating behavior of Javan langurs at Gembira Loka Zoo is different from their natural eating behavior, namely leaf eating (folivor), so it is necessary to adjust the food composition of Javan langurs at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta.
... Volumetric estimates , such as those made here, may also be subject to bias if viewing conditions vary for different activities, for example, if subjects feeding on fruit are casy to see but obscured from view while foraging for prey items (Harcourt and Stewart, 1984 Barton et al., 1993;Rogers et al., 1990). This type of analysis is necessary for determining, for example, the role of plant phytochemistry in food choices of different species or individuals (Davies et al., 1988;Mowry et al., 1996). Accurate measures of diet are essential for testing the hypothetical relationships between food intake and social variables such as group size, age and sex class, and social ranking. ...
... Several studies have reported food choices that avoid tannins and/or alkaloids (Oates et al., 1977;Oates, 1988;Fashing et al., 2007). Conversely, there are also reports of a lack of active avoidance of secondary compounds (Davies et al., 1988;Mowry et al., 1996;Huang et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2013;Matsuda et al., 2013). Thus, the combined effects of food chemical properties and other possible factors such as digestibility, toughness and food abundance must be considered to understand the dietary choices of colobines. ...
Free-ranging animals make dietary choices that affect their nutritional status and, ultimately, their health and fitness. We investigated food selection by a leaf-eating foregut-fermenting primate, the guereza (Colobus guereza), using multiple criteria, including chemical and mechanical properties, in vitro digestibility and leaf abundance, on the basis of 30 consecutive months of behavioral observations (4308 h in total) of a family group in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda, as well as vegetation surveys. We noted that leaf toughness may be a proximate cue for the chemical properties of plant foods, especially for protein, which is an important selection factor used by primates. We also found that the in vitro digestibility of plant foods was greatly influenced by the concentrations of fiber and secondary compounds. At a broad level, none of the studied factors, including leaf chemical and mechanical properties, digestibility and abundance, affected whether guerezas consumed specific leaf items. At a more detailed level, however, protein content, digestibility and toughness were related to the percentage of foraging effort that guerezas devoted to specific items in our study site.
... Since mature leaves of some species are available throughout the year and are located in less exposed parts of the canopy (Houle et al., 2007), L. septentrionalis could focus on mature leaf consumption to reduce their predation risk. Instead, the strong association of ripe fruit and young leaves with the emergent layer, in conjunction with the seasonal increased frequency of feeding on said resources, suggests northern sportive lemurs are actively pursuing ripe fruit and young leaves despite the predation risk, a behavior not uncommon for folivorous primates (Oates, 1977;Davies et al., 1988;Davies, 1991;Hemingway, 1996Hemingway, , 1998. ...
The role of folivorous primates in ecosystem restoration has been largely overlooked. This may primarily be due to the lack of basic ecological information on many of these species. The northern sportive lemur ( Lepilemur septentrionalis ), for example, is one of the most endangered primates in the world, yet we lack baseline ecological knowledge of this lemur. This dearth only serves to exacerbate their situation as conservation initiatives do not have the fundamental information needed to properly manage conservation efforts for this species. To obtain an ecological baseline for L. septentrionalis , we used instantaneous focal animal sampling to collect behavioral data, including strata use, to investigate feeding ecology for five individuals over a 12-month period (December 2018-November 2019) in Montagne des Français. We conducted a total of 755.1 hours of observation. Our results showed that L. septentrionalis ’ diet consisted of mature and young leaves, ripe and unripe fruits, flowers, and buds. Mature leaves of Tamarindus indica were the most frequently consumed resource, yet L. septentrionalis consumed 61 different species of plants from 23 families. Though mature leaves were the most frequently consumed resource overall, we only observed L. septentrionalis eating them during the cold/dry season. The most frequently used stratum during feeding was the canopy, which correlated strongly with the consumption of mature and young leaves. Though many aspects of this species’ diet are similar to other Lepilemur , there are specific ecological conditions, notably seasonal frugivory, which should be considered when developing restoration ecology programs in Montagne des Français.
... 22,32,37 Hemolysis can result in splenic hemosiderin deposits, 33,37 whilst nonsplenic hemosiderosis can be caused by increased intestinal absorption. 11, 49 In the wild, langurs eat a diet rich in tannins, 15,30,41 which chelate iron and decrease its absorption. 13,32,45 Conversely, in captivity, diets are rich in iron and contain vitamin C, which enhances iron absorption. ...
