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The full potential of rapeseed products has not yet been realized because of the presence of certain toxic compounds. This paper reviews development of low erucic acid rapeseed, and the extensive experimental scrutiny to which this oil has been subjected. The significance of the presence of gluocosinolates as well as their decomposition products (i...
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Mustard is a plant that is eagerly cultivated by farmers, due to its mobility across agroclimatic conditions and its high yield. Mustard seeds have thus become a valuable source of many bioactive ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols). The increasingly popularity of natural i...
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... The study of myrosinase, therefore, is significant for both biological and biotechnological aspects of food and feed industries. Most works focused on characterization of glucosinolate degradation by intact microbial cells (Maheshwari et al. 1981;Smiths et al. 1993;Palop et al. 1995;Rakariyatham and Sakorn, 2002) and several reports were published describing the selection of Aspergillus sp. for myrosinase production (Smiths et al. 1993;Sakorn et al. 1999). ...
A myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase or thioglucosidase, EC 3.2.3.147) producing fungus, Aspergillus sp. NR4617, was newly isolated from decayed soil sample obtained in Thailand and was subjected to single exposure to two chemical mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Its myrosinase production was selected on low cost medium prepared from mustard seed cake ( Brassica juncea ). Studies of production and stability of the enzyme showed that EMS mutagenesis increased myrosinase activity. Aspergillus sp. NR4617E1 produced myrosinase 1.90 U ml-1 at 36 hrs of the cultivation equivalent to 171% of the enzyme production in wild-type. The stability studies revealed that myrosinase from the mutant strains retained activity similar to wild-type at 30°C. Aspergillus sp. NR4617E1 degraded 10 mM of glucosinolate completely in 36 hrs. Enhanced myrosinase production and high yields of products (allylisothiocyanate) demonstrated that this mutant could be a new found candidate for feed detoxification and industrial allylisothiocyanate production.
... Over the past 40 years a number of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi have been reported for their glucosinolatedegradation properties. Most works have been concentrated on characterization of glucosinolate degradation by intact microbial cells (3,6,9,12) and several reports described the selection of Aspergillus sp. for myrosinase production (4,10,12). The study of myrosinase, therefore, is significant for both biological and biotechnological aspects of food and feed industries. ...
Aspergillus sp. NR46F13, isolated from soil via sinigrin-barium sulphate agar technique, was tested for myrosinase production. The fungus degraded glucosinate and produced 3.19 U mL-1 of myrosinase after 48h cultivation. due to the high myrosinase production, this new isolate is a potential candidate for industrial applications.A linhagem Aspergillus sp. NR46FB, isolada de solo através da técnica do ágar sulfato de bário-sinigrina, foi testada quanto à produção de mirosinase. O fungo degradou completamente o glicosinolato e produziu 3,19 U.mL-1 de mirosinase, após 48 h de cultivo. Devido à alta produção de mirosinase, esse novo isolado é um potente candidato para aplicações industriais.
... Alternativna mogunost podrazumeva primenu uljane repice sa nešto višim sadržajima glukozinolata kao potencijalnog supstituenta pesticida ili pribegavanje nekom od postupaka "detoksifikacije" , odnosno hemijskim (alkalna hidroliza – Goh et al., 1982), mikrobiološkim (npr. fermentacija korišenjem Rhizopus oligosporus – Vig i Walia, 2001 ) ili termikim tretmanima, primenjivanim zasebno ili u kombinaciji (Maheshwari et al., 1981; Keith i Bell, 1983 ), koji rezultiraju redukcijom sadržaja glukozinolata i produkata njihove hidrolize (Mansour et al., 1993), ime se omoguava korišenje obraene uljane repice u obrocima za manje osetljive vrste i kategorije životinja. Naješe korišeni termiki tretmani za obraivanje uljane repice su tostiranje (Jensen et al., 1995), ekstrudiranje (Huang et al., 1995), mikronizacija (Lawrence, 1978; Aumaitre et al., 1989), hidrotermiki tretman (Keith i Bell, 1983; Siljander-Rasi et al., 1996) i drugi. ...
