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Percentage change in the type of WAP disposal in Japan
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Subjects, objects and viewpoints oday, agriculture is an industry that cannot exist without the use of various plastics, particularly in countries of the Asian temperate zone and the sub-arctic zone. These plastics include films in vinyl houses, multi-films in vegetable fields, wrap films in livestock feeding, seedling boxes in rice paddy, besides...
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Context 1
... as a mode of WAP disposal has been increasing in recent years because of environmental considera- tions. Incineration, which was the main method of dealing with WAP until 1997, has dramatically declined to 8 per cent in 2005 ( Figure 1). Recycling moved up to 57 per cent from less than 20 per cent in 1987, while disposal by recla- mation was 21 per cent, all following WMPCL standards. ...
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Citations
... Spain, which discharge the most agricultural plastic waste, has a large share in four countries: Italy, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom [40]. In Asia, Japan's agricultural waste management system is known to be advanced [41]. To get the implications of the foreign AWV management system, we investigated the AWV management system of EU countries and Japan. ...
Vinyl, such as those in the form of mulching and vinyl houses, is used to improve agricultural productivity. It is generated as an agriculture waste vinyl (AWV) after use. The collected AWV is transported to a recycling facility and shredded, washed, and compressed to be recycled. Recycled materials can contribute to the circular economy of agriculture as they are used again as an agricultural plastic product. However, in Korea, there are concerns about the illegal disposal (landfill, incineration) of AWV. So, a new management model is needed in which stakeholders voluntarily establish an AWV management system. In this study, a sustainable management strategy was proposed. This strategy is reinforcing the responsibility of the producers of AWV and forms a value chain in the proper discharge after consumption by applying the deposit system proposed to recover AWV. Local governments and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NH) proposed education to curb the illegal disposal of AWV, and for managing areas where a collection system has not yet been established, biodegradable mulching vinyl (BMV) was proposed to minimize the environmental pollution caused by AWV. It was calculated that the EPR contribution was 0.16 USD/kg, and the introduction of BMV was 0.42 USD/kg in Korea. This study will provide a new alternative in countries struggling with AWV management.
... Moreover, none of the feedstock materials used in this study were subjected to cleaning/ washing prior to pyrolysis experiments to represent actual field conditions. According to previous studies [5], those soil-clay-mineral particles form small quantities of high ash solids during pyrolysis and they will remain as solid materials even after pyrolysis in the solid product of pyrolysis (biochar). ...
Complete separation of mixed plastic and biomass waste is a technically difficult, laborious, expensive and time-consuming process. Hence, co-pyrolysis of these agricultural waste streams with low levels of plastic contamination presents a novel approach for the management of these plastic containing wastes, producing stable forms of carbon with potential use in environmental, agricultural and industrial applications. In this study, spent growing medium along with plastic growing bags, and bean crop residues along with mulching sheets were selected to assess how the presence of plastics would affect the characteristics of the biochars produced. These feedstocks were combined in mass ratios (of plastic in the biomass-plastic mixture) of 0, 0.25, 2.5, 5 and 10%. The resulting feedstock underwent slow pyrolysis in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at a temperature of 550 °C to ensure complete conversion of the plastic components of the feedstock. From the results obtained from pyrolysis, low ratios of plastic were found to have a positive impact on biochar yield, while high plastic ratios were found to have negative effect. Higher level of plastic in the feedstock have resulted peculiar functional groups in the biochar, including carboxylate anions, amides and aromatic groups. Biochars produced from spent growing medium along with plastic grow bags (GM biochars) showed no phytotoxic effect, irrespective of the concentration of plastic contamination in the feedstock. Biochars produced from bean crop residues along with mulching sheets (BM biochars) on the other hand showed high level of phytotoxicity (zero germination), irrespective of level of plastic contamination. After washing all BM biochar, very low phytotoxicity levels with no statistically significant effect of plastic contamination were observed, with the exception of 10BM that showed somewhat a reduced germination rate (93%). The results of this study will be beneficial for determining the tolerable level of plastic contamination in managing mixed agricultural waste biomass and to produce biochars suitable for environmental, agricultural and/or industrial applications.
... In both countries the central government does not play such active a role as it does in Korea. Collection and treatment occur in response to market mechanisms [5][6][7]. In light of the situation in these countries, Korea also needs to strengthen the legal responsibility of producers and consumers (farmers) of agricultural plastics to ensure proper WAP management. ...
Currently, there is a rapid increase in the consumption of polymer materials. Due to the huge growth in agricultural and horticultural production, a significant amount of plastic waste is generated as a result of crop production and the use of mulching films. The combination of natural additives with synthetic polymers allows to develop environmentally friendly materials with increased biodegradability. In this article, we investigated composite films based on low-density polyethylene with addition of natural rubber. It has been shown that, in the process of mixing with polyethylene, partially vulcanized natural rubber is completely cross-linked, representing a hard rubber. This prevents large deformations from occurring in the composition under mechanical stress. The study of physical and mechanical properties showed that the use of natural rubber as natural additive allows to maintain acceptable performance properties. Thus, the results of this study indicate the possibility of using compositions based on polyethylene and natural rubber as packaging and agricultural films.