Langurs are Asian primates belonging to the Colobinae subfamily. Langur populations are declining, with most species categorized as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Investigation into the threats to population viability and sustainability would be beneficial but there is limited literature available on common diseases or causes of death in these species, either in captive or free-ranging settings. This study aimed to evaluate the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in Trachypithecus species submitted for postmortem examination by six United Kingdom zoological institutions between 2001 and 2020, to inform best practice husbandry guidelines. Necropsy and histopathology reports from 88 individuals of Trachypithecus species from six zoological organizations in the United Kingdom were analyzed. Species included Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus; n = 35), dusky langurs (Trachypithecus obscurus; n = 28), François' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi; n = 16), purple-faced langurs (Trachypithecus vetulus; n = 4), silvered langurs (Trachypithecus cristatus; n = 4), and Phayre's langur (Trachypithecus phayrei; n = 1). Morbidities and causes of death were recorded. Gastrointestinal diseases and systemic infections were the leading causes of death (27.4% and 21.0% of cases where cause of death was known, respectively); linear foreign bodies were the most common cause of death. Interstitial pneumonia was frequently observed secondary to systemic infection. Heart abnormalities, anthracosis, and hemosiderosis were common but not directly associated with mortality. Further investigation is necessary to assess the importance of these conditions and whether they predispose to other diseases. This study provides a baseline for future research evaluating captive and free-ranging langur health and highlights husbandry practices that may decrease morbidity in these species.
... However, the specific food types that contribute to caries formation likely vary. Caries in P. femoralis may relate to a diet of seeds high in carbohydrates (i.e., starch), processed using incisors (Davies et al., 1988). This process could have led to not only high caries rates in the anterior dentition, but to high rates of tooth chipping . ...
Dental caries has been reported in a variety of primates, although it is still considered rare in wild populations. In this study, 11 catarrhine primate taxa (n = 339 individuals; 7946 teeth) were studied for the presence of caries. A differential diagnosis of lesions in interproximal regions of anterior teeth was undertaken, since they had been previously described as both carious and non-carious in origin. Each permanent tooth was examined macroscopically, with severity and position of lesions recorded. Two specimens were examined further, using micro-CT scans to assess demineralization. Differential diagnosis confirmed the cariogenic nature of interproximal cavities on anterior teeth (ICATs). Overall results show 3.3% of all teeth (i.e., anterior and posterior teeth combined) were carious (n = 262), with prevalence varying among species from 0% to >7% of teeth affected. Those with the highest prevalence of ICATs include Pan troglodytes verus (9.8% of anterior teeth), Gorilla gorilla gorilla (2.6%), Cercopithecus denti (22.4%), Presbytis femoralis (19.5%), and Cercopithecus mitis (18.3%). ICATs make up 87.9% of carious lesions on anterior teeth. These results likely reflect dietary and food processing differences among species, but also between the sexes (e.g., 9.3% of all female P. troglodytes verus teeth were carious vs. 1.8% in males). Processing cariogenic fruits and seeds with the anterior dentition (e.g., wadging) likely contributes to ICAT formation. Further research is needed in living primate populations to ascertain behavioral/dietary influences on caries occurrence. Given the presence of ICATs in frugivorous primates, their diagnosis in archaeological and paleontological specimens may shed light on diet and food processing behaviors in fossil primates.
... However, contrary to earlier assumptions that colobines are almost exclusively folivores, considerable variation in their diet has been reported (Fashing 2011;Kirkpatrick 2011). Indeed, a higher reliance on fruits and/or seeds as food during periods of high fruit availability has been reported in various Asian colobines, e.g., Presbytis percura (Megantara 1989); P. melalophos (Davies et al. 1988); P. potenziani (Hadi et al. 2011); P. rubicunda (Davies 1991;Ehlers Smith et al. 2013;Hanya and Bernard 2012); P. thomasi (Gurmaya 1986); Trachypithecus obscurus (Ruslin et al. 2019); Semnopithecus vetulus (Dela 2007;Hladik 1977); Pygathrix nemaeus (Phiapalath et al. 2011;Ulibarri 2013); Rhinopithecus roxellana (Guo et al. 2007;Yiming 2006;Zhao et al. 2015) and Nasalis larvatus (Matsuda et al. 2009;Yeager 1989). Remarkably, colobines living in human-modified habitats like forests with a mosaic of village gardens and rubber plantations (Dela 2011) or urban and agro-forested areas and forest fragments (Ruslin et al. 2019) tend to consume more fruits than reported in more natural habitats. ...