... These are nitrile, isothiocyanate, thiocyanate or cyanoepithioalkane depending on substrate, pH or availability of ferrous ion and epithiospecifier protein (ESP) as shown in Fig 1. Brassica oilseeds rank fifth in seed oil production of the world. 3 The oilseed meals remaining after oil production are enriched in proteins and very wellbalanced amino acid composition which can be used in animal feeds. 4 However, the usefulness of these meals is restricted by their variable content of ESEARCH ARTICLE R antinutritional glucosinolates. ...
A myrosinase-producing fungus, Aspergillus sp. NR-4201, was newly isolated from decayed mustard seed meal samples obtained in Lamphun, Thailand. When preincubated in a medium containing sinigrin, myrosinase was expressed intracellularly whereas none was detected in sinigrin-free medium. Sinigrin degradation was closely related to the presence of myrosinase. Induced mycelium consumed both glucose and sinigrin competitively, while non-induced myceliun exhausted glucose first and then sinigrin, with no myrosinase being produced during the glucose consumption period. The product allylcyanide was detected in incubation mixtures but its accumulation was delayed. Cell-free extracts incubated with sinigrin produced allylisothiocyanate at pH 5.6 and 7.2 but not at pH 4.0.
How to cite this article: Fayaz, N., Kermanshahi, H., and Zarghi, H. (2023). Effect of heat processing on nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy of canola seed in broiler chicken. Introduction1 : During the past decades, rapeseed production, including canola varieties, has surpassed peanut, sunflower, and even cottonseed in production, and ranks second among oilseed crops worldwide. Due to its drought endurance, canola may be the preferable grain for cultivation in several locations of Iran. Canola seed (CS) is an economic feed ingredient containing well-balanced protein (19 to 22%) and a high oil content, up to 45% in some cases. Apart from the oil content of CS, its concentration of dietary fiber, glucosinolates, and tannins are of concern. Canola has less glucosinolates and erucic acid than rapeseed. It, resulting in a higher level of vital nutrients and higher nutrient density. The nutrient composition and presence of anti-nutritional factors in CS may also affect its quality and feeding value for poultry. However, the presence of some glucosinolates, erucic acid, and other undesirable compounds such as phytates, polyphenols, and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) may reduce nutrient digestibility and performance of the chickens. Heat process affects the rate of protein denaturation, starch gelatinization, digestive enzymes accessibility, bacterial counts and toxin degradation of feed. On the other hand, starch gelatinization by heat processing may increase amylase effects to break the chains of amylose and amylopectin, which in turn increases the digestibility of less digestible carbohydrates, improves metabolizable energy and digestibility of amino acids in beans, soybeans, peas and canola. Some concerns have been raised about the inclusion levels of CS in broiler diets. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of processing method on apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD), and apparent nutrients digestibility (and) of CS (Nafis variety) in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: This study was designed to determine the nutrient digestibility and, AMEn value of crud and heat processed CS. The CS used in this research was of the Nafis variety, which was sourced from the Astan Quds Razavi farm, Mashhad, Iran. The obtained CS sample was divided to three equal subsamples. One part was unprocessed, second part was micronized; one hour before processing CS was moistened by 20% of the weight, and then placed in a single layer on a vibrating conveyor belt under the infrared emission source at a speed of 6.25 cm/s until the surface temperature of the grain should reach 130 ○ C, and third part super-conditioned under humidity of 16% and temperature of 75-85 ○ C for 3-4 minutes. A total of 48, day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks was obtained from a commercial hatchery. Chicks were reared and housed in battery brooders in a room. From day one to 10 and 11 to 15, chicks had ad libitum access to conventional corn-soybean meal starter and grower diets, respectively, to meet the nutrient specification of the strain as recommended by Ross 308 manual. A common corn-soybean meal diet was formulated to serve as the reference diet to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of broiler chicks as described for the Ross 308. The CS samples (row, micronized, and super-conditioning) were
A gene named zenc, encoding a zearalenone lactonase from Neurospora crassa, was over-expressed in Pichia pastoris. The zenc gene is 888-bp in length, encoding a 295-residue polypeptide. Purified ZENC has maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 45 °C, and is highly stable at pH 6.0–8.0 for 1 h at 37 °C. The activity of the secreted enzyme in shaken-flask fermentation was 40.0 U/ml. A high-density fermentation of the ZENC-producing recombinant strain was performed in a 30-l fermenter and the maximal enzyme activity reached 290.6 U/ml. The Km, Vmax and specific activity toward zearalenone are 38.63 μM, 23.8 μM/s/mg and 530.4 U/mg, respectively. ZENC can resist metal ions and inhibitors to some extent. We applied the enzyme into three different kinds of animal feed. On addition of ZENC (800 U) to distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), maize by-products and corn bran (25 g), the concentration of zearalenone was reduced by 70.9%, 88.9% and 94.7% respectively. All these properties of ZENC are promising for applications in the animal feed and food industries.
Proteins of plant origin offer considerable promise for alleviating the shortage of food protein now facing many segments of the world’s population—a situation which will certainly become more acute if the global expansion of the population continues unabated. It should be recognized, however, that many plants commonly consumed by man contain substances which may have an adverse effect on the nutritional properties of the protein unless inactivated or eliminated by suitable methods of processing or household preparation.1,2In many cases these substances are relatively innocuous in their native form but may be converted to a toxic state when acted upon by enzymes which frequently accompany these substances in the tissues of the same plant. Paradoxically, advantage can sometimes be taken of the action of these endogenous enzymes to effect the removal of these toxicants by appropriate methods of processing. Alternatively, exogenous enzymes may be used for detoxification, such as fermentation by molds or bacteria or the use of enzyme preparations derived from these microorganisms. In this chapter examples will be provided which illustrate the manner in which enzymes have been used, either endogenously or exogenously, to detoxify various sources of foods so that they can be used in the diet of man or animals
The quality characteristics of oil, protein, crude fibre and glucosinolate content of dehulled rapeseed were evaluated and compared with those of unhulled rapeseed. Samples of large size seed (>1.4 mm) and small size seed (<1.4 mm) having moisture contents of 4.2,6.4, 8.7 and 11.1% (d.b.) were dehulled on a laboratory "Satake" dehusker at 8 m/s peripheral speed of the rolls and at 0.5 mm clearance between the 2 rolls for large size seeds and 0.3 mm clearance for small size seeds. Quality characteristics (protein, crude fibre and glucosinolate content) of the dehulled samples were determined using standard procedures. Dehulling resulted in increase in protein content by 16.10%, and decrease in crude fibre and glucosinolate content by 12.29 and 15.39%, respectively over the values for unhulled rapeseed. However, there was about 1.8% loss in oil content due to dehulling.
A myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase or thioglucosidase, EC 3.2.3.1) producing fungus, Aspergillus sp. NR463, was newly isolated from decayed soil sample obtained in Lamphun province, Thailand and was subjected to mutagenesis and selection for myrosinase production on low cost medium prepared from mustard seed cake (Brassica juncea). Studies of production and stability of the enzyme showed that UV mutagenesis induced myrosinase overproduction. Aspergillus sp. NR463U4 produced myrosinase 2.35 U ml-1 at 36 h of the cultivation. The stability studies revealed that myrosinase from the mutant strains retained activity for 3.5 times longer than wild-type at 30 °C. Analysis of the glucosinolate-degradation products by myrosinase of wild-type and all mutant strains gave similar results showing that allylisothiocyanate was present as a main product while allylcyanide was not detected. Mutant strains consumed glucosinolate in the high concentration (10 mM) and completely degraded in 36 h. Aspergillus sp. NR463U4 maintained constant myrosinase production judging by the production stability comparing with the wild-type for 8 months. High production and prolonged stability of myrosinase demonstrated that this mutant could be a new found candidate for industrial application.
Production and optimal utilization of rapeseed are of great economical importance for many countries (Larsen and Sørensen 1985). Rapeseed contains oil (40–46%) and protein (20–30%) of high quality, but also glucosinolates. Glucosinolates can be critical for both oil and protein quality, especially if too high concentrations of these compounds or especially their degradation products are present in the oil and protein products (Bjerg et al. 1987a; Sørensen 1988). Novel processing methods of rapeseed have therefore attracted considerable attention.