... The study group inhabiting the human-modified forest patch consumed 29 species from 18 plant families, fewer than a conspecific inhabiting a speciesrich rainforest patch in Singapore (53 species from 33 families), though it was evaluated not only by the direct observation but also metagenomic shotgun sequencing of fecal samples (Srivathsan et al. 2016). Comparing our finding to other studies of Asian colobines, the number of plant species consumed by the study group was particularly low (e.g., Presbytis percura: 136 plant species consumed; P. melalophos: 55 species (Davies et al. 1988); P. potenziani: 118 species (Hadi et al. 2011); P. rubicunda: 64-122 species (Davies 1991;Ehlers Smith et al. 2013;Hanya and Bernard 2012); Trachypithecus obscurus: 130 species (Ruslin et al. 2019); Pygathrix nemaeus: 79 species (Ulibarri 2013); Nasalis larvatus: 188 species (Matsuda et al. 2009). Note, however, that it is impossible to directly compare the number of consumed plant species between this study and others because of differences in sampling methods and habitats. ...
... The study group predominantly consumed young leaves (51%); in addition, the percentage of fruits consumed (45%) is comparable to fruit consumption in other Asian colobines, e.g., T. obscurus: 40% fruit consumption (Ruslin et al. 2019); Semnopithecus vetulus: 60% (Dela 2007); P. percura: 58% (Megantara 1989); P. melalophos: 50% (Davies et al. 1988); P. potenziani: 55% (Hadi et al. 2011);P. rubicunda: 84% (Ehlers Smith et al. 2013); P. thomasi: 67% (Gurmaya 1986); Nasalis larvatus: 40% (Yeager 1989). ...
Banded langurs, Presbytis femoralis, are distributed in southern Peninsular Malaysia, i.e., Johor and its borders including Singapore. It has been estimated that there are only < 250 mature individuals of P. femoralis in Malaysia and Singapore, and the species is currently considered Critically Endangered. The dietary information of P. femoralis and even other closely related species has rarely been reported. This study, therefore, aimed to describe the species dietary habits and discuss interaction between their feeding behaviour and its surrounding. This study was conducted from February to November 2018, with 15 sampling days each month. We collected a total of 186 sighting hours, using a scan sampling method with 10-min intervals, on a five-langur focal group. We identified 29 species based on 47 items consumed by the banded langur, mostly young leaves (51%) followed by fruits (45%), and flowers (3.8%). The study group spent slightly more time consuming non-cultivated plants but relied on cultivated plants for the fruits. Over 75% of fruit feeding involved consuming cultivar plants; in most cases (73%), they ate only the pulp, not the seeds. Since the cultivated plants were planted in human settlement, there is an urgent need to implement conservation measures to untangle the human-langur conflicts-for instance, reforestation of a buffer region using non-cultivated plants. There is a potential to build upon our new findings with more detailed investigations, such as more extensive ecological factors influencing the dietary adaptation which would be necessary to support conservation efforts and management decisions of this species.
... For example, most primates are described as folivores, frugivores, insectivores or some combination of these terms. Among folivores, the distinction is often made between components of young and mature foliage in the diet [1][2][3]. Young leaves are considered a higher quality food having more protein and less fibre, while low-quality mature leaves have the inverse [4]. The amount of fibre is related to the effort needed to process food because it is thought to enhance the property of toughness [5,6], which is considered the most critical variable when discussing the breakdown of leaves into digestible matter [7,8]. ...
The material property of leaf toughness is considered the crucial mechanical challenge facing folivorous primates. Mature leaves have higher recorded toughness values than young leaves on average, leading to many assumptions about the patterning of food breakdown that follow a tough/not-tough dichotomy. We tested three hypotheses about how leaves break down under repetitive loading cycles, predicting that mature leaves (i) experience more force during simulated occlusal loads, (ii) more effectively resist fragmentation into small pieces, and (iii) show a more gradual decline in resistance over consecutive cycles than young leaves. Under displacement control using a mechanical testing system, we subjected young and mature leaves to 20 cycles of axial loading using interlocking steel wedges, then collected and quantified the size of the leaf fragments. While we found that mature leaves experienced more overall force than young leaves ( p < 0.001), they also shattered into smaller pieces ( p = 0.004) and showed a steeper decline in their resistance to the cycles over the course of a test ( p < 0.01). These results suggest that putatively ‘tougher’ foods (i.e. mature versus young leaves) do not necessarily resist fragmentation as commonly assumed. The current tough/not-tough paradigm of primate foods may not accurately reflect how leaves break down during masticatory behaviour.
